Perspectives About Modulating Host Immune System in Targeting SARS-CoV-2 in India

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus induced disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a type of common cold virus responsible for a global pandemic which requires immediate measures for its containment. India has the world’s largest population aged between 10 and 40 years. At the same time, India has a large number of individuals with diabetes, hypertension and kidney diseases, who are at a high risk of developing COVID-19. A vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2, may offer immediate protection from the causative agent of COVID-19, however, the protective memory may be short-lived. Even if vaccination is broadly successful in the world, India has a large and diverse population with over one-third being below the poverty line. Therefore, the success of a vaccine, even when one becomes available, is uncertain, making it necessary to focus on alternate approaches of tackling the disease. In this review, we discuss the differences in COVID-19 death/infection ratio between urban and rural India; and the probable role of the immune system, co-morbidities and associated nutritional status in dictating the death rate of COVID-19 patients in rural and urban India. Also, we focus on strategies for developing masks, vaccines, diagnostics and the role of drugs targeting host-virus protein-protein interactions in enhancing host immunity. We also discuss India’s strengths including the resources of medicinal plants, good food habits and the role of information technology in combating COVID-19. We focus on the Government of India’s measures and strategies for creating awareness in the containment of COVID-19 infection across the country.

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Role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid19

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.2710 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 259-261

Author(s):

Aamir Khan ◽

Rajni K. Gurmule

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Human Body ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Spreading Rate ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Shortness Of Breath ◽

Antitussive Effect ◽

Corona Viruses ◽

Very High

Vasavaleha is one of the best medicine given for respiratory diseases. Corona viruses typically affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing, fever and shortness of breath. It also affects host immune system of human body. Spreading rate of this disease is very high. Whole world is seeking for the treatment which can uproots this diseases. There in no vaccine available till date against this pandemic disease. Ayurveda mainly focuses on prevention of diseases alongwith its total cure. Rajyakshma Vyadhi is MadhyamMarga Roga as per Ayurveda. It shows many symptoms such as Kasa, Shwasa etc. By overall view of Covid 19, shows its resemblance with Rajyakshma Vyadhi described in Ayurveda. Vasavaleha is a Kalpa which is described in Rogadhikara of Rajyakshma. It shows Kasahara, Shwashara properties. It consists of Vasa, Pipalli, Madhu and Goghrita. These components shows actions like bronchodilation, antitussive effect and many more other actions. Pipalli shows important Rasayana effect. So in present review, we have tried to focus on role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid 19. This can be used as preventive as well as adjuvant medication in treating Covid 19. There is need of further clinical research to rule of exact action of Vasavaleha against Covid 19.

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Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders

CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871527319666200726222138 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 509-526

Author(s):

Qin Huang ◽

Fang Yu ◽

Di Liao ◽

Jian Xia

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Brain Function ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Gut Dysbiosis ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived-Exosomes as Effective Factors in Reducing Cytokine Storm Symptoms of COVID-19

Protein and Peptide Letters ◽

10.2174/0929866528666210222150347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

Author(s):

Amir Hossein Kheirkhah ◽

Seyed Hossein Shahcheraghi ◽

Malihe lotfi ◽

Marzieh lotfi ◽

Sanaz Raeisi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Infection Transmission ◽

Effective Factors ◽

Different Types ◽

Immune System Modulation

: Given that conventional therapies are ineffective for COVID-19, obtained exosomes from stem cells have been proposed as a sustainable and effective treatment. Exosomes are subsets with lengths between 30 and 100 nanometers, and they can be secreted by different cells. Exosomes are containing different types of miRNAs, mRNAs, and different proteins. The role of immune system modulation of exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells has been studied and confirmed in more than one study. Exosome miRNAs detect and reduce cytokines that cause cytokine storms such as IL-7, IL-2, IL-6, etc. These miRNAs include miR-21, miR-24, miR-124, miR-145, etc. The risks associated with treatment with exosomes from different cells are relatively small compared to other treatments because transplanted cells do not stimulate the host immune system and also has reduced infection transmission. Due to the ineffectiveness of existing drugs in reducing inflammation and preventing cytokine storms, the use of immune-boosting systems may be suggested as another way to control cytokine storm.

