scholarly journals Common Patterns of Skull Bone Fusion and Their Potential to Discriminate Different Ontogenetic Stages in Extant Birds

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Plateau ◽  
Christian Foth
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Skull Bone ◽  
Bone Fusion ◽  
Ontogenetic Stages ◽  
Skull Measurements ◽  
Precocial Birds ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Univariate Analyses ◽  
Interspecific Allometry

The degree of sutural closure between bones generally allows for the classification of skeleton maturity in tetrapods. In mammals, the sutural closure of skull bones was previously used as proxy to evaluate the ontogenetic stage of single individuals. However, due to temporal variation, this process can be only applied among mammalian subclades, but not for all mammals in general. In contrast, the process of sutural closures in bird skulls could be a more reliable ontogenetic proxy for this clade as adult birds commonly show a generally high degree of bone fusion. To test this, we studied the process of sutural closure in ontogenetic series of 18 extant bird species regarding the presence of an ontogenetic signal and compared the results with changes in skull size and proportions. Univariate analyses indicate that bone fusion happens faster in altricial than in precocial birds. However, the use of PCoA and multivariate regressions reveal that the skull bone fusion follows a common pattern among birds and thus can be used as proxy to identify different ontogenetic stages. In general, the process of sutural closure spreads from posterior to anterior and from ventral to dorsal. In contrast, skull measurements reflect rather interspecific allometry than ontogeny. The used of bone fusion as proxy will help to better identify and compare different stages of maturation in birds, including historical material from osteological collections.

scholarly journals Identification of the degree of impact of dams on the hydrologic regime of semi-arid rivers: an evaluation of the DHRAM method

RBRH ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiah Caroline Rodrigues de Souza ◽  
◽  
Andrea Sousa Fontes ◽  
Lafayette Dantas da Luz ◽  
Sandra Maria Conceição Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Flow Regulation ◽  
Hydrologic Regime ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Operating Rules ◽  
Hydrologic Variability ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

ABSTRACT The flow regulation that results from the implantation of dams causes consequences to the river ecosystems due to the modification on the characteristics of the hydrologic regime. The investigation of these changes become relevant, mainly in semi-arid regions where there is a great amount of these hydraulic structures and lack of such analyzes. Considering the above, this paper aims to evaluate the Dundee Hydrological Regime Alteration Method (DHRAM) through the classification of the degree of impact of dams located on rivers Itapicuru, Paraguaçu and their tributaries, verifying the adequacy of its use to represent the semi-arid hydrologic regime. Thereby, the DHRAM was applied in three versions: considering the thresholds that define the scores to classify the degree of impact in its original set (accordingly to Black et al. (2005)); with the adjustment of those thresholds to local conditions; and, with the regrouping of variables and adjustment of thresholds. The results showed that the method in its original set is applicable to semi-arid rivers, however it tends to be very restrictive against the high natural hydrologic variability characteristic of these rivers, and it ends up pointing to a high degree of alteration for dams that are known for not causing a very siginifcant flow regulation. The DHRAM with the regrouping of variables and the adjustment of thresholds presented the classification that approached the most to the known characteristics of the studied dams, being useful for the evaluation of the impact of dams still in project, and also to guide the adoption of operating rules that minimize the most significant hydrologic alterations that are identified.

Evaluational Reactions to Erotic Literature

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 985-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon A. Jakobovits
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Erotic Literature ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

On the basis of analysis of a variety of erotic literature Kronhausen and Kronhausen (1959) have suggested that there seem to be two general types: erotic realism ( ER) and hard-core obscenity ( O). Using three of the distinguishing criteria which were identified (context, exaggeration, and anti-eroticism), 20 short stories were specifically written in such a way that 10 had the characteristics of ER and the others had the characteristics of O. Study I showed a very high degree of agreement between judges in their classification of these stories as either ER or O. Study II revealed that male and female readers react differentially to the two types of stories. Females consistently rate O as more interesting and sexually stimulating than males do, the latter finding ER as more arousing than O. Other evaluational reactions are also described. A “warm-up” cumulative effect with successive reading was found with both sexes. The possibility of sampling bias affecting the data was noted.

