scholarly journals Roles of Neutrophils in Glioma and Brain Metastases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Jui Lin ◽  
Kuo-Chen Wei ◽  
Pin-Yuan Chen ◽  
Michael Lim ◽  
Tsong-Long Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Drug Penetration ◽  
First Line ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Brain Tumor Cells ◽  
The Brain

Neutrophils, which are the most abundant circulating leukocytes in humans, are the first line of defense against bacterial and fungal infections. Recent studies have reported the role and importance of neutrophils in cancers. Glioma and brain metastases are the most common malignant tumors of the brain. The tumor microenvironment (TME) in the brain is complex and unique owing to the brain-blood barrier or brain-tumor barrier, which may prevent drug penetration and decrease the efficacy of immunotherapy. However, there are limited studies on the correlation between brain cancer and neutrophils. This review discusses the origin and functions of neutrophils. Additionally, the current knowledge on the correlation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and prognosis of glioma and brain metastases has been summarized. Furthermore, the implications of tumor-associated neutrophil (TAN) phenotypes and the functions of TANs have been discussed. Finally, the potential effects of various treatments on TANs and the ability of neutrophils to function as a nanocarrier of drugs to the brain TME have been summarized. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the complex interactions between neutrophils, other immune cells, and brain tumor cells.

scholarly journals Human Monocytes Plasticity in Neurodegeneration

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Ilenia Savinetti ◽  
Angela Papagna ◽  
Maria Foti
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Surface Marker ◽  
First Line ◽  
Surface Marker Expression ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Attractive Therapeutic Target ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Monocytes play a crucial role in immunity and tissue homeostasis. They constitute the first line of defense during the inflammatory process, playing a role in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases, making them an attractive therapeutic target. They are heterogeneous in morphology and surface marker expression, which suggest different molecular and physiological properties. Recent evidences have demonstrated their ability to enter the brain, and, as a consequence, their hypothetical role in different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge about the correlation between monocyte dysregulation in the brain and/or in the periphery and neurological diseases in humans. Here we will focus on the most common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.

scholarly journals Targeting Liver Cancer Stem Cells: An Alternative Therapeutic Approach for Liver Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2746
Author(s):  
Hwa-Yong Lee ◽  
In-Sun Hong
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Effective Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
The Brain

The first report of cancer stem cell (CSC) from Bruce et al. has demonstrated the relatively rare population of stem-like cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The discovery of leukemic CSCs prompted further identification of CSCs in multiple types of solid tumor. Recently, extensive research has attempted to identity CSCs in multiple types of solid tumors in the brain, colon, head and neck, liver, and lung. Based on these studies, we hypothesize that the initiation and progression of most malignant tumors rely largely on the CSC population. Recent studies indicated that stem cell-related markers or signaling pathways, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD133, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and Notch signaling, contribute to the initiation and progression of various liver cancer types. Importantly, CSCs are markedly resistant to conventional therapeutic approaches and current targeted therapeutics. Therefore, it is believed that selectively targeting specific markers and/or signaling pathways of hepatic CSCs is an effective therapeutic strategy for treating chemotherapy-resistant liver cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the hepatic CSC hypothesis and discuss the specific surface markers and critical signaling pathways involved in the development and maintenance of hepatic CSC subpopulations.

Brain metastases in patients treated with targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 326-326
Author(s):  
H. Alharbi ◽  
T. K. Choueiri ◽  
C. K. Kollmannsberger ◽  
S. North ◽  
M. J. MacKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Karnofsky Performance Status ◽  
Performance Status ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
First Line ◽  
The Brain

