scholarly journals Impacts of Warming on Reciprocal Subsidies Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eoin J. O’Gorman ◽  
Irina Chemshirova ◽  
Órla B. McLaughlin ◽  
Rebecca I. A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Freshwater Streams ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Reciprocal Subsidies

Cross-ecosystem subsidies are important as their recipients often rely on them to supplement in situ resource availability. Global warming has the potential to alter the quality and quantity of these subsidies, but our knowledge of these effects is currently limited. Here, we quantified the biomass and diversity of the invertebrates exchanged between freshwater streams and terrestrial grasslands in a natural warming experiment in Iceland. We sampled invertebrates emerging from the streams, those landing on the water surface, ground-dwelling invertebrates falling into the streams, and those drifting through the streams. Emerging invertebrate biomass or diversity did not change with increasing temperature, suggesting no effect of warming on aquatic subsidies to the terrestrial environment over the 1-month duration of the study. The biomass and diversity of aerial invertebrates of terrestrial origin landing on the streams increased with temperature, underpinned by increasing abundance and species richness, indicating that the greater productivity of the warmer streams may attract more foraging insects. The biomass of ground-dwelling invertebrates falling into the streams also increased with temperature, underpinned by increasing body mass and species evenness, suggesting that soil warming leads to terrestrial communities dominated by larger, more mobile organisms, and thus more in-fall to the streams. The biomass and diversity of terrestrial invertebrates in the drift decreased with temperature, however, underpinned by decreasing abundance and species richness, reflecting upstream consumption due to the higher energetic demands of aquatic consumers in warmer environments. These results highlight the potential for asynchronous responses to warming for reciprocal subsidies between aquatic and terrestrial environments and the importance of further research on warming impacts at the interface of these interdependent ecosystems.

scholarly journals Chlorine cycling and the fate of Cl in terrestrial environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresia Svensson ◽  
Henrik Kylin ◽  
Malin Montelius ◽  
Per Sandén ◽  
David Bastviken
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Chlorinated Organic Compounds ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Chlorinated Fatty Acids

AbstractChlorine (Cl) in the terrestrial environment is of interest from multiple perspectives, including the use of chloride as a tracer for water flow and contaminant transport, organochlorine pollutants, Cl cycling, radioactive waste (radioecology; 36Cl is of large concern) and plant science (Cl as essential element for living plants). During the past decades, there has been a rapid development towards improved understanding of the terrestrial Cl cycle. There is a ubiquitous and extensive natural chlorination of organic matter in terrestrial ecosystems where naturally formed chlorinated organic compounds (Clorg) in soil frequently exceed the abundance of chloride. Chloride dominates import and export from terrestrial ecosystems while soil Clorg and biomass Cl can dominate the standing stock Cl. This has important implications for Cl transport, as chloride will enter the Cl pools resulting in prolonged residence times. Clearly, these pools must be considered separately in future monitoring programs addressing Cl cycling. Moreover, there are indications that (1) large amounts of Cl can accumulate in biomass, in some cases representing the main Cl pool; (2) emissions of volatile organic chlorines could be a significant export pathway of Cl and (3) that there is a production of Clorg in tissues of, e.g. plants and animals and that Cl can accumulate as, e.g. chlorinated fatty acids in organisms. Yet, data focusing on ecosystem perspectives and combined spatiotemporal variability regarding various Cl pools are still scarce, and the processes and ecological roles of the extensive biological Cl cycling are still poorly understood.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic transformations of river ecosystems are not always bad for the environment: Multi-taxa analyses of changes in aquatic and terrestrial environments after dredging of a small lowland river

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12224
Author(s):  
Robert Stryjecki ◽  
Andrzej Zawal ◽  
Tomasz Krepski ◽  
Edyta Stępień ◽  
Edyta Buczyńska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Habitat Diversity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
The Impact

