Coastal Erosion Vulnerability in Mainland China Based on Fuzzy Evaluation of Cloud Models

Global climate change-induced sea-level rise and storm wave intensification, along with the large population densities and high-intensity human development activities in coastal areas, have caused serious burden and damage to China’s coasts, led to the rapid growth of artificial shorelines development, and formed a “new Great Wall” of reinforced concrete against the laws of nature. After the last ice age, transgression formed the different features of China’s coast. Depending on the types of geological and landform features, coasts are divided into 36 evaluation units, and 10 indicators are selected from natural aspects (including tectonics, geomorphology, sediment, and storms) and aspects of social economy (population, GDP, Gross Domestic Product), and cloud model theory is used to build a coastal erosion vulnerability evaluation index system in China. The results show that high grade (V), high-middle grade (IV), middle grade (III), low-middle grade (II), and low grade (I) coastal erosion vulnerability degrees account for 5.56, 13.89, 41.67, 33.33, and 5.56% of the Chinese coastlines, respectively. The coastal erosion vulnerability of the subsidence zone is significantly higher than that of the uplift zone. Reverse cloud model and analytic hierarchy process calculation show that the main factors that control coastal erosion vulnerability since the transgression after the last ice age are geological structure, topography and lithological features, and in recent years, the decrease in sea sediment loads and increase in reclamation engineering. Mainland China must live with the basic situation of coastal erosion, and this study shows that the index system and method of cloud modeling are suitable for the evaluation of the coastal erosion vulnerability of the Chinese mainland. This study provides a scientific basis for the adaptive management of coastal erosion, coastal disaster assessment and the overall planning of land and sea.

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A Retrospective Experience of Helicobacter pylori Histology in a Large Sample of Subjects in Northern Italy

Life ◽

10.3390/life11070650 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 650

Author(s):

Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone ◽

Carlo Zurlo ◽

Sharmila Fagoonee ◽

Chiara Rosso ◽

Angelo Armandi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Large Population ◽

Population Data ◽

Signet Ring Cell ◽

Current Data ◽

Low Grade ◽

Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma ◽

Significant Difference ◽

H Pylori ◽

The Impact

Updated data about the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and its correlation with histological results are scarce. The aim of our study was to provide current data on the impact of H. pylori in a third-level endoscopy service. We performed a large, retrospective study analyzing the results of all histological samples of gastroscopy from the year 2019. In total, 1512 subjects were included. The prevalence of H. pylori was 16.8%. A significant difference between the prevalence in subjects born in Italy and those from eastern Europe, south America, or Africa was found (p < 0.0001, p = 0.006, and p = 0.0006, respectively). An association was found between H. pylori and active superficial gastritis (p < 0.0001). Current H. pylori and/or a previous finding of H. pylori was related to antral atrophy (p < 0.0001). Fifteen patients had low-grade dysplasia. There were no statistically significant associations with current or past H. pylori infection. One patient presented gastric cardia adenocarcinoma with regular gastric mucosa. One patient, H. pylori positive, was diagnosed with gastric signet ring cell adenocarcinoma in a setting of diffuse atrophy, without metaplasia.. Our study provides updated, solid (biopsy diagnosis and large population) data on the prevalence of H. pylori infection in a representative region of southern Europe.

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What Polarimetric Weather Radars Offer to Cloud Modelers: Forward Radar Operators and Microphysical/Thermodynamic Retrievals

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11040362 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 362 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexander V. Ryzhkov ◽

Jeffrey Snyder ◽

Jacob T. Carlin ◽

Alexander Khain ◽

Mark Pinsky

Keyword(s):

Cloud Model ◽

Weather Prediction ◽

Primary Source ◽

Polarimetric Radar ◽

Microphysical Process ◽

Weather Radars ◽

Cloud Models ◽

Cloud Modeling ◽

Bin Microphysics ◽

The Impact

The utilization of polarimetric weather radars for optimizing cloud models is a next frontier of research. It is widely understood that inadequacies in microphysical parameterization schemes in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is a primary cause of forecast uncertainties. Due to its ability to distinguish between hydrometeors with different microphysical habits and to identify “polarimetric fingerprints” of various microphysical processes, polarimetric radar emerges as a primary source of needed information. There are two approaches to leverage this information for NWP models: (1) radar microphysical and thermodynamic retrievals and (2) forward radar operators for converting the model outputs into the fields of polarimetric radar variables. In this paper, we will provide an overview of both. Polarimetric measurements can be combined with cloud models of varying complexity, including ones with bulk and spectral bin microphysics, as well as simplified Lagrangian models focused on a particular microphysical process. Combining polarimetric measurements with cloud modeling can reveal the impact of important microphysical agents such as aerosols or supercooled cloud water invisible to the radar on cloud and precipitation formation. Some pertinent results obtained from models with spectral bin microphysics, including the Hebrew University cloud model (HUCM) and 1D models of melting hail and snow coupled with the NSSL forward radar operator, are illustrated in the paper.

