scholarly journals Differential Apoptotic Responses of Hemocyte Subpopulations to White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection in Fenneropenaeus chinensis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuang Cui ◽  
Qianrong Liang ◽  
Xiaoqian Tang ◽  
Jing Xing ◽  
Xiuzhen Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Spot Syndrome Virus ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fenneropenaeus Chinensis ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Late Infection ◽  
Apoptotic Response ◽  
Viral Proliferation ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
The Difference

The apoptosis of hemocytes plays an essential function in shrimp immune defense against pathogen invasions. In order to further elucidate the differential apoptotic responses of the granulocytes and the hyalinocytes in Fenneropenaeus chinensis post WSSV infection, the characteristics of apoptotic dynamics and viral proliferation in total hemocytes and hemocyte subpopulations were respectively investigated in the present work. The results showed that the apoptotic rate of hemocytes changed significantly, and the apoptosis-related genes also showed significantly differential expression responses during WSSV infection. Interestingly, we found that the apoptotic rate of virus-negative hemocytes was significantly higher than that of virus-positive hemocytes in the early stage of WSSV infection, while it was significantly lower than that of virus-positive cells in the middle and late infection stages. The difference of apoptosis between virus-positive and virus-negative hemocytes seems to be an important way for the WSSV to destroy the host’s immune system and facilitate the virus spread at different infection stages. It was further found that the apoptosis rate of granulocytes was always significantly higher than that of hyalinocytes during WSSV infection, indicating that granulocytes have a stronger apoptotic response to WSSV infection. Moreover, a higher viral load was detected in granulocytes, and the density of granulocytes decreased more rapidly post WSSV infection, indicating that the granulocytes are more susceptible and vulnerable to WSSV infection compared with the hyalinocytes. These results collectively demonstrated that the apoptotic response in shrimp hemocytes was significantly influenced by the WSSV infection, and the differential apoptotic response of granulocytes and hyalinocytes to WSSV indicated the differences of antiviral mechanisms between the two hemocyte subpopulations.

scholarly journals Differences in physical symptoms between those with and without kidney disease: a comparative study across disease stages in a UK population

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Wilkinson ◽  
Daniel G. D. Nixon ◽  
Jared Palmer ◽  
Courtney J. Lightfoot ◽  
Alice C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Disease Trajectory ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Comparative Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Disease Stages

Abstract Background Those living with kidney disease (KD) report extensive symptom burden. However, research into how symptoms change across stages is limited. The aims of this study were to 1) describe symptom burden across disease trajectory, and 2) to explore whether symptom burden is unique to KD when compared to a non-KD population. Methods Participants aged > 18 years with a known diagnosis of KD (including haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)) and with a kidney transplant) completed the Leicester Kidney Symptom Questionnaire (KSQ). A non-KD group was recruited as a comparative group. Multinominal logistic regression modelling was used to test the difference in likelihood of those with KD reporting each symptom. Results In total, 2279 participants were included in the final analysis (age 56.0 (17.8) years, 48% male). The main findings can be summarised as: 1) the number of symptoms increases as KD severity progresses; 2) those with early stage KD have a comparable number of symptoms to those without KD; 3) apart from those receiving PD, the most frequently reported symptom across every other group, including the non-KD group, was ‘feeling tired’; and 4) being female independently increased the likelihood of reporting more symptoms. Conclusions Our findings have important implications for patients with KD. We have shown that high symptom burden is prevalent across the spectrum of disease, and present novel data on symptoms experienced in those without KD. Symptoms requiring the most immediate attention given their high prevalence may include pain and fatigue. Trial registration The study was registered prospectively as ISRCTN11596292.

scholarly journals P300 and Decision Making under Risk and Ambiguity

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Jiehui Zheng ◽  
Shenwei Huang ◽  
Haoye Sun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Decision Making Under Risk ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ambiguous Condition