Rivers are one of the most commonly transformed aquatic ecosystems. Most papers present significantly negative effects of activities such as dredging or channel regulation on the ecological status of rivers. The purpose of this work was to compare the response of various groups of invertebrates (Mollusca, Hydrachnidia, Odonata, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera) to an intervention involving dredging in conjunction with the removal of riparian vegetation. Habitat diversity increased after the dredging, and more individuals and species were caught than before the dredging. The increase in habitat diversity after the dredging translated into an increase in the species diversity of most investigated groups. Individual groups of invertebrates showed varied responses to the dredging, depending on the role of the terrestrial phase in their life cycle: the greater the role of the terrestrial phase in the life cycle, the more the group was affected by changes in the terrestrial environment following the intervention. In consequence, the intervention had the greatest negative impact on insects, and among these, on adult Odonata. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Dredging can benefit a previously anthropogenically transformed river ecosystem by increasing habitat diversity; (2) Odonata are particularly useful for assessing the impact of this type of intervention on invertebrate communities. They can be considered good indicators of habitat disturbances in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

scholarly journals Toward More Integrated Utilizations of Geostationary Satellite Data for Disaster Management and Risk Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1553
Author(s):  
Atsushi Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Fine Spatial Resolution ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Disaster Monitoring ◽  
Low Earth Orbit Satellites

Third-generation geostationary meteorological satellites (GEOs), such as Himawari-8/9 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES)-R Series Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), and Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Flexible Combined Imager (FCI), provide advanced imagery and atmospheric measurements of the Earth’s weather, oceans, and terrestrial environments at high-frequency intervals. Third-generation GEOs also significantly improve capabilities by increasing the number of observation bands suitable for environmental change detection. This review focuses on the significantly enhanced contribution of third-generation GEOs for disaster monitoring and risk mitigation, focusing on atmospheric and terrestrial environment monitoring. In addition, to demonstrate the collaboration between GEOs and Low Earth orbit satellites (LEOs) as supporting information for fine-spatial-resolution observations required in the event of a disaster, the landfall of Typhoon No. 19 Hagibis in 2019, which caused tremendous damage to Japan, is used as a case study.

scholarly journals CARACTERÍSTICAS OCEANOGRÁFICAS EN LA ISLA MALPELO Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA CUENCA OCEÁNICA DEL PACÍFICO COLOMBIANO

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efraín Rodríguez Rubio ◽  
Alan Giraldo
Keyword(s):  
Water Mass ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Pelagic Environment ◽  
Shallow Subtidal ◽  
Oceanographic Data ◽  
Malpelo Island ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Colombian Pacific

Malpelo Island forms the insular ecoregion of the Colombian Pacific, and is composed by a mosaic of terrestrial ecosystems, and unique coastal and shallow subtidal systems. Considering its insular nature, the oceanographic features of this locality are expected to be related with the physical and chemical dynamics of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) and be modulated by the regional dynamic of the Colombian Pacific Oceanic Basin (COPC in Spanish). In this work, in situ data was used to describe the thermohaline conditions in the water column in Malpelo Island and identify key water mass during the two contrasting hydro-meteorological periods of the COPC. Furthermore, we analyzed the thermal and haline variability in the COPC and defined the surface geostrophic flow from in situ oceanographic data during the same time in order to evaluate its effect on the oceanographic conditions in the pelagic environment off Malpelo Island.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN PROGRAM PERKULIAHAN BIOLOGI KONSERVASI DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL ACEH

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Evi Apriana ◽  
Achmad Munandar ◽  
Nuryani Y Rustaman ◽  
Hertien Koosbandiah Surtikanti
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Environmental Literacy ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Real Component ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Terrestrial Environments