scholarly journals Assessment of genetic diversity in Indian Barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp. complex) using morphological and molecular markers

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1643-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Moharil ◽  
Dipti Gawai ◽  
N. Dikshit ◽  
M.S. Dudhare ◽  
P. V. Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Barnyard Millet ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
High Degree

In the present study, morphological and molecular markers (RAPD primers) were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among 21 accessions of Echinochloa spp. complex comprising the wild and cultivated species collected from Melghat and adjoining regions of Vidarbha, Maharashtra. The availability of diverse genetic resources is a prerequisite for genetic improvement of any crop including barnyard millet. A high degree of molecular diversity among the landraces was detected. Among the 21 genotypes, two major groups (A and B) were formed, at 67.28 % similarity, which clearly encompasses 15 accessions of E. frumentacea and 6 accessions of E. colona. Higher similarity was observed in accessions of E. frumentacea. The accessions IC 597322 and IC 597323 also IC 597302 and IC 597304 showed more than 94% similarity among themselves. The classification of genetic diversity has enabled clear-cut grouping of barnyard millet accessions into two morphological races (E. frumentacea and E. colona).

scholarly journals Classification & Feature extraction of Brain tumor from MRI Images using Modified ANN Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Harendra Singh ◽  
Roop Singh Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Classification Feature ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
High Degree

In this research paper, a new modified approach is proposed for brain tumor classification as well as feature extraction from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) after pre-processing of the images. The discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) technique is used for feature extraction from MRI images and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used for the classification of the type of tumor according to extracted features. Mean, Standard deviation, Variance, Entropy, Skewness, Homogeneity, Contrast, Correlation are the main features used to classify the type of tumor. The proposed model can give a better result in comparison with other available techniques in less computational time as well as a high degree of accuracy. The training and testing accuracies of the proposed model are 100% and 98.20% with a 98.70 % degree of precision respectively.

scholarly journals Positive polarity predicates

Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Hoeksema
Keyword(s):  
Binary Classification ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Positive Polarity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Recent Proposal ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Negative Quantifiers ◽  
High Degree

Abstract This paper presents Dutch and English predicates that behave as positive polarity items and provides a partial, semantically-grounded classification of this group of PPIs. The items are studied from the perspective of anti-licensing behavior (by negation, either locally or long-distance, in questions, and by weakly negative quantifiers such as little and few). Predicates, unlike quantifiers, do not have wide scope readings (which allow quantificational PPIs such as somebody to appear in the syntactic scope of negation). Using a mixture of corpus data and introspective judgments, we show that anti-licensing among PPIs is not uniform (mirroring earlier results on NPIs which likewise show considerable variation). Rescuing contexts are likewise shown to differ among PPIs. Some of the PPI predicates show complex interaction with illocutionary force (especially mandative force), and others with differences between presupposed and asserted propositions. High degree predicates, finally, point toward the existence of connections between the marking of degree and positive polarity. PPI status is argued to be the result of a complex interaction between the effects of negation and other nonveridical operators, and other semantic factors, which differ among subclasses of PPIs. Anti-licensing by weak negation correlates fairly well with anti-licensing by long-distance negation, a finding which is (partly) in line with a recent proposal by Spector (2014, Global positive polarity items and obligatory exhaustivity. Semantics and Pragmatics 7(11). 1–61) concerning global PPIs. However, we find there to be more variation among the PPIs studied here than the classification of Spector (2014) or any binary classification stipulates.

Data Integration Through Protein Ontology

2011 ◽  
pp. 106-122
Author(s):  
Amandeep S. Sidhu ◽  
Tharam S. Dillon ◽  
Elizabeth Chang
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Classification ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Protein Annotation ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Keyword Searches

Traditional approaches to integrate protein data generally involved keyword searches, which immediately excludes unannotated or poorly annotated data. An alternative protein annotation approach is to rely on sequence identity, or structural similarity, or functional identification. Some proteins have high degree of sequence identity, or structural similarity, or similarity in functions that are unique to members of that family alone. Consequently, this approach can’t be generalized to integrate the protein data. Clearly, these traditional approaches have limitations in capturing and integrating data for Protein Annotation. For these reasons, we have adopted an alternative method that does not rely on keywords or similarity metrics, but instead uses ontology. In this chapter we discuss conceptual framework of Protein Ontology that has a hierarchical classification of concepts represented as classes, from general to specific; a list of attributes related to each concept, for each class; a set of relations between classes to link concepts in ontology in more complicated ways then implied by the hierarchy, to promote reuse of concepts in the ontology; and a set of algebraic operators for querying protein ontology instances.