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The Microbiota/Host Immune System Interaction in the Nose to Protect from COVID-19

Life ◽

10.3390/life10120345 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 345

Author(s):

Arianna Di Stadio ◽

Claudio Costantini ◽

Giorgia Renga ◽

Marilena Pariano ◽

Giampietro Ricci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Viral Entry ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Organ Damage ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Upper Airways ◽

Mucosal Homeostasis ◽

Resistance To Infection ◽

Variable Clinical Presentation

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is characterized by variable clinical presentation that ranges from asymptomatic to fatal multi-organ damage. The site of entry and the response of the host to the infection affect the outcomes. The role of the upper airways and the nasal barrier in the prevention of infection is increasingly being recognized. Besides the epithelial lining and the local immune system, the upper airways harbor a community of microorganisms, or microbiota, that takes an active part in mucosal homeostasis and in resistance to infection. However, the role of the upper airway microbiota in COVID-19 is not yet completely understood and likely goes beyond protection from viral entry to include the regulation of the immune response to the infection. Herein, we discuss the hypothesis that restoring endogenous barriers and anti-inflammatory pathways that are defective in COVID-19 patients might represent a valid strategy to reduce infectivity and ameliorate clinical symptomatology.

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Role of the microbiome in human development

Gut ◽

10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317503 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 1108-1114 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello ◽

Filipa Godoy-Vitorino ◽

Rob Knight ◽

Martin J Blaser

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Human Development ◽

Life Forms ◽

Host Responses ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Next Generation ◽

Host Health ◽

Host Development

The host-microbiome supraorganism appears to have coevolved and the unperturbed microbial component of the dyad renders host health sustainable. This coevolution has likely shaped evolving phenotypes in all life forms on this predominantly microbial planet. The microbiota seems to exert effects on the next generation from gestation, via maternal microbiota and immune responses. The microbiota ecosystems develop, restricted to their epithelial niches by the host immune system, concomitantly with the host chronological development, providing early modulation of physiological host development and functions for nutrition, immunity and resistance to pathogens at all ages. Here, we review the role of the microbiome in human development, including evolutionary considerations, and the maternal/fetal relationships, contributions to nutrition and growth. We also discuss what constitutes a healthy microbiota, how antimicrobial modern practices are impacting the human microbiota, the associations between microbiota perturbations, host responses and diseases rocketing in urban societies and potential for future restoration.

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Role of environmental stressor-host immune system–pathogen interactions in development of infectious disease in farm animals

Biological Rhythm Research ◽

10.1080/09291016.2019.1695084 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Sophia Inbaraj ◽

Veerasamy Sejian ◽

Santhamani Ramasamy

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Environmental Stressor

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The Role of MicroRNAs in Selected Forms of Glomerulonephritis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20205050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (20) ◽

pp. 5050 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Magdalena Nalewajska ◽

Klaudia Gurazda ◽

Ewa Styczyńska-Kowalska ◽

Małgorzata Marchelek-Myśliwiec ◽

Andrzej Pawlik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Immune System ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Potential Role ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Targeted Treatments ◽

Harmful Effects ◽

Insight Into

Glomerulonephritis (GN) represents a collection of kidney diseases characterized by inflammation within the renal glomeruli and small blood vessels. The lesions that occur in other nephron structures mainly result from the harmful effects of proteinuria. In recent years, an emphasis has been placed on gaining a better insight into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of GN in order to facilitate diagnoses and provide efficient and targeted treatments of the disease. Owing to the advanced molecular and genetic diagnostic techniques available today, researchers have been able to elucidate that most cases of GN are determined by genetic risk factors and are associated with the abnormal functioning of the immune system (the immunologically mediated forms of GN). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of single-stranded, non-coding molecules, approximately 20 nucleotides in length, that act as regulatory factors in the post-transcriptional processes capable of regulating the expression of multiple genes. In this paper we present the available research aiming to determine effects of miRNAs on the development and progression of GN and discuss the potential role of miRNAs as new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.

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