scholarly journals Non-GM Genome Editing Approaches in Crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Gong ◽  
Ming Cheng ◽  
Jose R. Botella
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Public Controversy ◽  
Rigid Cell Wall

CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing technologies have the potential to fast-track large-scale crop breeding programs. However, the rigid cell wall limits the delivery of CRISPR/Cas components into plant cells, decreasing genome editing efficiency. Established methods, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated or biolistic transformation have been used to integrate genetic cassettes containing CRISPR components into the plant genome. Although efficient, these methods pose several problems, including 1) The transformation process requires laborious and time-consuming tissue culture and regeneration steps; 2) many crop species and elite varieties are recalcitrant to transformation; 3) The segregation of transgenes in vegetatively propagated or highly heterozygous crops, such as pineapple, is either difficult or impossible; and 4) The production of a genetically modified first generation can lead to public controversy and onerous government regulations. The development of transgene-free genome editing technologies can address many problems associated with transgenic-based approaches. Transgene-free genome editing have been achieved through the delivery of preassembled CRISPR/Cas ribonucleoproteins, although its application is limited. The use of viral vectors for delivery of CRISPR/Cas components has recently emerged as a powerful alternative but it requires further exploration. In this review, we discuss the different strategies, principles, applications, and future directions of transgene-free genome editing methods.

scholarly journals Exosome/Liposome-like Nanoparticles: New Carriers for CRISPR Genome Editing in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7456
Author(s):  
Mousa A. Alghuthaymi ◽  
Aftab Ahmad ◽  
Zulqurnain Khan ◽  
Sultan Habibullah Khan ◽  
Farah K. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Crispr System ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Low Cytotoxicity

Rapid developments in the field of plant genome editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems necessitate more detailed consideration of the delivery of the CRISPR system into plants. Successful and safe editing of plant genomes is partly based on efficient delivery of the CRISPR system. Along with the use of plasmids and viral vectors as cargo material for genome editing, non-viral vectors have also been considered for delivery purposes. These non-viral vectors can be made of a variety of materials, including inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, and protein- and peptide-based nanoparticles, as well as nanoscale polymeric materials. They have a decreased immune response, an advantage over viral vectors, and offer additional flexibility in their design, allowing them to be functionalized and targeted to specific sites in a biological system with low cytotoxicity. This review is dedicated to describing the delivery methods of CRISPR system into plants with emphasis on the use of non-viral vectors.

scholarly journals Efficient Targeted Gene Insertion in Maize using Agrobacterium-Mediated Delivery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Svitashev ◽  
Dave Peterson ◽  
Pierjuigi Barone ◽  
Brian Lenderts ◽  
Chris Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Gene Insertion ◽  
Maize Transformation ◽  
Dna Double Strand Break ◽  
Genomic Location ◽  
Marker Free

Abstract CRISPR-Cas is a powerful DNA double strand break technology with wide-ranging applications in plant genome modification. However, the efficiency of genome editing depends on various factors including plant genetic transformation processes and types of modifications desired. Agrobacterium infection is the preferred method of transformation and delivery of editing components into the plant cell. While this method has been successfully used to generate gene knock-outs in multiple crops, precise nucleotide replacement and especially gene insertion into a pre-defined genomic location remain highly challenging. Here we report an efficient, heritable, selectable marker-free site-specific gene insertion in maize using Agrobacterium-mediated delivery. Advancements in maize transformation and new vector design enabled targeted insertion with frequencies as high as 8–10%. Importantly, these advancements allowed not only an improvement of the frequency but also of the quality of generated events. These results further enable the application of genome editing for trait product development in a wide variety of crop species amenable to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.

scholarly journals Genome editing in plants using CRISPR type I-D nuclease

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keishi Osakabe ◽  
Naoki Wada ◽  
Tomoko Miyaji ◽  
Emi Murakami ◽  
Kazuya Marui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Genome Engineering ◽  
Targeted Mutagenesis ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Type I ◽  
Crispr System ◽  
Target Dna ◽  
Short Indels

Abstract Genome editing in plants has advanced greatly by applying the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)-Cas system, especially CRISPR-Cas9. However, CRISPR type I—the most abundant CRISPR system in bacteria—has not been exploited for plant genome modification. In type I CRISPR-Cas systems, e.g., type I-E, Cas3 nucleases degrade the target DNA in mammals. Here, we present a type I-D (TiD) CRISPR-Cas genome editing system in plants. TiD lacks the Cas3 nuclease domain; instead, Cas10d is the functional nuclease in vivo. TiD was active in targeted mutagenesis of tomato genomic DNA. The mutations generated by TiD differed from those of CRISPR/Cas9; both bi-directional long-range deletions and short indels mutations were detected in tomato cells. Furthermore, TiD can be used to efficiently generate bi-allelic mutant plants in the first generation. These findings indicate that TiD is a unique CRISPR system that can be used for genome engineering in plants.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing in Crop Plants

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (sp) ◽  
pp. 2396-2400
Author(s):  
Abdulrezzak Memon
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Target Dna

