The Effect of Climate and Diet on Body Lipid Composition in the Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientalis)

Fatty acids (FA) are the primary metabolic fuel for many organisms and the fundamental component of membranes of all living organisms. FAs can be saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), or polyunsaturated (PUFA). PUFA are not synthesized by most animals and are considered as essential nutrients. We examined the effect of climate on the saturation level of polar (mostly membranal) and neutral lipids in the body of the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) from two extreme climatic zones: Mediterranean high elevation; and hot arid desert. In contrast to previous reports, the environmental temperature was shown to affect the hornet colonies’ thermal environments. The hornets nonetheless maintained their colony temperature within a narrow range. Analyses of the hornets’ unsaturation levels of polar and non-polar body lipids revealed caste differences: gynes and males contained less unsaturated lipids than workers. However, there were no differences in the respective castes between the two different climate zones tested. Experimentally manipulating the diet of queenless hornet colonies to a high Omega-3 diet (salmon) or a high Omega-6 diet (crickets) had only a minor effect on the worker-born males’ lipid composition. Although salmon-fed males had a higher Omega-3 content than cricket-fed ones, the proportion of these fatty acids was still low (below 1%). Cricket-fed males had significantly higher levels of Omega-6 than salmon-fed males. Our data show that the specific lipid composition of the hornet body is highly regulated and deficient in essential PUFA, even under different climates or high Omega-3 or Omega-6 PUFA diet. PUFA, especially Omega-3, is considered to have a beneficial effect on physiological processes. Our finding that these FA, when common in the diet, are almost absent in the body raises questions about how they affect animals’ physiology.

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The Use of Crude Fish Oil (CFO) in Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Feed on EPA and DHA Contents

Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health ◽

10.20473/jafh.v9i3.18038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 232

Author(s):

Januar Hadi Prasetyo ◽

Agustono Agustono ◽

Widya Paramitha Lokapirnasari

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Penaeid Shrimp ◽

The Body ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Omega 6

Omega-3 fatty acids (Alpha-linolenic acid) and omega-6 fatty acids (Linoleic acid) are a group of essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids are fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body so that must be supplied from the diet. One of the sources of essential fatty acids is derived from fish oil. This study aims to determine the effect of Crude Fish Oil (CFO) in the feed to EPA and DHA content in penaeid shrimp meat. The research method used was a completely randomized design. The treatments used are the varying content of Crude Fish Oil (CFO), which are P0 (0%), P1 (2%), P2 (4%), P3 (6%), and P4 (8%). The results of the study showed significant differences (p <0.05) on the content of EPA and DHA in penaeid shrimp meat. The highest content of EPA and DHA found in P4 treatment (8%) and the lowest at P0 treatment (0%). The use of CFO in penaeid shrimp feed need further study related to the growth of shrimps and prawns reproductive cycle to increase the productivity of penaeid shrimp. CFO on feed should be used at a dose of 6%.

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An Overview of Analeptic Applications of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Journal of Scientific Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/jsrr/2021/v27i630405 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 95-118

Author(s):

Bharat Kwatra ◽

Harsimran Kaur ◽

Joydip Majumdar ◽

Mahek Shah ◽

Mansi Upadhyaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

The Body ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Skin Disorders ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Pufa Ratio ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Anti Inflammatory

