scholarly journals Precision Design of Antimicrobial Surfaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Declan C. Mullen ◽  
Xing Wan ◽  
Timo M. Takala ◽  
Per E. Saris ◽  
V. M. Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Design Strategy ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Surface Design ◽  
Antimicrobial Surfaces ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Precision Design ◽  
Antimicrobial Material ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes

The overall expectation from an antimicrobial surface has been high considering the need for efficiency in preventing the attachment and growth of pathogenic microbes, durability, safety to both humans and environment as well as cost-effectiveness. To date, antimicrobial surface design has been mostly conducted liberally, without rigorous consideration of establishing robust structure-activity relationships for each design strategy or of the use intended for a specific antimicrobial material. However, the variability among the domain bacteria, which is the most diverse of all, alongside the highly dynamic nature of the bacteria-surface interface have taught us that the likelihood of finding universal antimicrobial surfaces is low. In this perspective we discuss some of the current hurdles faced by research in this promising field, emphasizing the relevance and complexity of probing the bacteria-surface interface, and explain why we feel it would greatly benefit from a more streamlined ad-hoc approach.

scholarly journals Efficient Heuristic Based on Clustering Approach for OLSR

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Choukri ◽  
Ahmed Habbani ◽  
Mohamed El Koutbi
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Delay Control ◽  
Clustering Approach ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc

Due to the dynamic nature of mobile ad hoc network (MANET), the quality of service (QoS) requires several improvements. The present papercomeswithin the framework of research to optimize QoS in MANET. In this paper, we propose a novel version of OLSR based on the clustering approach which is inspired from Lin and Chu heuristic and adapted to beimplemented inOLSR. We studied its stability and we compared its performances to those of standard OLSR. The metrics we used in evaluating network performances were average end-to-end delay, control routing overhead, and packet delivery ratio. Experimental results show that our alternative significantly reduces the traffic reserved to monitoring the network, which positively influences other performances such as throughput, delay, and loss.

PP170 Quantifying the Life-Cycle Value of Second Generation Antipsychotics

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
Mikel Berdud ◽  
Niklas Wallin-Bernhardsson ◽  
Bernarda Zamora ◽  
Peter Lindgren ◽  
Adrian Towse
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Patent Expiration ◽  
Total Surplus ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics ◽  
Producer Surplus

IntroductionWe estimate the life-cycle value of risperidone – Second-Generation Antipsychotics (SGA) – to balance the view that cost per Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) estimates at launch are enough to guide access decisions. Study results will also drive discussion on access and price to recognize the dynamic nature of pharmaceutical pricing over the long-run.MethodsWe estimated number of patients treated for schizophrenia with risperidone in Sweden and the United Kingdom (UK) between 1994-2017 based on usage data form national statistics and volume sales data from IQVIA. We collected data from literature on the effectiveness (QALYs) and costs (EUR 2017) of risperidone (SGA) and haloperidol – First-Generation antipsychotic (FGA). We estimate the life-cycle value added by risperidone versus haloperidol, and the life-cycle distribution of the social surplus between the payer (consumer surplus) and the innovator (producer surplus).ResultsWe estimated the consumer surplus, the producer surplus, the Net Monetary Benefit (NMB) and Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) at each year and in aggregate terms (1993-2017). For the UK the producer surplus was ~28 percent out of the total surplus before patent expiration and five percent after patent expiration. In Sweden, producer surplus was around 6 percent out of the total surplus before patent expiration and one percent thereafter. In both countries, during the life-cycle of risperidone, the NMB per patient increased and the ICER decreased as a response to: (i) the launch of Risperidone Long-Acting Injectable (RLAI); and (ii) the generic entry.ConclusionsThe value added by risperidone increased during the life-cycle due to the launch of RLAI and the generic competition. This suggests that, considering the entire life-cycle, the value added by SGAs to the system is higher than the expected value estimated using cost-effectiveness analysis at launch. Pricing and reimbursement decisions should take into account the dynamic nature of pharmaceutical markets and the value added by innovative medicines over the long-run.