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Arctic Ocean stratification set by sea level and freshwater inputs since the last ice age

Nature Geoscience ◽

10.1038/s41561-021-00789-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jesse R. Farmer ◽

Daniel M. Sigman ◽

Julie Granger ◽

Ona M. Underwood ◽

François Fripiat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arctic Ocean ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Ice Age ◽

The Arctic ◽

Bering Strait ◽

Central Arctic Ocean ◽

Phytoplankton Productivity ◽

Nitrate Consumption ◽

Western Arctic ◽

Last Ice Age

AbstractSalinity-driven density stratification of the upper Arctic Ocean isolates sea-ice cover and cold, nutrient-poor surface waters from underlying warmer, nutrient-rich waters. Recently, stratification has strengthened in the western Arctic but has weakened in the eastern Arctic; it is unknown if these trends will continue. Here we present foraminifera-bound nitrogen isotopes from Arctic Ocean sediments since 35,000 years ago to reconstruct past changes in nutrient sources and the degree of nutrient consumption in surface waters, the latter reflecting stratification. During the last ice age and early deglaciation, the Arctic was dominated by Atlantic-sourced nitrate and incomplete nitrate consumption, indicating weaker stratification. Starting at 11,000 years ago in the western Arctic, there is a clear isotopic signal of Pacific-sourced nitrate and complete nitrate consumption associated with the flooding of the Bering Strait. These changes reveal that the strong stratification of the western Arctic relies on low-salinity inflow through the Bering Strait. In the central Arctic, nitrate consumption was complete during the early Holocene, then declined after 5,000 years ago as summer insolation decreased. This sequence suggests that precipitation and riverine freshwater fluxes control the stratification of the central Arctic Ocean. Based on these findings, ongoing warming will cause strong stratification to expand into the central Arctic, slowing the nutrient supply to surface waters and thus limiting future phytoplankton productivity.

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Latin America in Global History: An Historiographic Overview

Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) ◽

10.1590/s2178-14942017000100014 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (60) ◽

pp. 253-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Diego Olstein

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

New World ◽

World History ◽

The Other ◽

Ice Age ◽

Global History ◽

The World ◽

Last Ice Age ◽

Great Divergence

Abstract World history can be arranged into three major regional divergences: the 'Greatest Divergence' starting at the end of the last Ice Age (ca. 15,000 years ago) and isolating the Old and the New Worlds from one another till 1500; the 'Great Divergence' bifurcating the paths of Europe and Afro-Asia since 1500; and the 'American Divergence' which divided the fortunes of New World societies from 1500 onwards. Accordingly, all world regions have confronted two divergences: one disassociating the fates of the Old and New Worlds, and the other within either the Old or the New World. Latin America is in the uneasy position that in both divergences it ended up on the 'losing side.' As a result, a contentious historiography of Latin America evolved from the very moment that it was incorporated into the wider world. Three basic attitudes toward the place of Latin America in global history have since emerged and developed: admiration for the major impact that the emergence on Latin America on the world scene imprinted on global history; hostility and disdain over Latin America since it entered the world scene; direct rejection of and head on confrontation in reaction the former. This paper examines each of these three attitudes in five periods: the 'long sixteenth century' (1492-1650); the 'age of crisis' (1650-1780); 'the long nineteenth century' (1780-1914); 'the short twentieth century' (1914-1991); and 'contemporary globalization' (1991 onwards).

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Evidence for a large surface ablation zone in central East Antarctica during the last Ice Age

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1016/s0033-5894(02)00014-5 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 114-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Martin J. Siegert ◽

Richard C. A. Hindmarsh ◽

Gordon S. Hamilton

Keyword(s):

Ice Core ◽

Remote Sensing Data ◽

Ice Age ◽

Internal Layers ◽

Ice Flow ◽

Glacial Ice ◽

Ice Surface ◽

Ice Flows ◽

Last Ice Age ◽

The Hill

AbstractInternal isochronous ice sheet layers, recorded by airborne ice-penetrating radar, were measured along an ice flowline across a large (>1 km high) subglacial hill in the foreground of the Transantarctic Mountains. The layers, dated through an existing stratigraphic link with the Vostok ice core, converge with the ice surface as ice flows over the hill without noticeable change to their separation with each other or the ice base. A two-dimensional ice flow model that calculates isochrons and particle flowpaths and accounts for ice flow over the hill under steady-state conditions requires net ablation (via sublimation) over the stoss face for the predicted isochrons to match the measured internal layers. Satellite remote sensing data show no sign of exposed ancient ice at this site, however. Given the lack of exposed glacial ice, surface balance conditions must have changed recently from the net ablation that is predicted at this site for the last 85,000 years to accumulation.

