scholarly journals A Review of Factors Influencing the Seagrass-Sea Cucumber Association in Tropical Seagrass Meadows

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adonis S. Floren ◽  
Ken-ichi Hayashizaki ◽  
Sumaitt Putchakarn ◽  
Piyalap Tuntiprapas ◽  
Anchana Prathep
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Decomposition Process ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Vital Resource ◽  
Recent Attention

In the tropical ecosystem, sea cucumbers are associated with seagrass meadows in various ways, often forming a network of ecological interactions. From this myriad of interactions, the trophic relationship between the seagrasses and sea cucumbers has received recent attention with the advent of analytical techniques. However, little is understood about the exact mechanism by which seagrasses are sustaining the sea cucumber populations in the food chain, considering the high number of refractory components in seagrasses and the lack of digestive enzymes among sea cucumbers. This manuscript aims to review existing concepts in ecology concerning the association between tropical seagrasses and sea cucumbers to provide directions for research and management of this vital resource. We searched literature from electronic databases and identified key concepts concerning sea cucumber and seagrass communities based on geographic distribution, nutrient compositions, seagrass decomposition process, and trophic enrichments in the food chain. A conceptual model was then developed detailing the factors influencing the association between the seagrass meadows and sea cucumbers. Despite the limited published information on the seagrass–sea cucumber association, a synthesis of the current understanding of this topic is provided to address the declining sea cucumber populations in the tropical seagrass meadows. We suggest that the successful restoration of sea cucumber fisheries requires a thorough understanding of the seagrass decomposition process, which is vital to the diet of sea cucumbers.

scholarly journals Effect of thermal stimulation on gonad maturation in sea cucumber Phyllophorus sp. (Grube, 1840)

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
S Andriyono ◽  
N Masruroh ◽  
ED Masithah ◽  
J Triastuti ◽  
D Winarni
Keyword(s):  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Thermal Stimulation ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Fishery Products ◽  
C 32 ◽  
The Ideal

Sea cucumbers, marine animals from the class Holothuroidea, have been widely known as fishery products for consumption in Indonesia. The Madura Strait is productive waters for sea cucumbers in eastern Indonesia, including sea cucumber species Phyllophorus sp. The exploitation of it mainly for consumption even though there are pharmaceutical beneficial of sea cucumber already known. The study of temperature effect is ideal inducement method for sea cucumber, but less research about this stimulation for Phyllophorus sp. for domestication purposes. The research showed that thermal stimulation treatment at the temperature of 30°C, 32°C and 34°C were in contrast to the that of control histological analysis proof that some of Phyllophorus sp. showed altered levels of gonadal maturation toward growth and advanced growth phase after thermal stimulation, respectively. The ideal stimulation treatment for gonad maturation was shown with stimulated temperature treatment of 32°C.J. bio-sci. 23: 39-46, 2015

scholarly journals Soft bodies make estimation hard: correlations among body dimensions and weights of multiple species of sea cucumbers

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Prescott ◽  
Shijie Zhou ◽  
Andhika P. Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Body Width ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Wet Weight

Tropical sea cucumbers are commonly exploited by small-scale, poorly managed fisheries. A fundamental problem in managing sea cucumber fisheries is the lack of basic knowledge of important life history characteristics for most species. As a result of plastic body dimensions, biological research on this group of animals becomes exceptionally challenging. To improve our understanding of essential biological parameters, we conducted a study to investigate correlations among various body measurements. We analysed a total of 18 sea cucumber species and more than 6600 individuals collected at Scott Reef in the Timor Sea, north-west Australia. We used hierarchical Bayesian errors-in-variables models to specifically take into account measurement errors that are obviously unavoidable. The measures included three types of weights (wet weight, gutted weight and dry weight) and two body dimensions (length and width). The modelling reveals that using both body length and width as independent variables, wet weight increases approximately linearly with body length, but is a power function (~1.6) of body width, although variability exists among species. Dry weight tends to increase more slowly with body length, but has a similar power function of body width. Linear relationships are established between the three types of weights. On average, ~11% of a live specimen and ~16% of a gutted specimen is processed to the commercially traded dry body wall. Our results can be applied to sea cucumbers in other areas and can be useful for data standardisation and size-based fisheries management.