scholarly journals Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Clustering Taxa through Vocalizations in a Neotropical Passerine (Rough-Legged Tyrannulet, Phyllomyias burmeisteri)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1406
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Parra-Hernández ◽  
Jorge I. Posada-Quintero ◽  
Orlando Acevedo-Charry ◽  
Hugo F. Posada-Quintero
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Dimensionality Reduction Techniques ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Source Of Information

Vocalizations from birds are a fruitful source of information for the classification of species. However, currently used analyses are ineffective to determine the taxonomic status of some groups. To provide a clearer grouping of taxa for such bird species from the analysis of vocalizations, more sensitive techniques are required. In this study, we have evaluated the sensitivity of the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) technique for grouping the vocalizations of individuals of the Rough-legged Tyrannulet Phyllomyias burmeisteri complex. Although the existence of two taxonomic groups has been suggested by some studies, the species has presented taxonomic difficulties in classification in previous studies. UMAP exhibited a clearer separation of groups than previously used dimensionality-reduction techniques (i.e., principal component analysis), as it was able to effectively identify the two taxa groups. The results achieved with UMAP in this study suggest that the technique can be useful in the analysis of species with complex in taxonomy through vocalizations data as a complementary tool including behavioral traits such as acoustic communication.

scholarly journals Molecular and Genetic Analyses of the Putative Proteus O Antigen Gene Locus

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (16) ◽  
pp. 5471-5478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Wang ◽  
Agnieszka Torzewska ◽  
Xiaojuan Ruan ◽  
Xiaoting Wang ◽  
Antoni Rozalski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Molecular Classification ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Antigen Gene ◽  
O Antigen ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT Proteus species are well-characterized opportunistic pathogens primarily associated with urinary tract infections (UTI) of humans. The Proteus O antigen is one of the most variable constituents of the cell surface, and O antigen heterogeneity is used for serological classification of Proteus isolates. Even though most Proteus O antigen structures have been identified, the O antigen locus has not been well characterized. In this study, we identified the putative Proteus O antigen locus and demonstrated this region's high degree of heterogeneity by comparing sequences of 40 Proteus isolates using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). This analysis identified five putative Proteus O antigen gene clusters, and the probable functions of these O antigen-related genes were proposed, based on their similarity to genes in the available databases. Finally, Proteus-specific genes from these five serogroups were identified by screening 79 strains belonging to the 68 Proteus O antigen serogroups. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of the putative Proteus O antigen locus, and we describe a novel molecular classification method for the identification of different Proteus serogroups.

Differences in the lexical variation of reporting verbs in French, English and Czech fiction and their impact on translation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-234
Author(s):  
Olga Nádvorníková
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Lexical Variation ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Multilingual Corpus ◽  
High Degree

Abstract The aims of this paper are to analyse differences in the degree of lexical variation (type/token ratio and hapax/token ratio) of reporting verbs in reporting clauses placed medially or in postposition in English, French and Czech fiction and to evaluate their consequences in translation, especially in regard to explicitation/implicitation. We expect that, in translations from a language with a low degree of lexical variation of reporting verbs into a language with a high degree of lexical variation, the frequency and the degree of explicitation will be higher than in translations involving languages less different with respect to lexical variation. The analysis, relying on data extracted from the InterCorp multilingual corpus, proposes a classification of reporting verbs based on the type and amount of information conveyed, which allows evaluating the degree of explicitation operated in translations. The results show that most shifts involve only the neutral reporting verb say/dire, replaced by a stylistically more specific synonym or by a verb explicitating information obvious from the context. This suggests that modifications of reporting verbs in translation are motivated primarily by respect for the stylistic norm of the target language and the degree of acceptability of the repetition of the neutral reporting verb.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document