This article is an examination of the Analeptic Applications of Omega-3. The scientific development and subsequent clinical applications of Omega-3 in Healthcare continue to influence researchers all over the globe today. This article examines the research done and published by researchers and scientists. Consideration of current trends and data in scientific queries and demonstrates further aspects of the applications of Omega-3 on various health backgrounds, including. Cardiovascular Health: The study addresses the comparison of Omega-3 and Omega-6 in cardiovascular diseases. Higher intake of dietary Omega-3 helps activation, inhibition, and alteration of metabolic and signaling pathways which is associated with better cardiovascular health, while Omega-6 decreases the risk of coronary heart diseases and cardiovascular disease mortality. Immunology: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) have been found to show an anti-inflammatory effect in the body by downregulating the activation of various immune cells. They regulate immunological functions via eicosanoids and resolvins which are anti-inflammatory. External supplementation can reduce chronic and acute inflammation as well as reduce the chances of graft rejection. The regulatory effect is shown by modifying gene expression and/or signal transduction in human cells. They are also involved in altering the membrane composition of Fatty Acids(FA) and as a result, they affect the lipid raft structure and also membrane trafficking. Joint Health: The study shows the effects of omega-3 and other fatty acid consumption in Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA), bone marrow lesions, and knee cartilage lesions. It notes the interrelations between synovitis, plasma levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFAs in OsteoArthritis (OA) patients along with risk factors for OA, which could help consider liable treatments for improvement of OA. The study highlights the importance of the Omega-6:Omega-3 PUFA ratio and clinical and functional outcome measures which can help us in better understanding the role of PUFAs and possible treatments for people with knee osteoarthritis while showing the effect of Omega-3 fatty acids on muscle health in RA. Skin Disorders: Fish oils rich in PUFAs are reported to improve several inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. They have also been broadly reported as a potential supplement to ameliorate the severity of some skin disorders such as photoaging, skin cancer, allergy, dermatitis, cutaneous wounds, and melanogenesis. The significance of omega-3 in skin structure was proved by describing a syndrome caused by stringent fat reduction in the diet that leads to erythema with scaling, hair loss, itching, and increased water loss.

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Erythrocytes and Skeletal Muscle Unsaturated and Omega-6 Fatty Acids Are Positively Correlated after Caloric Restriction and Exercise

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000486553 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 126-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Miquel Martorell ◽

Victoria Pons ◽

Joan Carles Domingo ◽

Xavier Capó ◽

Antoni Sureda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Caloric Restriction ◽

Lipid Composition ◽

Nutritional Intervention ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Before And After ◽

Omega 6

Background: Nutritional intervention studies with fatty acid (FA) supplements assess the efficacy of the intervention by measuring the changes in erythrocyte membrane lipid profiles reflected in tissue composition changes. The aim was to determine the effects of caloric restriction (CR) on erythrocytes lipid composition and to compare and correlate these changes with skeletal muscle acid profiles after CR. Methods: Erythrocytes were obtained from 11 healthy men before and after 4 weeks of 33% CR in post-exercise conditions; muscle biopsies were obtained from the same athletes after 4 weeks of 33% CR in post-exercise conditions. Samples were used for FA determination by chromatography. Results: CR significantly modified erythrocyte FAs composition. Skeletal muscle FA profile was significantly different from that for the erythrocytes. The erythrocyte FA profile was more saturated (52.1 ± 1.5% and 32.8 ± 0.9%, respectively) and less monounsaturated (21.0 ± 0.8% and 39.0 ± 2.0%, respectively) than the skeletal muscle FA profile and similarly polyunsaturated. Conclusions: CR modifies erythrocyte lipid composition, mainly omega-6 FAs. Erythrocyte monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and omega-6 FAs, but not the saturated and omega-3 FAs, were significantly positively correlated with skeletal muscle FAs. There is a discordance between saturated and omega-3 FAs from erythrocyte and from muscle, but monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and omega-6 fatty acids are positively correlated.

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FATTY ACID CONTAINMENT IN ORGANIC CHICKEN-BROILERS MEAT AND TRADITIONAL GROWING

Food Science and Technology ◽

10.15673/fst.v13i4.1570 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

Author(s):

M. Kucheruk ◽

S. Midyk ◽

D. Zasekin ◽

В. Ushkalov ◽

О. Kepple

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Organic Farming ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