scholarly journals Small-scale fishing income and fuel consumption: Fiji’s artisanal sea cucumber fishery

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 1758-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W Purcell ◽  
Watisoni Lalavanua ◽  
Brian R Cullis ◽  
Nicole Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Fuel Use ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Deep Water Species ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Understanding the income and costs of fishing is fundamental to managing fisheries and planning interventions to improve efficiency and gender equity. Few studies offer data on fisher incomes and fuel use in small-scale fisheries (SSFs), and fewer have assessed factors influencing variation among fishers and between genders. We interviewed 235 artisanal fishers among 34 island villages in an artisanal sea cucumber fishery in Fiji. Linear mixed models were used to determine the effect of geographic and socioeconomic variables on incomes and fuel use from fishing sea cucumbers. Net income of sea cucumbers to fishers, averaging FJ$8, 171 year−1 (US$4, 494 year−1) (range: FJ$0–52,008 year−1), varied among villages and was 47% lower for women than men. On an average, 60% of fishers’ gross annual income came from fishing and selling sea cucumbers, although this proportion varied greatly even within villages. Fishers who practised gleaning, fished less often, or possessing numerous livelihood income streams, were less economically dependent on sea cucumbers. Men tended to estimate higher incomes for an average day of fishing than women when compared with their recall of last sale. Fuel use varied greatly among regions in Fiji but, overall, averaged 428 L fisher−1 year−1, and represented 28% of gross income. More economical fishing strategies by women resulted in lower fuel use than men per fishing day. Breath-hold divers used less fuel (compared to fishers using scuba) and fishers targeting deep-water species used more fuel than other fishers. A best approximation of 8000 t CO2 year−1 for the carbon footprint of the whole fishery suggests that some SSFs, such as the one studied here, can be significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, even compared to many large-scale fisheries globally. Reforms to the management of SSFs should consider regulations that minimize carbon emissions and reduce economic dependency on vulnerable marine resources.

scholarly journals Isolation of sea cucumbers’s (Holothuria atra) secondary metabolite using column-chromatography technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 869 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
S Agustina ◽  
S Bella ◽  
S Karina ◽  
I Irwan ◽  
M Ulfah
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Marine Chemistry ◽  
Holothuria Atra ◽  
Metabolite Content

Abstract Identification of sea cucumbers from Benteng Inong Balee, Aceh Besar and their phytochemistry screening were conducted in December 2020 to January 2021 at Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Fisheries Biotechnology, Universitas Syiah Kuala. The purpose of this study was to identify the species of sea cucumbers and its secondary metabolite content using phytochemistry screening and column chromatography. The species of sea cucumbers that were identified was Holothuria atra. The extraction method used in sea cucumber extraction was maceration method, while the separation of secondary metabolites used column-chromatography with eluent of n-hexane : ethyl acetate (8:4). The results showed that secondary metabolites obtained from phytochemical tests were flavonoids, saponins and triterpenoids.

scholarly journals STUDI EKOLOGI SUMBERDAYA TERIPANG DI NEGERI PORTO PULAU SAPARUA MALUKU TENGAH

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
Yona Aksa Lewerissa
Keyword(s):  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Turbidity Current ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Community Structures ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Environment Factors ◽  
Line Transect Method ◽  
Environment Measurement

Background: Decreasing of sea cucumber resources on numbers and size of fishing capture in Negeri Porto waters influenced its community structures. Further, water environment steadiness will questionable. For this reason, study was done to analyzed community structures of sea cucumbers include of numbers species found, density, potency, species presence frequency, distribute pattern, ecology index and environment measurement. Method: Research done on February to May, 2008 at Negeri Porto used Line Transect Method. Result: showed there were eight species of sea cucumbers found (potency as much as 12.286 individuals). Bohadschia marmorata got highest in numbers species found, density, potency and species presence frequency. There were three distribute pattern of sea cucumbers found wich are uniform, random and group. Conclusion: Sea cucumbers diversity was in lower, species are closed to compatible. B. marmorata and Holothuria edulis are tends to dominate this water. Environment factors such temperature, pH, salinity, DO, turbidity, current and sediment distribute showed that Porto waters was suitable to sea cucumbers growth.