Recently, most genomic research has focused on genome editing methods to develop new technologies that could be easy, reliable, and feasible to edit plant genomes for highly productive agriculture. Genome editing is based on alternating a specific target DNA sequence by adding, replacing, and removing DNA bases. This newest technology called CRISPR/Cas9 seems to be less time-consuming, more effective and used in many research areas of plant genetic research. CRISPR/Cas9 systems have many advantages in comparison with ZFNs and TALENs and has been extensively used for genome editing to many crop plant species. Around 20 crop species are successfully worked out for trait improvements, for example, yield improvement, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, and biotic and abiotic stress management. This review paper will overview recent advances in CRISPR/Cas genome editing research in detail. The main focus will be on the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in plant genome research.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas9 Technology and Applications in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Emine Açar ◽  
Yıldız Aka Kaçar
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Breeding Techniques ◽  
Agricultural Production Systems

In order to increase access to nutritious foods around the world, innovative technologies need to be developed and integrated into agricultural production systems. The new plant breeding techniques developed offer many advantages for making modifications in the plant genome. CRSPR/Cas9, one of the genome editing technologies, is an efficient system with high potential that allows the formation of target-oriented mutations in many agricultural products and allows the mutation of new and desired characters to be obtained through breeding programs without the use of foreign genetic elements. In this review, we have summarize the discovery, evalution, functionality, genome editing studies of plants and the strong potentials of CRSPR/Cas9 technology for plant breeding.

Molecular Epidemiology and Biomarkers in Etiologic Cancer Research: The New in Light of the Old

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungwani Muungo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Generation

The purpose of this review is to evaluate progress inmolecular epidemiology over the past 24 years in canceretiology and prevention to draw lessons for futureresearch incorporating the new generation of biomarkers.Molecular epidemiology was introduced inthe study of cancer in the early 1980s, with theexpectation that it would help overcome some majorlimitations of epidemiology and facilitate cancerprevention. The expectation was that biomarkerswould improve exposure assessment, document earlychanges preceding disease, and identify subgroupsin the population with greater susceptibility to cancer,thereby increasing the ability of epidemiologic studiesto identify causes and elucidate mechanisms incarcinogenesis. The first generation of biomarkers hasindeed contributed to our understanding of riskandsusceptibility related largely to genotoxic carcinogens.Consequently, interventions and policy changes havebeen mounted to reduce riskfrom several importantenvironmental carcinogens. Several new and promisingbiomarkers are now becoming available for epidemiologicstudies, thanks to the development of highthroughputtechnologies and theoretical advances inbiology. These include toxicogenomics, alterations ingene methylation and gene expression, proteomics, andmetabonomics, which allow large-scale studies, includingdiscovery-oriented as well as hypothesis-testinginvestigations. However, most of these newer biomarkershave not been adequately validated, and theirrole in the causal paradigm is not clear. There is a needfor their systematic validation using principles andcriteria established over the past several decades inmolecular cancer epidemiology.

Stepwise Development of Biomimetic Chimeric Peptides for Gene Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 698-710
Author(s):  
Roya Cheraghi ◽  
Mahboobeh Nazari ◽  
Mohsen Alipour ◽  
Saman Hosseinkhani
Keyword(s):  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transfection Efficiency ◽  
Cationic Lipids ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Stepwise Development ◽  
Chimeric Peptides

Gene-based therapy largely relies on the vector type that allows a selective and efficient transfection into the target cells with maximum efficacy and minimal toxicity. Although, genes delivered utilizing modified viruses transfect efficiently and precisely, these vectors can cause severe immunological responses and are potentially carcinogenic. A promising method of overcoming this limitation is the use of non-viral vectors, including cationic lipids, polymers, dendrimers, and peptides, which offer potential routes for compacting DNA for targeted delivery. Although non-viral vectors exhibit reduced transfection efficiency compared to their viral counterpart, their superior biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity and potential for large-scale production make them increasingly attractive for modern therapy. There has been a great deal of interest in the development of biomimetic chimeric peptides. Biomimetic chimeric peptides contain different motifs for gene translocation into the nucleus of the desired cells. They have motifs for gene targeting into the desired cell, condense DNA into nanosize particles, translocate the gene into the nucleus and enhance the release of the particle into the cytoplasm. These carriers were developed in recent years. This review highlights the stepwise development of the biomimetic chimeric peptides currently being used in gene delivery.

An Era of CRISPR/ Cas9 Mediated Plant Genome Editing

2018 ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haris Khurshid ◽  
Sohail Ahmad Jan ◽  
Zabta Khan Shinwari ◽  
Muhammad Jamal ◽  
Sabir Hussain Shah
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Plant Genome

scholarly journals Combining metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to assess and improve crop quality traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine M. Pott ◽  
Sara Durán-Soria ◽  
Sonia Osorio ◽  
José G. Vallarino
Keyword(s):  
Quality Trait ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Crop Quality ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractPlant quality trait improvement has become a global necessity due to the world overpopulation. In particular, producing crop species with enhanced nutrients and health-promoting compounds is one of the main aims of current breeding programs. However, breeders traditionally focused on characteristics such as yield or pest resistance, while breeding for crop quality, which largely depends on the presence and accumulation of highly valuable metabolites in the plant edible parts, was left out due to the complexity of plant metabolome and the impossibility to properly phenotype it. Recent technical advances in high throughput metabolomic, transcriptomic and genomic platforms have provided efficient approaches to identify new genes and pathways responsible for the extremely diverse plant metabolome. In addition, they allow to establish correlation between genotype and metabolite composition, and to clarify the genetic architecture of complex biochemical pathways, such as the accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants, many of them being highly valuable for the human diet. In this review, we focus on how the combination of metabolomic, transcriptomic and genomic approaches is a useful tool for the selection of crop varieties with improved nutritional value and quality traits.

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