326 Background: Patients with brain metastases from advanced RCC treated in the targeted therapy era are not well characterized. Methods: Data from patients with mRCC treated with targeted therapy were collected through the International mRCC Database Consortium from 6 centers. Results: One hundred six out of 705 (15%) patients with mRCC had brain metastases. Forty-seven patients had brain metastases at the start of first-line anti-VEGF therapy and the rest developed metastases during follow-up. Of the patients with brain metastases, 6%, 68%, and 26% were in the favorable, intermediate and poor prognosis groups, respectively, per the Heng et al JCO 2009 criteria. Ninety percent had cerebral metastases, 17% had cerebellar metastases, 40% had a Karnofsky performance status (KPS) <80%, and 81% had symptoms of brain metastases. The median largest size and number of brain metastases was 1.8 cm (range 0.2–6.6) and 1 (range 1–20), respectively. Patients were treated with first-line sunitinib (n=77), sorafenib (n=23), bevacizumab (n=5), and temsirolimus (n=1). Local disease treatment included whole brain radiotherapy (81%), stereotactic radiosurgery (25%), and neurosurgery (25%). The brain metastases of 59 patients were evaluable and based on the local treatment and/or targeted therapy achieved 7 (12%) complete responses, 23 (39%) partial responses, 14 (24%) patients with stable disease, and 15 (25%) patients with progressive disease in the brain metastases. Patients with more than 4 brain metastases vs. those with no more than 4 have an overall survival time from diagnosis of brain metastasis of 3.9 vs. 15.4 months (p=0.0051). Previous nephrectomy, sarcomatoid, and non-clear cell histology are not associated with development of brain metastases. On multivariable analysis, KPS<80% (p=0.0139), diagnosis to treatment with targeted therapy <1 year (p=0.0012), and higher number of brain metastases (p=0.0311) were associated with worse survival from diagnosis of brain metastases. Conclusions: In patients with brain metastases from RCC, KPS at start of therapy, diagnosis to treatment time and number of brain metastases may be prognostic factors for overall survival. [Table: see text]

First-line durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide in extensive-stage (ES)-SCLC (CASPIAN): Impact of brain metastases on treatment patterns and outcomes.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9068-9068
Author(s):  
Yuanbin Chen ◽  
Luis G. Paz-Ares ◽  
Mikhail Dvorkin ◽  
Dmytro Trukhin ◽  
Niels Reinmuth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Cranial Irradiation ◽  
Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation ◽  
Treatment Patterns ◽  
First Line ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Extensive Stage ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Brain

9068 Background: In the Phase 3, randomized, open-label CASPIAN study, first-line durvalumab (D) added to etoposide plus either cisplatin or carboplatin (EP) significantly improved OS vs EP alone (HR 0.73 [95% CI 0.59–0.91]; p = 0.0047) in pts with ES-SCLC at the planned interim analysis. Here we describe treatment patterns and outcomes for pts according to brain metastases. Methods: Treatment-naïve pts (WHO PS 0/1) with ES-SCLC received 4 cycles of D 1500 mg + EP q3w followed by maintenance D 1500 mg q4w until disease progression (PD) or up to 6 cycles of EP q3w and optional prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI; investigator’s discretion). Pts with either asymptomatic or treated and stable brain metastases were eligible. Brain imaging was suggested for pts with suspected brain metastases, but was not mandated at screening or during treatment. The primary endpoint was OS. Analysis of OS and PFS in pt subgroups with and without brain metastases was prespecified. Other analyses in these subgroups were post hoc. Data cutoff: Mar 11, 2019. Results: At baseline, 28 (10.4%) of 268 pts in the D + EP arm and 27 (10.0%) of 269 pts in the EP arm had known brain metastases; of these, only 3 pts (~11% of those with baseline brain metastases) in each arm received radiotherapy (RT) to the brain prior to study entry. D + EP consistently improved OS vs EP in pts with or without known brain metastases at baseline (HR 0.69 [95% CI 0.35–1.31] and 0.74 [0.59–0.93], respectively); PFS was also consistently improved with D + EP regardless of the presence or not of baseline brain metastases (HR 0.73 [0.42–1.29] and 0.78 [0.64–0.95]). Among pts without known brain metastases at baseline, similar proportions developed new brain metastases at first PD in the D + EP (20/240; 8.3%) and EP arms (23/242; 9.5%), despite 19 (7.9%) pts in the EP arm having received PCI. Overall, 48 of 268 (17.9%) and 49 of 269 (18.2%) pts in the D + EP and EP arms received RT to the brain subsequent to study treatment; rates remained similar across the D + EP and EP arms regardless of baseline brain metastases (11 of 28 [39.3%] and 11 of 27 [40.7%] pts with known baseline brain metastases, compared to 37 of 240 [15.4%] and 38 of 242 [15.7%] pts without known baseline brain metastases). Conclusions: In CASPIAN, OS and PFS outcomes were improved with D + EP vs EP regardless of baseline brain metastases, consistent with the ITT analyses. Rates of new brain metastases at first PD were similar between arms, although PCI was permitted only in the control arm. Rates of subsequent RT to the brain were also similar in both arms. Clinical trial information: NCT03043872.