Acehnese local wisdom-based contextual approach has never been used in learning. Incorporating Acehnese local wisdom into the study of conservation biology will greatly assist the process of raising awareness among students and the community about the importance of nature conservation, being able to clarify customary rules and rules about human relations with the natural environment. Therefore, it is very necessary to the development of conservation biology lecture program through Acehnese local wisdom-based contextual approach to improve environmental literacy and conservation measures. This study aimed to collect information relating to the development of conservation biology lecture program through Acehnese local wisdom-based contextual approach through lectures that examine issues of forest conservation biology and terrestrial environments Aceh. This research applies qualitative research design (Qualitative Research), conducted the analysis of the development related to environmental issues and Acehnese local wisdom. From the analysis of the results showed that the development of conservation biology lecture program through Acehnese local wisdom-based contextual approach has the characteristics (lectures studying the problems of forest conservation biology and terrestrial environments Aceh; learning Acehnese local wisdom-based contextual approach effective, integrated in the lectures and field activities to clarify the learning in the classroom; emphasis on the ability of the knowledge and skills that students care about the forest and terrestrial environment, develop environmental literacy and conservation measures are real), component (using a variety of learning methods and media), structure (meetings, concepts and sub concepts, learning process, learning objectives, learning strategies, billing tasks, and extra activities), and evaluation (procedures and evaluation tools: evaluation process using lectures observation, evaluation of learning outcomes using test (environmental literacy), and conservation measures using guidelines observation conservation measures). Abstrak Pendekatan kontekstual berbasis kearifan lokal Aceh belum pernah digunakan dalam pembelajaran. Memasukkan kearifan lokal Aceh ke dalam pembelajaran biologi konservasi akan sangat membantu proses penyadartahuan mahasiswa dan masyarakat tentang arti penting pelestarian alam, dapat memperjelas aturan-aturan adat dan kaidah-kaidah tentang hubungan manusia dengan alam lingkungannya. Dengan demikian sangat diperlukan adanya pengembangan program perkuliahan biologi konservasi dengan pendekatan kontekstual berbasis kearifan lokal Aceh untuk meningkatkan literasi lingkungan dan tindakan konservasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan informasi yang berkaitan dengan pengembangan program perkuliahan biologi konservasi dengan pendekatan kontekstual berbasis kearifan lokal Aceh melalui kegiatan perkuliahan yang mengkaji permasalahan biologi konservasi hutan dan lingkungan terestrial Aceh. Penelitian ini menerapkan desain penelitian kualitatif (Qualitative Research), dilakukan analisis pengembangan yang berhubungan dengan isu-isu lingkungan dan kearifan lokal Aceh. Dari analisis pengembangan ini diperoleh hasil bahwa program perkuliahan biologi konservasi dengan pendekatan kontekstual berbasis kearifan lokal Aceh mempunyai karakteristik (kegiatan perkuliahan mengkaji permasalahan biologi konservasi hutan dan lingkungan terestrial Aceh; pembelajaran dengan pendekatan kontekstual berbasis kearifan lokal Aceh yang efektif, terintegrasi dalam perkuliahan dan kegiatan lapangan yang dapat memperjelas pembelajaran di kelas; menekankan pada kemampuan pengetahuan dan keterampilan agar mahasiswa peduli terhadap hutan dan lingkungan terestrial; mengembangkan literasi lingkungan dan tindakan konservasi secara nyata), komponen (menggunakan metode dan media pembelajaran yang bervariasi), struktur (pertemuan, konsep dan sub konsep, proses pembelajaran, tujuan pembelajaran, strategi pembelajaran, tagihan tugas, dan kegiatan ekstra), dan evaluasi (prosedur dan alat evaluasi: evaluasi proses menggunakan pedoman observasi kegiatan perkuliahan, evaluasi hasil belajar menggunakan tes (literasi lingkungan), dan tindakan konservasi menggunakan pedoman observasi tindakan konservasi). Kata kunci:     pengembangan program perkuliahan biologi konservasi, pendekatan kontekstual berbasis kearifan lokal Aceh, isu-isu lingkungan, literasi lingkungan, tindakan konservasi

In situ transmission electron microscope measurements of solid Al-solid Pb and solid Al-liquid Pb surface-energy anisotropy in rapidly solidified Al-5% Pb (by mass)

1987 ◽  
Vol 414 (1847) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Rapidly Solidified ◽  
Al Matrix