The Body ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6

The article presents the results of the study on fatty acids content of broiler chickens purchased from retailers and broiler chickens grown in organic farming. In the study we compared the obtained results. There are also results of the influence of developed preventive drug postbiotic on the fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. The samples were compared in terms of their nutritional value and quality. Chicken that goes into the retail network is obtained from broiler chickens grown in a traditional (intensive) technological way. Organic poultry is extensive. For the experiment in organic farming, we formed the 2 groups (control and experiment). In the experimental group, broiler chickens received a prophylactic preparation - a postbiotic with organic feed, and no drugs were used in the control. In-depth studies of the mechanisms of its effect on the body of chickens and the quality of the products obtained were studied changes in the fatty acid composition of total lipids in skeletal muscle and the biochemical composition of the muscle tissue of chickens. There were no significant changes in the fatty acid content of the tested meat compared with the control group. The content of palmitoleic, linoleic and caprylic acids is slightly increased. The fat content of heavy broiler chickens is much higher than that of broiler chickens. The best fatty acid ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 is found in organic chicken meat. Retail chicken meat has a lower omega 6 content, significantly higher than palmitic acid omega 3. Organic chicken meat contains 3-5% less fat compared to retail chicken. In the meat of chickens grown using organic technology, the amount of saturated fatty acids increased significantly by 11.13%, there is a significant decrease in omega-6 fatty acids by 7.57% and an increase in the amount of omega-3 fatty acids by 0.8% compared to with chicken from the retail chain. Therefore, the value of organic chicken meat lies not only in the absence of residues of antibiotic substances, pesticides and herbicides, but also in its biological value and dietary properties.

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Influence of dietary fat on the lipid composition of rat brain synaptosomal and microsomal membranes

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2080631 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 208 (3) ◽

pp. 631-640 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

M Foot ◽

T F Cruz ◽

M T Clandinin

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Rat Brain ◽

Lipid Composition ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Microsomal Membrane ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Membrane Composition ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Microsomal Membranes

The modulation of rat brain microsomal and synaptosomal membrane lipid by diet fat was examined. Brain synaptosomal and microsomal membrane composition was compared for rats fed on diets containing either soya-bean oil (SBO), SBO plus choline, SBO lecithin, sunflower oil (SFO), chow or low-erucic acid rape-seed oil (LER) for 24 days. Cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine levels in both membranes were altered by diet. Diet fat also affected the microsomal content of sphingomyelin. Change in membrane phosphatidylcholine level was related to the relative balance of omega-6, omega-3 and monounsaturated fatty acids within the diets fed. The highest phosphatidylcholine levels appeared in membranes of animals fed on SBO lecithin and the lowest in those fed on LER. Microsomal membrane cholesterol and sphingomyelin content increased by feeding on SBO lecithin. In both synaptosomal and microsomal membranes a highly significant correlation was observed between membrane phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol content. The fatty acyl composition of phospholipids from both membranes also altered with diet and age. Alteration in fatty acid composition was observed in response to dietary levels of omega-6, omega-3 and monounsaturated fatty acids, but the unsaturation index of each phospholipid remained constant for all diet treatments. These changes in lipid composition suggest that dietary fat may be a significant modulator in vivo of the physicobiochemical properties of brain synaptosomal and microsomal membranes.

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The Sources, Synthesis and Biological Actions of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids in Red Meat: An Overview

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061358 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1358

Author(s):

Eric N. Ponnampalam ◽

Andrew J. Sinclair ◽

Benjamin W. B. Holman

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Human Health ◽

Crop Production ◽

Large Scale ◽

The Body ◽

Short Chain ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

Omega 6

The maximisation of available resources for animal production, food security and maintenance of human–animal wellbeing is important for an economically viable, resilient and sustainable future. Pasture and forage diets are common sources of short chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), while grain-based and feedlot diets are common sources of short chain omega-6 (n-6) PUFA. Animals deposit n-3 and n-6 PUFA as a result of their direct consumption, as feeds or by synthesis of longer chain PUFA from short chain FA precursors in the body via desaturation and elongation processes. Research conducted over the last three decades has determined that the consumption of n-3 PUFA can improve the health and wellbeing of humans through its biological, biochemical, pathological and pharmacological effects. n-6 PUFA also play an important role in human health, but when consumed at high levels, are potentially harmful. Research shows that current consumption of n-6 PUFA by the human population is high due to their meal choices and the supplied food types. If consumption of n-3 PUFA from land- and marine-based foods improves human health, it is likely that these same food types can improve the health and wellbeing of livestock (farm animals) by likewise enhancing the levels of the n-3 PUFA in their circulatory and tissue systems. Modern agricultural systems and advanced technologies have fostered large scale animal and crop production systems. These allow for the utilisation of plant concentrate-based diets to increase the rate of animal growth, often based on economics, and these diets are believed to contribute to unfavourable FA intakes. Knowledge of the risks associated with consuming foods that have greater concentration of n-6 PUFA may lead to health-conscious consumers avoiding or minimising their intake of animal- and plant-based foods. For this reason, there is scope to produce food from plant and animal origins that contain lesser amounts of n-6 PUFA and greater amounts of n-3 PUFA, the outcome of which could improve both animal and human health, wellbeing and resilience to disease.