scholarly journals Spectrum aware clustering in cognitive radio ad hoc networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.30) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Sagar Anand Ukey ◽  
Meenu Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Radio Spectrum ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Maintenance Process

Cognitive radio (CR) is an emerging technology developed for efficient utilization of the radio spectrum. CRN utilizes CR technology and enables the unlicensed users also referred as secondary users (SUs) to access free portions of the licensed spectrum in an opportunistic manner. To support scalability and stability in distributed CRNs also referred as cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), SUs are often organized into smaller groups known as clusters. Spectrum aware clustering is considered as the key technique to overcome numerous is-sues associated with the dynamic nature of CRAHNs. This article focuses on clustering in CRAHNs and presents a comprehensive review of various spectrum aware clustering algorithms presented in the literature. The article highlights notable clustering metrics and includes the description of cluster formation and maintenance process. The article also renders potential research gaps in existing research works and discusses open challenges and issues that need to be addressed for efficient clustering in CRAHNs. 

scholarly journals Word-formational productivity of the Slovene language in the case of sports neologisms

Linguistica ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Stramljič Breznik ◽  
Ines Voršič
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Foreign Word ◽  
Slovene Language ◽  
Lexical Processes ◽  
Innovation Processes

Newly created words are a frequent topic of research in modern linguistics. The reason for this is that innovation processes in lexicon are a reflection of dynamic tendencies which occur as a consequence of modern communication requirements. This contribution focuses on the field of sports, using a corpus approach based on the Sketch Engine (SkE). It investigates formations in Slovene with low frequency (e.g. nogometoljubec, karatejka, sankijada). Based on their morphemic structure, it determines whether they are potential neologisms, which are created according to a productive pattern, or nonce formations, which are created according to individual patterns connected with specific text usage, and which as ad-hoc formations do not belong to the productive word-formational patterns. In light of these findings, the question of the combinations of domestic and foreign word-formational elements will be discussed, and consequently also the question of the hybridization of Slovene formations today. The corpus-based approach will enable us to determine whether the analysed material represents a word-formational core or periphery of the lexicon. In order to detect new lexical processes, it is necessary to investigate atypical word-formational processes which open up the creative potential of language. They testify to the dynamic nature of language and to its capability to respond to the different needs of different users in different circumstances.

scholarly journals Benzylaminoethyureido-Tailed Benzenesulfonamides: Design, Synthesis, Kinetic and X-ray Investigations on Human Carbonic Anhydrases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Ali ◽  
Murat Bozdag ◽  
Umar Farooq ◽  
Andrea Angeli ◽  
Fabrizio Carta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Design Strategy ◽  
Binding Mode ◽  
Crystallographic Analysis ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrases ◽  
Detailed Structure ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
New Compounds

A drug design strategy of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) belonging to sulfonamides incorporating ureidoethylaminobenzyl tails is presented. A variety of substitution patterns on the ring and the tails, located on para- or meta- positions with respect to the sulfonamide warheads were incorporated in the new compounds. Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrases (hCA) isoforms I, II, IX and XII, involving various pathologies, was assessed with the new compounds. Selective inhibitory profile towards hCA II was observed, the most active compounds being low nM inhibitors (KIs of 2.8–9.2 nM, respectively). Extensive X-ray crystallographic analysis of several sulfonamides in an adduct with hCA I allowed an in-depth understanding of their binding mode and to lay a detailed structure-activity relationship.

scholarly journals ASDSR: An Adaptive Stable DSR Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (08) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Hutaf Salah Al-Deen Natoureah ◽  
Huda Abd El-Raheem Karajeh ◽  
Alaa' Abd El-Aziz Abu Serhan
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Network Flooding