scholarly journals Dense Hierarchical CNN – A Unified Approach for Brain Tumor Segmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
Roohi Sille ◽  
Tanupriya Choudhury ◽  
Piyush Chauhan ◽  
Durgansh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Tumor Segmentation ◽  
Neoplastic Tissue ◽  
Brain Tumor Segmentation ◽  
Brain Tumor Cells ◽  
Segmentation Algorithms ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
The Brain

Brain tumor segmentation is an essential and challenging task because of the heterogeneous nature of neoplastic tissue in spatial and imaging techniques. Manual segmentation of the tumor in MRI images is prone to error and time-consuming tasks. An efficient segmentation mechanism is vital to the accurate classification and segmentation of tumorous cells. This study presents an efficient hierarchical clustering-based dense CNN approach for accurately classifying and segmenting the brain tumor cells in MRI images. The research focuses on improving the efficiency of the segmentation algorithms by considering the qualitative measures such as the dice score coefficient using quantitative parameters such as mean square error and peak signal to noise ratio. The experimental analysis states the efficacy and prominence of the proposed technique compared to other models are tabulated within the paper.

A robust hybrid fusion segmentation approach for automated tumor diagnosis and classification in brain MR images

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
R. Sindhiya Devi ◽  
B. Perumal ◽  
M. Pallikonda Rajasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Tumor Diagnosis ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Skull Stripping ◽  
Brain Tumor Diagnosis ◽  
Preprocessing Technique ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Hybrid Fusion

In today’s world, Brain Tumor diagnosis plays a significant role in the field of Oncology. The earlier identification of brain tumors increases the compatibility of treatment of patients and offers an efficient diagnostic recommendation from medical practitioners. Nevertheless, accurate segmentation and feature extraction are the vital challenges in brain tumor diagnosis where the handling of higher resolution images increases the processing time of existing classifiers. In this paper, a new robust weighted hybrid fusion classifier has been proposed to identify and classify the tumefaction in the brain which is of the hybridized form of SVM, NB, and KNN (SNK) classifiers. Primarily, the proposed methodology initiates the preprocessing technique such as adaptive fuzzy filtration and skull stripping in order to remove the noises as well as unwanted regions. Subsequently, an automated hybrid segmentation strategy can be carried out to acquire the initial segmentation results, and then their outcomes are compiled together using fusion rules to accurately localize the tumor region. Finally, a Hybrid SNK classifier is implemented in the proposed methodology for categorizing the type of tumefaction in the brain. The hybrid classifier has been compared with the existing state-of-the-art classifier which shows a higher accuracy result of 99.18% while distinguishing the benign and malignant tumors from brain Magnetic Resonance (MR) images.