scholarly journals Reproductive activity and morphometric assessment of three commercial species of sea cucumber (Echinodermata) from Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustagfirin MUSTAGFIRIN ◽  
Diah Permata Wijayanti ◽  
Subagiyo SUBAGIYO
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Gonad Somatic Index ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Morphometric Assessment ◽  
Somatic Index

Abstract. Mustagfirin, Wijayanti DP, Subagiyo. 2021. Reproductive activity and morphometric assessment of three commercial species of sea cucumber (Echinodermata) from Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3333-3341. Sea cucumbers are benthic animals that have economic value and play an important role in the environment. Exploitation on large scale to fulfill high market demand, caused overexploitation. The number of sea cucumbers in Karimunjawa decreased as a result of limited management. There is no study conducted on the commercial sea cucumbers (Holothuria edulis, Pearsonothuria graeffei, and Bohadschia vitensis) in Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa. The objectives of the research were to determine the morphometric assessment and the reproductive cycle of the three species. The morphometric assessment of weight showed that the weight of H. edulis ranges 247.3-2539g, P. graeffei 415.3-428.1g, and B. vitiensis 672.4-678.1g, respectively. The first maturity size of gutted body weight (GWB50) for H. edulis was 127.84g, P. graeffei 357.61g, and B. vitiensis 279.34g. The gonad somatic index (GSI) range 13.60-15.60% for H. edulis, 14.75-12.25% for P. graeffei and 10.83-14.57% for B. vitiensis. The result of gonad somatic index with a value above 10% means that it has entered the spawning phase. The above data indicated that the three commercial species spawned monthly, during new moon. It is likely that the spawning peak occurred when the temperature was increased. However, the pattern of reproductive activity in this study was limited at Nyamuk Island. Future studies are needed to observe whether there is a correlation between the increasing water temperature and the reproductive activity of the three sea cucumbers.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of a SKin Ulceration Disease (SKUD) in the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra with a review on the SKUDs in Holothuroidea (Echinodermata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Delroisse ◽  
Kévin Van Wayneberghe ◽  
Patrick Flammang ◽  
David Gillan ◽  
Pascal Gerbaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Collagen Fibre ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Skin Ulceration ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria

AbstractAquacultivated sea cucumbers often suffer from SKin Ulceration Diseases (SKUDs). SKUDs have been observed in six holothuroid species from nine countries. All SKUDs present a similar symptom—the skin ulceration—and can be induced by bacteria, viruses, or abiotic factors. We here provide an update on SKUDs in holothuroids and analyse the case of the SKUD observed in Holothuria scabra in Madagascar. Field observations revealed a seasonality of the disease (i.e. wintertime maximum peak). Morphological analyses of integument ulcers showed that sea cucumbers react by forming a collagen fibre plug. Metagenomic analyses revealed a higher proportion of Vibrionaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) in ulcers in comparison to the healthy integument of the same individuals. Experimental infection assays were performed with ulcer crude extracts and bacteria isolated from these extracts (e.g. Vibrio parahaemolyticus) but did not significantly induce skin ulceration. Our results suggest that the disease is not induced by a pathogen or, at the very least, that the pathogen is not found within the ulcers as the disease is not transmissible by contact. An initial cause of the SKUD in Madagascar might be the repeated and prolonged exposures to cold temperatures. Opportunistic bacteria could settle in the dermis of ulcerated individuals and promote the ulcer extension. We propose a general nomenclature for SKUDs based on the acronym of the disease, the affected sea cucumber species (e.g. Hs for Holothuria scabra), the concerned region using an ISO code 3166-2 (e.g. MG for Madagascar), the description date (e.g. 20 for the year 2020), and, when known, the inducing agent (first letter of the general taxon, b for bacteria, v for virus in currently known cases; a a if it is an abiotic inducing parameter; nothing if the inducing cause has not been precisely identified). The disease described in this work will be designated under the name SKUD Hs-MG-20.