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Comparison of Ice-Phase Microphysical Parameterization Schemes Using Numerical Simulations of Tropical Convection

Journal of Applied Meteorology ◽

10.1175/1520-0450-30.7.985 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 30 (7) ◽

pp. 985-1004 ◽

Cited By ~ 167

Author(s):

Michale McCumber ◽

Wei-Kuo Tao ◽

Joanne Simpson ◽

Richard Penc ◽

Su-Tzai Soong

Keyword(s):

Cloud Model ◽

Type Systems ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Tropical Convection ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Microphysical Properties ◽

Cloud Models ◽

Optimal Mix ◽

Cloud Ice ◽

Microphysical Parameterization

Abstract A numerical cloud model is used to evaluate the performance of several ice parameterizations. Results from simulations using these schemes are contrasted with each other, with an ice-free control simulation, and with observations to determine to what extent ice physics affect the realism of these results. Two different types of tropical convection are simulated. Tropical squall-type systems are simulated in two dimensions so that a large domain can be used to incorporate a complete anvil. Nonsquall-type convective lines are simulated in three dimensions owing to their smaller horizontal scale. The inclusion of ice processes enhances the agreement of the simulated convection with some features of observed convection, including the proportion of surface rainfall in the anvil region, and the intensity and structure of the radar brightband near the melting level in the anvil. In the context of our experimental design, the use of three ice classes produces better results than two ice classes or ice-free conditions, and for the tropical cumuli, the optimal mix of the bulk ice hydrometeors is cloud ice-snow-graupel. We infer from our modeling results that application of bulk ice microphysics in cloud models might be case specific, which is a significant limitation. This can have serious ramifications for microwave interpretation of cloud microphysical properties. Generalization of ice processes may require a larger number of ice categories than we have evaluated and/or the prediction of hydrometeor concentrations or particle-size spectra.

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Atmospheric Lead in Antarctic Ice during the Last Climatic Cycle

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/s0260305500004079 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 5-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claude F. Boutron ◽

Clair C. Patterson ◽

Claude Lorius ◽

V.N. Petrov ◽

N.I. Barkov

Keyword(s):

Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Ice Cores ◽

Ice Age ◽

Crustal Rock ◽

Last Interglacial ◽

Toxic Heavy Metal ◽

Mass Spectrometry Technique ◽

Spectrometry Technique ◽

Last Ice Age ◽

The Antarctic

Concentrations of lead (Pb) have been measured by the ultra-clean isotope dilution mass spectrometry technique in various sections of the Antarctic Dome C and Vostok deep ice cores, whose ages range from 3.85 to 155 ka B.P., in order to assess the natural, pre-human, sources of this toxic heavy metal in the global troposphere. Pb concentrations were very low, as low as about 0.3 pg Pb/g during the Holocene and probably during the last interglacial and part of the last ice age. On the other hand, they were quite high, up to about 40 pg Pb/g, during the Last Glacial Maximum and at the end of the penultimate ice age. Wind-blown dust from crustal rock and soil appears to be the main natural source of Pb in the global troposphere. Pb contribution from volcanoes is significant during periods of low Pb only. Contribution from the oceans is insignificant.

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A simple conceptual model to interpret the 100 000 years dynamics of paleo-climate records

Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics ◽

10.5194/npg-17-585-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 585-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. S. Quiroga Lombard ◽

P. Balenzuela ◽

H. Braun ◽

D. R. Chialvo

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Power Spectra ◽

Greenland Ice Sheet ◽

Ice Age ◽

Solar Cycles ◽

The Holocene ◽

De Vries ◽

Last Ice Age ◽

Paleoclimate Records ◽

Dominant Frequencies

Abstract. Spectral analyses performed on records of cosmogenic nuclides reveal a group of dominant spectral components during the Holocene period. Only a few of them are related to known solar cycles, i.e., the De Vries/Suess, Gleissberg and Hallstatt cycles. The origin of the others remains uncertain. On the other hand, time series of North Atlantic atmospheric/sea surface temperatures during the last ice age display the existence of repeated large-scale warming events, called Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events, spaced around multiples of 1470 years. The De Vries/Suess and Gleissberg cycles with periods close to 1470/7 (~210) and 1470/17 (~86.5) years have been proposed to explain these observations. In this work we found that a conceptual bistable model forced with the De Vries/Suess and Gleissberg cycles plus noise displays a group of dominant frequencies similar to those obtained in the Fourier spectra from paleo-climate during the Holocene. Moreover, we show that simply changing the noise amplitude in the model we obtain similar power spectra to those corresponding to GISP2 δ18O (Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2) during the last ice age. These results give a general dynamical framework which allows us to interpret the main characteristic of paleoclimate records from the last 100 000 years.