Alloys of Al-5% Pb and Al-5% Pb-0.5% Si (by mass) have been manufactured by rapid solidification and then examined by transmission electron microscopy. The rapidly solidified alloy microstructures consist of 5-60 nm Pb particles embedded in an Al matrix. The Pb particles have a cube-cube orientation relation with the Al matrix, and are cub-octahedral in shape, bounded by {100} Al, Pb and {111} Al, Pb facets. The equilibrium Pb particle shape and therefore the anisotropy of solid Al-solid Pb and solid Al-liquid Pb surface energies have been monitored by in situ heating in the transmission electron microscope over the temperature range between room temperature and 550°C. The ani­sotropy of solid Al-solid Pb surface energy is constant between room temperature and the Pb melting point, with a {100} Al, Pb surface energy about 14% greater than the {111} Al, Pb surface energy, in good agreement with geometric near-neighbour bond energy calculations. The {100} AI, Pb facet disappears when the Pb particles melt, and the anisotropy of solid Al-liquid Pb surface energy decreases gradually with increasing temperature above the Pb melting point, until the Pb particles become spherical at about 550°C.

Climate Change and Its Impact on Terrestrial Ecosystems

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-157
Author(s):  
Banwari Dandotiya ◽  
Harendra K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Precipitation Pattern ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Climatic Disturbances

This chapter provides a general overview of the effects of climate change on the terrestrial ecosystem and is meant to set the stage for the specific papers. The discussion in this chapter focuses basically on the effects of climatic disturbances on terrestrial flora and fauna, including increasing global temperature and changing climatic patterns of terrestrial areas of the globe. Basically, climate disturbances derived increasing temperature and greenhouse gases have the ability to induce this phenomenon. Greenhouse gases are emitted by a number of sources in the atmosphere such as urbanization, industrialization, transportation, and population growth, so these contributing factors and its effects on climatic events like temperature rise, change precipitation pattern, extreme weather events, survival and shifting of biodiversity, seasonal disturbances, and effects on glaciers are relatively described in this chapter.

Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Riverine Ecosystems ◽  
Aquatic Food

<em>Abstract.</em>—Much is known about the importance of the physical characteristics of salmonid habitat in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, with far less known about the food sources and trophic processes within these habitats, and the role they play in regulating salmonid productivity. Freshwater food webs supporting salmonids in Alaska rely heavily on nutrient, detritus, and prey subsidies from both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Adult salmon provide a massive input of marine biomass to riverine ecosystems each year when they spawn, die, and decompose, and are a critical food source for young salmon in late summer and fall; riparian forests provide terrestrial invertebrates to streams, which at times comprise over half of the food ingested by stream-resident salmonids; up-slope, fishless headwater streams are a year-round source of invertebrates and detritus for fish downstream. The quantity of these food resources vary widely depending on source, season, and spatial position within a watershed. Terrestrial invertebrate inputs from riparian habitats are generally the most abundant food source in summer. Juvenile salmonids in streams consume roughly equal amounts of freshwater and terrestrially-derived invertebrates during most of the growing season, but ingest substantial amounts of marine resources (salmon eggs and decomposing salmon tissue) when these food items are present. Quantity, quality, and timing of food resources all appear to be important driving forces in aquatic food web dynamics, community nutrition, and salmonid growth and survival in riverine ecosystems.

scholarly journals Depletion of soil carbon and aggregation after strong warming of a subarctic Andosol under forest and grassland cover

SOIL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Poeplau ◽  
Páll Sigurðsson ◽  
Bjarni D. Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Aggregate Breakdown ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Mass Proportion ◽  
Fraction Distribution ◽  
Soil Responses ◽  
Or Modelling