Our study aims to contrast the neural temporal features of early stage of decision making in the context of risk and ambiguity. In monetary gambles under ambiguous or risky conditions, 12 participants were asked to make a decision to bet or not, with the event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded meantime. The proportion of choosing to bet in ambiguous condition was significantly lower than that in risky condition. An ERP component identified as P300 was found. The P300 amplitude elicited in risky condition was significantly larger than that in ambiguous condition. The lower bet rate in ambiguous condition and the smaller P300 amplitude elicited by ambiguous stimuli revealed that people showed much more aversion in the ambiguous condition than in the risky condition. The ERP results may suggest that decision making under ambiguity occupies higher working memory and recalls more past experience while decision making under risk mainly mobilizes attentional resources to calculate current information. These findings extended the current understanding of underlying mechanism for early assessment stage of decision making and explored the difference between the decision making under risk and ambiguity.

scholarly journals Serum CYR61 As A Potential Biomarker for The Diagnosis of Esophagogastric Junction Tumor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Yu Chu ◽  
Jian-Yuan Zhou ◽  
Yi-Xuan Zhao ◽  
Yan-Ting Ou ◽  
Tian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Tumor Patients ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Normal Controls

Background：Esophagogastric junction tumor (EGJ) is a rare but fatal disease with a rapid rising incidence worldwide in the late 20 years, and it lacks a convenient and safe method for diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of serum CYR61 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of EGJ tumor. Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to estimate CYR61 levels in sera of 152 EGJ tumor patients and 137 normal controls. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy. The Mann–Whitney’s U test was used to compare the difference of serum levels of CYR61 between groups. And chi-square tests were employed to estimate the correlation of the positive rate of serum CYR61 between/among subgroups. Results: Serum CYR61 levels were statistically lower in EGJ tumor and early-stage EGJ tumor patients than those in normal controls (P<0.0001). The sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve (AUC) of this biomarker in EGJ tumor were 88.2%, 43.8% and 0.691, respectively, and those for early stage of EGJ tumor were 80.0%, 66.4% and 0.722, respectively. Analyses showed that there was no correlation between the clinical data and the levels of CYR61 (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that CYR61 might be a potential biomarker to assist the diagnosis of EGJ tumor.

scholarly journals Changes in Photosynthesis Could Provide Important Insight into the Interaction between Wheat and Fungal Pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8865
Author(s):  
Huai Yang ◽  
Peigao Luo
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Host Materials

Photosynthesis is a universal process for plant survival, and immune defense is also a key process in adapting to the growth environment. Various studies have indicated that these two processes are interconnected in a complex network. Photosynthesis can influence signaling pathways and provide both materials and energy for immune defense, while the immune defense process can also have feedback effects on photosynthesis. Pathogen infection inevitably leads to changes in photosynthesis parameters, including Pn, Gs, and Ci; biochemical materials such as SOD and CAT; signaling molecules such as H2O2 and hormones; and the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis. Some researchers have found that changes in photosynthesis activity are related to the resistance level of the host, the duration after infection, and the infection position (photosynthetic source or sink). Interactions between wheat and the main fungal pathogens, such as Puccinia striiformis, Blumeria graminis, and Fusarium graminearum, constitute an ideal study system to elucidate the relationship between changes in host photosynthesis and resistance levels, based on the accessibility of methods for artificially controlling infection and detecting changes in photosynthesis, the presence of multiple pathogens infecting different positions, and the abundance of host materials with various resistance levels. This review is written only from the perspective of plant pathologists, and after providing an overview of the available data, we generally found that changes in photosynthesis in the early stage of pathogen infection could be a causal factor influencing acquired resistance, while those in the late stage could be the result of resistance formation.

scholarly journals Fluorescence-Labeled Amyloid Beta Monomer: A Molecular Dynamical Study

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 3524
Author(s):  
János Gera ◽  
Gábor Paragi
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Conformational Space ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Dynamical Study ◽  
Fluorescence Dye ◽  
Aβ Aggregation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The Impact