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Therapeutic Effects of Ketogenic Diet Components on Parkinson's Disease

Asian Journal of Allied Health Sciences (AJAHS) ◽

10.52229/ajahs.v3i4.357 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 56-63

Author(s):

OJS Admin

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Ketogenic Diet ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

The Body ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Neuroprotective Effects ◽

Omega 6

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease and no proper treatment or cure has been developed for it till now. Worldwide the incidence of disease has been increased with age. Latest researches have focused on the dietary aspects of Parkinson's and have revealed that a ketogenic diet may be benecial in prevention and for therapy. The main aim of this review article was to explore the dietary elements present in ketogenic diet and their respective roles in the body with link to Parkinson's disease. Ketogenic diet has been used in many neurological diseases due to its neuroprotective effects. Ketogenic diet is a normal caloric diet that composed of with high fat (mostly composed with polyunsaturated fatty acids), medium protein and low in carbohydrates. The composition of this diet makes body to utilize fatand ketones for energy by altering glucose. The major constituents present in a ketogenic diet which have neuroprotective effects against Parkinson's are; B complex vitamins, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Omega-6 Fatty acids and Vitamin D. The benecial effects have been evaluated regarding the role of constituents present in a ketogenic diet on Parkinson's disease. The need for further researches, especially clinical trials forthe different constituents of ketogenic diet and their neuroprotective properties are still required.

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The Use of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Mental Illness

Journal of Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.1177/0897190011422876 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 452-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jessica L. Gören ◽

Ashley T. Tewksbury

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Mental Illness ◽

De Novo ◽

The Body ◽

Mental Illnesses ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Medline Search ◽

Omega 6

Purpose: This article will summarize the current evidence on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on prevention and treatment of mental illness. Background: Omega-3 fatty acids are involved in many physiologic processes. Since they cannot be made de novo in the body, they are considered essential nutrients. As the Western diet evolved, dietary intake of fatty acids has shifted to increased omega-6 fatty acids and decreased omega-3 fatty acids intake. These changes have been correlated with numerous differences in prevalence and course of mental illnesses. Methods: A MEDLINE search from 1966 to December 2010 was completed to identify studies comparing changes in symptoms, functioning, other outcomes, and/or side effects in patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids for mental illness. The studies were reviewed and reported by specific psychiatric disorder studied. Conclusions: Omega-3 fatty acids play a role in many biologic functions. Epidemiologic data implicate omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies in many mental illnesses. Data are most robust for omega-3 fatty acids' role in affective disorders. However, data are conflicting, negative, or absent for most mental illnesses.

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Mercury-Contaminated Fish and Essential Fatty Acids: Problems and Solutions

Chemistry Journal of Moldova ◽

10.19261/cjm.2012.07(1).29 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 162-163

Author(s):

Janna Cropotova ◽

Svetlana Popel

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

The Body ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Human Diet ◽

Problems And Solutions ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Nutritional Benefits

Fish consumption is an important part of human diet due to essential omega-3 fatty acids found naturally in this product. Many researchers from all over the world found that high mercury concentrations in the body reduced the heart-protective effects of the fatty acids in fish oils. People shouldn't be constrained by choosing between the health hazards related to toxins caused by industrial pollution and the nutritional benefits provided by consummation of essential fatty acids contained in oily fish. It is very important to find an alternative natural source of essential omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA to restore an optimal ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in the human diet.

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