<p class="Abstract">Abstract—The process of finding a route between the transmitter and the receiver node in the Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANets) is a renewed issue that is becoming more and more interesting to the researchers as this type of networks  grow and expand. The dynamic nature of MANET and the limited capabilities of wireless nodes in terms of memory size and battery charge are the most important obstacles to the routing (path-finding) process between nodes. In this research, we introduced a new protocol based on the well-known DSR protocol to add a mechanism that controls the RREQ Flooding process, which aims to reach more stable (life-long) routes while reducing the overhead of routing process caused by link breakage between nodes and reduce the overhead of network flooding with RREQ messages with each attempt to find a path. In this proposed mechanism, a specific group is selected from within the devices adjacent to the transmitter to be sent RREQ so that these devices are selected based on the stability evaluation criterion. The stability criterion is calculated based on three weighted factors: the speed of the node, the out-degree value (the number of adjacent nodes), and the number of tracks stored in the device memory. The proportion of devices selected is automatically changed adaptively to ensure that the expected throughput of this network is achieved. The proposed protocol was tested using simulation where results showed that ASDSR proved an enhancement in route stability about (0.13), and a decrease in the number of deleted routes by (9%), while maintaining the expected packet delivery ratio of the original DSR by about (0.86).</p>

Security policies and trust in ubiquitous computing

2008 ◽  
Vol 366 (1881) ◽  
pp. 3769-3780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Joshi ◽  
Tim Finin ◽  
Lalana Kagal ◽  
Jim Parker ◽  
Anand Patwardhan
Keyword(s):  
Short Range ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Peer Interactions ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Internet Connectivity ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Information Interchange

Ubiquitous environments comprise resource-constrained mobile and wearable devices and computational elements embedded in everyday artefacts. These are connected to each other using both infrastructure-based as well as short-range ad hoc networks. Limited Internet connectivity limits the use of conventional security mechanisms such as public key infrastructures and other forms of server-centric authentication. Under these circumstances, peer-to-peer interactions are well suited for not just information interchange, but also managing security and privacy. However, practical solutions for protecting mobile devices, preserving privacy, evaluating trust and determining the reliability and accuracy of peer-provided data in such interactions are still in their infancy. Our research is directed towards providing stronger assurances of the reliability and trustworthiness of information and services, and the use of declarative policy-driven approaches to handle the open and dynamic nature of such systems. This paper provides an overview of some of the challenges and issues, and points out directions for progress.

scholarly journals Routing in Wireless Mesh Network: A New Metaheuristic Based Routing Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (08) ◽  
pp. 711-719
Author(s):  
Bhanu Sharma ◽  
◽  
Amar Singh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Wireless Mesh Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Mesh Network ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Wireless Mesh ◽  
Dynamic Source ◽  
Distance Vector

Routing is a challenging issue of WMNs due to the dynamic nature of the network. In WMNs, a node can leave or join the network at any time. So, there is a need for an efficient routing algorithm in WMNs that should quickly discover the path. The development of different networking environments has a significant effect on WMNs routing. This paper proposes a new Butterfly Optimization algorithm (BOA) based routing approach for Wireless Mesh Networks. The proposed BOA routing approach was implemented using MATLAB, and its performance was compared with Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV), Ant Colony Optimization(ACO), BAT optimization algorithm, Dynamic Source Routing(DSR), and Biogeography-based optimization(BBO)based routing approaches on 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 dynamic node scenarios. From the results, We observe that the proposed Butterfly based routing approach outperforms the existing five routing approaches.

Reviewing the Indonesian Anticorruption Court: A Cost-Effective Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Choky Risda Ramadhan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Review ◽  
Conviction Rate ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Effective Analysis ◽  
Crime Of Corruption

Abstract As part of anticorruption reform, the Indonesian Anticorruption Court Law 2009 mandated the establishment of 514 anti-corruption courts in every city. The Indonesian Supreme Court, however, could only establish 34 courts. Three factors that explain this delay: (1) a lack of budget to fund the court; (2) the limited number of people with the integrity and capacity to serve as ad hoc judges; and (3) distrust from citizens regarding the conviction rate and corruption that occurred within the anticorruption court. Some activist and legal scholars proposed either to evaluate or even abolish the anticorruption court. This article contributes in evaluating the newly created court. There are two indicators, cost per case and collection of monetary penalty that could serve as the basis of cost-effectiveness analysis of the Indonesian Anticorruption Court. As a preliminary review, the prosecution of the crime of corruption is cost-effective if the cases had been prosecuted by the Anticorruption Agency (KPK). Alternative policies based on cost-effectiveness are proposed to improve the performance of the anticorruption court without sacrificing resources.

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