The aggregation process of the Amyloidβ (Aβ) peptide is one of the central questions in Alzheimers’s research. Fluorescence-labeled single-molecule detection is a novel technique concerning the early stage investigation of Aβ aggregation, where the labeling dyes are covalently bound to the Aβ monomer. As the influence of the dye on the conformational space of the Aβ monomer can be significant, its effect on the seeding process is an open question. The applied fluorescent molecule continuously switches between an active (ON) and an inactive (OFF) state, where the latter supports an extra rotational restriction at many commercially available dyes. However, only a few theoretical studies simulated the Aβ monomer in the presence of a dye and none of them considered the difference between the ON and the OFF states. Therefore, we examined the impact of a selected fluorescence dye (Alexa 568) on the conformational space of the monomeric Aβ(1–42) peptide in its ON and OFF state by replica exchange molecular dynamic simulations. Investigations on secondary structure elements as well as dye-peptide contact analysis for the monomers are presented. Experimental and theoretical NMR shifts were contrasted to qualify the calculation protocol and theoretical values of the labeled and the non-labeled peptide were also compared. We found that the first five residues have higher helical propensity in the presence of the dye, and electrostatic properties could strongly affect the connection between the dye and the peptide parts.

scholarly journals Requirements for Electric Machine Design based on Operating Points from Real Driving Data in Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Svenja Kalt ◽  
Lucas Brenner ◽  
Markus Lienkamp
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Electric Machine Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operating Points

Increasing environmental awareness leads to the necessity for more efficient powertrains in the future. However, the development of new vehicle concepts generates a trend towards ever shorter development cycles. Therefore, new concepts must be tested and validated at an early stage in order to meet the increasing time pressure. This requires the determination of real driving data in fleet tests in order to generate realistic driving cycles, which correspond as closely as possible to the actual driving behavior of the applications use case. Within the scope of this paper, real driving data are analyzed and used to create a representative driving cycle. The resulting driving cycle based on real driving characteristics is then used to investigate the impact of application-based design for powertrains on the design of electric machines, by illustrating the difference between synthetic operating points and real driving data.

scholarly journals Dynamic Analysis and Security Characteristics of Carrier-Based Aircraft Arresting in Yaw Condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1253
Author(s):  
Yiming Peng ◽  
Pengpeng Xie ◽  
Xiaohui Wei ◽  
Hong Nie
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Load Fluctuation ◽  
Kink Wave ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Yaw Angle

In order to research the safety characteristics of carrier-based aircraft in yaw arrest, a complete dynamic model of the arresting system of a certain type of aircraft was developed to understand more about its dynamic properties. Based on the discrete kink-wave model, a simulation of centering arrest was conducted. The simulation results were compared with experimental data from the United States (US) military standards, demonstrating that the basic changing laws are almost the same. On the basis of centering arrest, a simulation of yaw arrest was carried out. The results show that in yaw state, the difference in the lengths of the arresting cables on either side of the hook is smaller in the early stage after the hook hangs on the rope, which leads to little influence on load fluctuation produced by the kink-wave. With the increase in arresting distance, the difference in the lengths of the arresting cables on either side becomes larger, resulting in a situation in which the cable tension on the departure side will gradually become greater than that on the opposite side. In this situation, yaw landing has a negative impact on the characteristics of arresting safety, and the excessive yaw angle causes the aircraft to rush out of the safe landing area.

The influence of temperature on the tension developed in an isometric twitch

1951 ◽  
Vol 138 (892) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Tension ◽  
Velocity Of Shortening ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Isometric Twitch ◽  
The One

In muscular contraction the development of tension requires that the contractile component should shorten and stretch the series elastic component. In an isometric twitch the maximum tension is reached as a balance between two opposing processes, internal shortening on the one hand and decay of the active state (relaxation) on the other. The fact that the maximum tension in a twitch is considerably less than in a tetanus has been attributed to oncoming relaxation allowing insufficient time for internal shortening to be completed. The maximum tension in a twitch is considerably reduced by a rise of temperature, while that in a tetanus is somewhat increased. This would require that the temperature coefficient of the velocity of shortening should be substantially less than that of the decay of activity. Evidence for this exists. On this view the effect of a quick stretch, applied during the early stage of a twitch, in increasing the tension ratio, stretch/isometric, should be much greater at a higher temperature. This expectation is confirmed on frogs’ muscles over the range 0 to 20°C. The effect of temperature, therefore, on the size of a twitch can be attributed to the difference between the temperature coefficients of velocity of shortening and rate of relaxation.

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