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Inhomogeneous Mixing in Lagrangian Cloud Models: Effects on the Production of Precipitation Embryos

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1175/jas-d-18-0087.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 113-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Fabian Hoffmann ◽

Takanobu Yamaguchi ◽

Graham Feingold

Keyword(s):

Turbulent Mixing ◽

Cloud Model ◽

Small Scale ◽

New Approach ◽

Air Masses ◽

Lagrangian Particles ◽

Cloud Models ◽

Large Eddy ◽

Salutary Effect ◽

Linear Eddy Model

Abstract Although small-scale turbulent mixing at cloud edge has substantial effects on the microphysics of clouds, most models do not represent these processes explicitly, or parameterize them rather crudely. This study presents a first use of the linear eddy model (LEM) to represent unresolved turbulent mixing at the subgrid scale (SGS) of large-eddy simulations (LESs) with a coupled Lagrangian cloud model (LCM). The method utilizes Lagrangian particles to provide the trajectory of air masses within LES grid boxes, while the LEM is used to redistribute these air masses among the Lagrangian particles based on the local features of turbulence, allowing for the appropriate representation of inhomogeneous to homogeneous SGS mixing. The new approach has the salutary effect of mitigating spurious supersaturations. At low turbulence intensities, as found in the early stages of an idealized bubble cloud simulation, cloud-edge SGS mixing tends to be inhomogeneous and the new approach is shown to be essential for the production of raindrop embryos. At higher turbulence intensities, as found in a field of shallow cumulus, SGS mixing tends to be more homogeneous and the new approach does not significantly alter the results, indicating that a grid spacing of 20 m may be sufficient to resolve all relevant scales of inhomogeneous mixing. In both cases, droplet in-cloud residence times are important for the production of precipitation embryos in the absence of small-scale inhomogeneous mixing, either naturally due to strong turbulence or artificially as a result of coarse resolution or by not using the LEM as an SGS model.

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Polyphenol intake is associated with low-grade inflammation, using a novel data analysis from the Moli-sani study

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1160/th15-06-0487 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 115 (02) ◽

pp. 344-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

George Pounis ◽

Marialaura Bonaccio ◽

Augusto Di Castelnuovo ◽

Simona Costanzo ◽

Amalia De Curtis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effects ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Large Population ◽

Total Content ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Population Based ◽

Low Grade ◽

Polyphenol Content ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

SummaryThe association of polyphenol content of human diet with low-grade inflammation is not yet fully understood. It was the objective of this study to evaluate the association of flavonoid and lignan intake with frequently used and easily applicable in clinical practice low-grade inflammation biomarkers, in a novel holistic approach. A total of 5,948 women and 5,965 men (aged ≥ 35years) were analysed from the Moli-sani cohort, randomly recruited from the general population. The EPIC-FFQ was used for dietary assessment. Flavonol, flavone, flavanone, flavanol, anthocyanin, isoflavone and lignan intakes were calculated using Eurofir eBASIS and the polyphenol antioxidant content (PAC)-score was constructed to assess the total content of diet in these nutrients. CRP levels, WBC and PLT count and granulocyte to lymphocyte ratio were conceived as low-grade inflammation biomarkers. INFLA-score was constructed summarizing synergistic effects of these biomarkers. The INFLA-score was negatively associated with PAC-score in different levels of adjustment, in both genders (for all β-coef< 0, P< 0.05). 10 units increase in PAC-score was associated with 5–8 % decrease in the likelihood of higher low-grade inflammation status (i. e. higher quartile of INFLA-score) in men and women (odds ratio [ORs] 0.92 to 0.95, p< 0.05). The total variation of INFLA-score that was explained by PAC-score was estimated to be 16.7 % in women and 9.1 % in men (%R2=16.7 and 9.1). In conclusion, polyphenol content of diet evaluated in a holistic approach was negatively associated with a score of low-grade inflammation biomarkers in a large population based study. For the first time low-grade inflammation was evaluated in a holistic way through INFLA-score and was associated with polyphenol content of diet.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.

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