scholarly journals Human Monocytes Plasticity in Neurodegeneration

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Ilenia Savinetti ◽  
Angela Papagna ◽  
Maria Foti
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Surface Marker ◽  
First Line ◽  
Surface Marker Expression ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Attractive Therapeutic Target ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Monocytes play a crucial role in immunity and tissue homeostasis. They constitute the first line of defense during the inflammatory process, playing a role in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases, making them an attractive therapeutic target. They are heterogeneous in morphology and surface marker expression, which suggest different molecular and physiological properties. Recent evidences have demonstrated their ability to enter the brain, and, as a consequence, their hypothetical role in different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge about the correlation between monocyte dysregulation in the brain and/or in the periphery and neurological diseases in humans. Here we will focus on the most common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.

scholarly journals Cellular Mechanisms of Melatonin: Insight from Neurodegenerative Diseases

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Chen ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Tae Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Cumulative Evidence ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Neurodegenerative diseases are the second most common cause of death and characterized by progressive impairments in movement or mental functioning in the central or peripheral nervous system. The prevention of neurodegenerative disorders has become an emerging public health challenge for our society. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, has various physiological functions in the brain, including regulating circadian rhythms, clearing free radicals, inhibiting biomolecular oxidation, and suppressing neuroinflammation. Cumulative evidence indicates that melatonin has a wide range of neuroprotective roles by regulating pathophysiological mechanisms and signaling pathways. Moreover, melatonin levels are decreased in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the regulation, molecular mechanisms and biological functions of melatonin in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, vascular dementia and multiple sclerosis. We also discuss the clinical application of melatonin in neurodegenerative disorders. This information will lead to a better understanding of the regulation of melatonin in the brain and provide therapeutic options for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Astrocytes and their Phenomenal Possibilities in the Treatment of Various Neurodegenerative Disorders: An Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Alina Yuryevna Maslova ◽  
Kheda Lechaevna Bazaeva ◽  
Zaira Arazovna Abdullaeva ◽  
Shuainat Omarovna Khazamova ◽  
Karina Akhmedovna Zeusheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Pharmacological Modulation ◽  
Cerebral Neurons ◽  
Cns Pathology ◽  
The Brain

At present, research in the field of the brain does not cease to surprise us with new facts and discoveries that no one could have suspected about 30 years ago. But it was at the time when it became clear that the cerebral neurons are not the only cells that can respond to changes in the external environment. A real scientific boom began to study a heterogeneous group called glia. And scientists are paying close attention to the largest of them – astrocytes. Understanding the importance of astrocytes in the mechanisms of repair and damage to brain cells in various forms of CNS pathology determines the possibility of targeted search for drugs that affect the rate of development of reactive astrogliosis in response to various brain injuries. At the same time, pharmacological modulation of activated astrocytes and other components of glia can be an integral part of the therapy of neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Blood–Brain Barrier and Neurodegenerative Diseases—Modeling with iPSC-Derived Brain Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7710
Author(s):  
Ying-Chieh Wu ◽  
Tuuli-Maria Sonninen ◽  
Sanni Peltonen ◽  
Jari Koistinaho ◽  
Šárka Lehtonen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
The Brain

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) regulates the delivery of oxygen and important nutrients to the brain through active and passive transport and prevents neurotoxins from entering the brain. It also has a clearance function and removes carbon dioxide and toxic metabolites from the central nervous system (CNS). Several drugs are unable to cross the BBB and enter the CNS, adding complexity to drug screens targeting brain disorders. A well-functioning BBB is essential for maintaining healthy brain tissue, and a malfunction of the BBB, linked to its permeability, results in toxins and immune cells entering the CNS. This impairment is associated with a variety of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the BBB in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we focus on recent progress of using human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived models to study the BBB. We review the potential of novel stem cell-based platforms in modeling the BBB and address advances and key challenges of using stem cell technology in modeling the human BBB. Finally, we highlight future directions in this area.

scholarly journals Peroxiredoxins in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
Monika Szeliga
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Substantial evidence indicates that oxidative/nitrosative stress contributes to the neurodegenerative diseases. Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are one of the enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms neutralizing reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Since mammalian PRDXs were identified 30 years ago, their significance was long overshadowed by the other well-studied ROS/RNS defense systems. An increasing number of studies suggests that these enzymes may be involved in the neurodegenerative process. This article reviews the current knowledge on the expression and putative roles of PRDXs in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington’s disease.

scholarly journals Microglial and Astrocytic Function in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Estrogenic Modulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Crespo-Castrillo ◽  
Maria-Angeles Arevalo
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

There are sexual differences in the onset, prevalence, and outcome of numerous neurological diseases. Thus, in Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and major depression disorder, the incidence in women is higher than in men. In contrast, men are more likely to present other pathologies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and autism spectrum. Although the neurological contribution to these diseases has classically always been studied, the truth is that neurons are not the only cells to be affected, and there are other cells, such as glial cells, that are also involved and could be key to understanding the development of these pathologies. Sexual differences exist not only in pathology but also in physiological processes, which shows how cells are differentially regulated in males and females. One of the reasons these sexual differences may occur could be due to the different action of sex hormones. Many studies have shown an increase in aromatase levels in the brain, which could indicate the main role of estrogens in modulating proinflammatory processes. This review will highlight data about sex differences in glial physiology and how estrogenic compounds, such as estradiol and tibolone, could be used as treatment in neurological diseases due to their anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to modulate glial cell functions.