scholarly journals Holothuria leucospilota Population in Satang Besar Island, Sarawak, Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mohd Nasarudin Harith ◽  
Muhammad Hasanol Isyraf Md Desa ◽  
Zaidnuddin Ilias
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Species At Risk ◽  
Intertidal Area ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
The Future ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Future Work

Holothuria leucospilota or locally known as “Patola” is currently considered the most abundant sea cucumber species in Malaysia. This coral reef-dwelling species is not in danger of extinction in comparison to commercial sea cucumbers such as “gamat.” However, overfishing activities in addition to lack of fishing regulations in Malaysia could put this species at risk of extinction in the future. It is important to conduct research on the sea cucumber community in Sarawak because the data can be used as reliable information for future research. Therefore, this study is carried out to quantify and estimate the Holothuria leucospilota population from an intertidal area of Satang Besar Island, Sarawak, Malaysia. Ten stations surrounding the island were selected as the location for this study. A total number of 203 individuals of Holothuria leucospilota were recorded and estimation of the population that inhabits the island’s intertidal area was 609 individuals. RELATE test showed relationships between species population and water parameters, namely, temperature, salinity, and pH. Results from this study are important as a baseline data that might contribute to the sustainable management of Sarawak, Malaysia’s sea cucumber in the future. Future work suggestions include addition of subtidal samples and other factors, namely, seawater nutrients and feeding environment, that should be done to better understand the population.

Article

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Sergey A Avilov ◽  
Olga A Drozdova ◽  
Vladimir I Kalinin ◽  
Anatoly I Kalinovsky ◽  
Valentin A Stonik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Triterpene Glycoside ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Cucumaria Frondosa

Frondoside C (1) is a new sulfated nonholostane triterpene glycoside obtained (with the glycosides closed by aglycone structure as impurities) from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. Its structure has been elucidated on the basis of spectral data (NMR and MS) of compound 1 and of its desulfated derivative (2) obtained by solvolysis. Frondoside C (1) is just the seventh glycoside reported from sea cucumbers, having a lanostane-type aglycone devoid of the typical 18(20)- lactone ring.Key words: Cucumaria frondosa, sea cucumbers, frondosides, triterepene glycosides, antitumor activity.

scholarly journals Biotechnological Potential of Bacteria Isolated from the Sea Cucumber Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus vastus from Lampung, Indonesia

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joko T. Wibowo ◽  
Matthias Y. Kellermann ◽  
Dennis Versluis ◽  
Masteria Y. Putra ◽  
Tutik Murniasih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

In order to minimize re-discovery of already known anti-infective compounds, we focused our screening approach on understudied, almost untapped marine environments including marine invertebrates and their associated bacteria. Therefore, two sea cucumber species, Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus vastus, were collected from Lampung (Indonesia), and 127 bacterial strains were identified by partial 16S rRNA-gene sequencing analysis and compared with the NCBI database. In addition, the overall bacterial diversity from tissue samples of the sea cucumbers H. leucospilota and S. vastus was analyzed using the cultivation-independent Illumina MiSEQ analysis. Selected bacterial isolates were grown to high densities and the extracted biomass was tested against a selection of bacteria and fungi as well as the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Identification of putative bioactive bacterial-derived compounds were performed by analyzing the accurate mass of the precursor/parent ions (MS1) as well as product/daughter ions (MS2) using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of all active fractions. With this attempt we were able to identify 23 putatively known and two previously unidentified precursor ions. Moreover, through 16S rRNA-gene sequencing we were able to identify putatively novel bacterial species from the phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and also Firmicutes. Our findings suggest that sea cucumbers like H. leucospilota and S. vastus are promising sources for the isolation of novel bacterial species that produce compounds with potentially high biotechnological potential.

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