Brain Metastases in Well-Differentiated Carcinoma of the Thyroid

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 608-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aban M. Samuel ◽  
Damayanti H. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Initial Diagnosis ◽  
External Radiation ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
The Brain

Fifteen patients (4 males and 11 females) developed brain metastases from well-differentiated thyroid cancer within 1 month to 14 years of the initial diagnosis. One patient presented with a brain tumor. Except for 3 patients with unique brain metastases, all the others had extensive metastases in nodes, lungs and bones in various combinations. Brain metastases generally appeared after the onset of metastases at other sites. The histology of the brain tumor matched the primary pathology in the 6 operated cases. The treatment was surgery and external radiation in 6 cases, and radioiodine or chemotherapy in the others. Survival in general was less than 6 months after the diagnosis of brain metastases. The prognosis is poor once the onset of brain metastases is evident.

scholarly journals Brain Tumor Segmentation using FCM and Symbolic Feature

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S) ◽  
pp. 654-658
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Median Filter ◽  
Tumor Segmentation ◽  
Brain Tumor Segmentation ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Tumor Region ◽  
Mr Brain Images ◽  
The Brain

The brain tumor segmentation from image is interesting and challenging in the field of image processing and pattern recognition. An early detection of a brain tumor region helps the patient to take the correct medicine and increase the rate of the survival.The brain tumor segmentation is a process of differentiating the abnormal tissues and normal tissues. most common types of brain tumors are Benign and Malignant tumors. In this paper, the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) approach is used to cluster the abnormal cells region and normal cells region in the brain image. The possible noises are removed by employing the median filter and morphological function is applied to extract the possible tumor region. The true tumor region is extracted with the help of symbolic features. Finally, the proposed methods is tested on T2- weighted MR brain images

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Brain Tumor Using Combination of K-Means Clustering and Genetic Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Zeinalkhani ◽  
Ali Ali Jamaat ◽  
Kazem Rostami
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Local Optimum ◽  
Segmentation Of Images ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Medical image processing aimed at reducing human error rates attracted many researchers. The Segmentation of magnetic resonance image for tumor detection is one of the recognized challenges in the treatment of the disease. Considering the importance of this issue in the present study, the diagnosis of brain tumor is considered.Material and methods: One of the most popular and most widely used methods in the field of segmentation of images of resonance imaging of the brain is the k-means clustering algorithm, which, despite the diagnosis of a tumor, fall in to local optimum problem, followed by a reduction in the accuracy of the diagnosis tumors are malignant. In this study, we aimed to solve this problem and subsequently increase the accuracy of diagnosis of malignant tumors, a GA-clustering combination of clustering based on k-means and genetic algorithms.Results: How to combine in the way that the genetic algorithm is applied to each repetition of the K-means algorithm and, by scanning more in the space of the answer, is trying to find higher quality cluster centers. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been investigated on a number of images of BRATS standard collections. It is also compared with the K-means algorithm.Conclusion: The results show that the proposed algorithm provides better results than the K-means algorithm.

Induction of human autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes against minced tissues of glioblastoma multiforme

1996 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Tsurushima ◽  
Shu Qin Liu ◽  
Koji Tsuboi ◽  
Yoshihiko Yoshii ◽  
Tadao Nose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ◽  
K562 Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Autologous Plasma ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brain Tumor Cells ◽  
The Brain

✓ The authors induced autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) directly from peripheral blood lymphocytes by preparing a coculture of minced tissue fragments of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with interleukins-1, -2, -4, and -6 and interferon-g in RHAMa medium containing 5% autologous plasma for 2 weeks. At the end of this period, the frequencies of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD16+ lymphocytes were 95% to 99%, 40% to 62%, 37% to 38%, and 0.2%, respectively. The lymphocytes killed 82% to 100% of the GBM cells within 48 hours at an effector-to-target cell ratio of 1.67, whereas in a separate coculture, autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells killed only 33% of GBM cells under the same conditions. The lymphocytes showed no cytotoxicity against LAK-sensitive Daudi cells, natural killer—sensitive K562 cells or autologous fibroblasts grown from the brain tumor, although they did show slight cytotoxicities against allogeneic GBM cell lines. These results lead the authors to suggest that the lymphocyte population contains specific CTLs for autologous brain tumor cells and that these CTLs could be effective in adoptive immunotherapy to combat brain tumor.

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