Abstract. The net loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) from terrestrial ecosystems is a likely consequence of global warming and may affect key soil functions. The strongest changes in temperature are expected to occur at high northern latitudes, with forest and tundra as prevailing land cover types. However, specific soil responses to warming in different ecosystems are currently understudied. In this study, we used a natural geothermal soil warming gradient (0–17.5 ∘C warming intensity) in an Icelandic spruce forest on Andosol to assess changes in the SOC content between 0 and 10 cm (topsoil) and between 20 and 30 cm (subsoil) after 10 years of soil warming. Five different SOC fractions were isolated, and their redistribution and the amount of stable aggregates were assessed to link SOC to changes in the soil structure. The results were compared to an adjacent, previously investigated warmed grassland. Soil warming depleted the SOC content in the forest soil by −2.7 g kg−1 ∘C−1 (−3.6 % ∘C−1) in the topsoil and −1.6 g kg−1 ∘C−1 (−4.5 % ∘C−1) in the subsoil. The distribution of SOC in different fractions was significantly altered, with particulate organic matter and SOC in sand and stable aggregates being relatively depleted and SOC attached to silt and clay being relatively enriched in warmed soils. The major reason for this shift was aggregate breakdown: the topsoil aggregate mass proportion was reduced from 60.7±2.2 % in the unwarmed reference to 28.9±4.6 % in the most warmed soil. Across both depths, the loss of one unit of SOC caused a depletion of 4.5 units of aggregated soil, which strongly affected the bulk density (an R2 value of 0.91 and p<0.001 when correlated with SOC, and an R2 value of 0.51 and p<0.001 when correlated with soil mass in stable aggregates). The proportion of water-extractable carbon increased with decreasing aggregation, which might indicate an indirect protective effect of aggregates larger than 63 µm on SOC. Topsoil changes in the total SOC content and fraction distribution were more pronounced in the forest than in the adjacent warmed grassland soils, due to higher and more labile initial SOC. However, no ecosystem effect was observed on the warming response of the subsoil SOC content and fraction distribution. Thus, whole profile differences across ecosystems might be small. Changes in the soil structure upon warming should be studied more deeply and taken into consideration when interpreting or modelling biotic responses to warming.

scholarly journals Strong warming of subarctic forest soil deteriorated soil structure via carbon loss – Indications from organic matter fractionation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Poeplau ◽  
Páll Sigurðsson ◽  
Bjarni D. Sigurðsson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Fraction Distribution

Abstract. Net loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) from terrestrial ecosystems is a likely consequence of global warming and this may affect key soil functions. Strongest changes in temperature are expected to occur at high northern latitudes, with boreal forest and tundra as prevailing land-cover types. However, specific ecosystem responses to warming are understudied. We used a natural geothermal soil warming gradient in an Icelandic spruce forest (0–17.5 °C warming intensity) to assess changes in SOC content in 0–10 cm (topsoil) and 20–30 cm (subsoil) after 10 years of soil warming. Five different SOC fractions were isolated and the amount of stable aggregates (63–2000 µm) was assessed to link SOC to soil structure changes. Results were compared to an adjacent, previously investigated warmed grassland. Soil warming had depleted SOC in the forest soil by −2.7 g kg−1 °C−1 (−3.6 % °C−1) in the topsoil and −1.6 g kg−1 °C−1 (−4.5 % °C−1) in the subsoil. Distribution of SOC in different fractions was significantly altered, with particulate organic matter and SOC in sand and stable aggregates being relatively depleted and SOC attached to silt and clay being relatively enriched in warmed soils. The major reason for this shift was aggregate break-down: topsoil aggregate mass proportion was reduced from 60.7 ± 2.2 % in the unwarmed reference to 28.9 ± 4.6 % in the most warmed soil. Across both depths, loss of one unit SOC caused a depletion of 4.5 units aggregated soil, which strongly affected bulk density (R2 = 0.91 when correlated to SOC and R2 = 0.51 when correlated to soil mass in stable aggregates). The proportion of water extractable carbon increased with decreasing aggregation, indicating an indirect SOC protective effect of aggregates > 63 µm. Topsoil changes in total SOC and fraction distribution were more pronounced in the forest than in the adjacent warmed grassland soils, due to higher and more labile initial SOC. However, no ecosystem effect was observed in the response of subsoil SOC and fraction distribution. Whole profile differences across ecosystems might thus be small. Changes in soil structure upon warming should be studied more deeply and taken into consideration when interpreting or modelling biotic responses to warming.

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