scholarly journals Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Metabolomics: Clinical Implication and Therapeutic Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Kumar ◽  
Devlina Ghosh ◽  
R. L. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Fast Progression ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Als Patients ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most common motor neurodegenerative disorders, primarily affecting upper and lower motor neurons in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord, resulting in paralysis due to muscle weakness and atrophy. The majority of patients die within 3–5 years of symptom onset as a consequence of respiratory failure. Due to relatively fast progression of the disease, early diagnosis is essential. Metabolomics offer a unique opportunity to understand the spatiotemporal metabolic crosstalks through the assessment of body fluids and tissue. So far, one of the most challenging issues related to ALS is to understand the variation of metabolites in body fluids and CNS with the progression of disease. In this paper we will review the changes in metabolic profile in response to disease progression condition and also see the therapeutic implication of various drugs in ALS patients.

scholarly journals Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Exosomal MicroRNAs for Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Miao He ◽  
Hai-nan Zhang ◽  
Zhen-chu Tang ◽  
Shu-guang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are characterized by a gradual loss of neurons and functions that eventually leads to progressive neurological impairment. In view of the heavy burden on the healthcare system, efficient and reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic treatments to reverse the progression of NDs are in urgent need. There has been an increasing interest in using exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers or targeted therapies for neurological diseases recently. In this review, we overviewed the updated studies on exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers and potential therapeutic approaches in NDs, as well as their association with the pathophysiology of this group of disorders, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD). The exosomal miRNAs that are commonly dysregulated across different NDs or are commonly used as therapeutic candidates were also identified and summarized. In summary, the feasibility of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers and potential targeted therapy for NDs has been verified. However, due to the limitations of existing studies and the discrepancies across different studies, high quality laboratory and clinical investigations are still required.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis in the Development of Brain Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Maiuolo ◽  
Micaela Gliozzi ◽  
Vincenzo Musolino ◽  
Cristina Carresi ◽  
Federica Scarano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Neuronal Alteration ◽  
The Brain

Different bacterial families colonize most mucosal tissues in the human organism such as the skin, mouth, vagina, respiratory, and gastrointestinal districts. In particular, the mammalian intestine hosts a microbial community of between 1,000 and 1,500 bacterial species, collectively called “microbiota.” Co-metabolism between the microbiota and the host system is generated and the symbiotic relationship is mutually beneficial. The balance that is achieved between the microbiota and the host organism is fundamental to the organization of the immune system. Scientific studies have highlighted a direct correlation between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, establishing the existence of the gut microbiota–brain axis. Based on this theory, the microbiota acts on the development, physiology, and cognitive functions of the brain, although the mechanisms involved have not yet been fully interpreted. Similarly, a close relationship between alteration of the intestinal microbiota and the onset of several neurological pathologies has been highlighted. This review aims to point out current knowledge as can be found in literature regarding the connection between intestinal dysbiosis and the onset of particular neurological pathologies such as anxiety and depression, autism spectrum disorder, and multiple sclerosis. These disorders have always been considered to be a consequence of neuronal alteration, but in this review, we hypothesize that these alterations may be non-neuronal in origin, and consider the idea that the composition of the microbiota could be directly involved. In this direction, the following two key points will be highlighted: (1) the direct cross-talk that comes about between neurons and gut microbiota, and (2) the degree of impact of the microbiota on the brain. Could we consider the microbiota a valuable target for reducing or modulating the incidence of certain neurological diseases?

scholarly journals Molecular crosstalk between cancer and neurodegenerative diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (14) ◽  
pp. 2659-2680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyeon Seo ◽  
Mikyoung Park
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Molecular Determinants ◽  
Phosphatase 2A ◽  
Extracellular Microenvironment ◽  
Cyclin F ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Molecular Crosstalk ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThe progression of cancers and neurodegenerative disorders is largely defined by a set of molecular determinants that are either complementarily deregulated, or share remarkably overlapping functional pathways. A large number of such molecules have been demonstrated to be involved in the progression of both diseases. In this review, we particularly discuss our current knowledge on p53, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin F, Pin1 and protein phosphatase 2A, and their implications in the shared or distinct pathways that lead to cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we focus on the inter-dependent regulation of brain cancers and neurodegeneration, mediated by intercellular communication between tumor and neuronal cells in the brain through the extracellular microenvironment. Finally, we shed light on the therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of both cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Biomechanistic insights into the roles of oxidative stress in generating complex neurological disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 399 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Yusuf ◽  
Maria Khan ◽  
Majed A. Robaian ◽  
Riaz A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Excess Oxygen ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme System ◽  
Glial Cell Activation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

AbstractNeurological diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, parkinsonism, depression, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis prevailing globally are considered to be deeply influenced by oxidative stress-based changes in the biochemical settings of the organs. The excess oxygen concentration triggers the production of reactive oxygen species, and even the intrinsic antioxidant enzyme system, i.e. SOD, CAT and GSHPx, fails to manage their levels and keep them under desirable limits. This consequently leads to oxidation of protein, lipids and nucleic acids in the brain resulting in apoptosis, proteopathy, proteasomes and mitochondrion dysfunction, glial cell activation as well as neuroinflammation. The present exploration deals with the evidence-based mechanism of oxidative stress towards development of key neurological diseases along with the involved biomechanistics and biomaterials.

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