scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Understanding of Specific Efferent Pathways Emerging From the Cerebellum

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seulgi Kang ◽  
Soyoung Jun ◽  
Soo Ji Baek ◽  
Heeyoun Park ◽  
Yukio Yamamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Gene Expression Analyses ◽  
Cell Gene Expression ◽  
Efferent Pathways ◽  
Cell Gene

The cerebellum has a long history in terms of research on its network structures and motor functions, yet our understanding of them has further advanced in recent years owing to technical developments, such as viral tracers, optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulation, and single cell gene expression analyses. Specifically, it is now widely accepted that the cerebellum is also involved in non-motor functions, such as cognitive and psychological functions, mainly from studies that have clarified neuronal pathways from the cerebellum to other brain regions that are relevant to these functions. The techniques to manipulate specific neuronal pathways were effectively utilized to demonstrate the involvement of the cerebellum and its pathways in specific brain functions, without altering motor activity. In particular, the cerebellar efferent pathways that have recently gained attention are not only monosynaptic connections to other brain regions, including the periaqueductal gray and ventral tegmental area, but also polysynaptic connections to other brain regions, including the non-primary motor cortex and hippocampus. Besides these efferent pathways associated with non-motor functions, recent studies using sophisticated experimental techniques further characterized the historically studied efferent pathways that are primarily associated with motor functions. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, there are no articles that comprehensively describe various cerebellar efferent pathways, although there are many interesting review articles focusing on specific functions or pathways. Here, we summarize the recent findings on neuronal networks projecting from the cerebellum to several brain regions. We also introduce various techniques that have enabled us to advance our understanding of the cerebellar efferent pathways, and further discuss possible directions for future research regarding these efferent pathways and their functions.

scholarly journals Early specification of CD8+ T lymphocyte fates during adaptive immunity revealed by single-cell gene-expression analyses

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janilyn Arsenio ◽  
Boyko Kakaradov ◽  
Patrick J Metz ◽  
Stephanie H Kim ◽  
Gene W Yeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cd8 T Lymphocyte ◽  
Gene Expression Analyses ◽  
Cell Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Gene

scholarly journals Bulk and single-cell gene expression analyses reveal aging human choriocapillaris has pro-inflammatory phenotype

2020 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 104031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Voigt ◽  
S. Scott Whitmore ◽  
Kelly Mulfaul ◽  
Kathleen R. Chirco ◽  
Joseph C. Giacalone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Gene Expression Analyses ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotype ◽  
Cell Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Gene

scholarly journals Investigating rapid effects of motor training on the brain's gray matter volume: a magnetic resonance imaging study with repeated testing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arian Jafari ◽  
Bo Jenner
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Motor Training ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Matter Volume

Recent MRI studies have shown that training can cause apparent gray matter volume (GMV) increases in task-relevant brain regions within hours or even minutes. The present study examined rapid plasticity in the context of motor training, at temporal resolutions of two minutes as well as roughly one hour. Twenty-five healthy volunteers practised performing a complex finger tapping task (FTT) while inside an MRI scanner. Previous research on FTT was used to define a priori region of interest PMCROI in the primary motor cortex. GMV in PMCROI was analyzed during rest and training at three time points: beginning, middle, and end of scan. We found an increase in GMV during rest compared to training at end of scan, indicating a potential delayed training effect. Post hoc analyses of the sensorimotor network resulted in comparable effects which did not survive correction. No significant differences in training GMV between the three time points were found in PMCROI. To our knowledge, no previous study has reported changes in GMV in such a short time period (120 seconds). Future research should continue investigations with high temporal resolution to explore a potential delay in rapid effects of training on GMV.

scholarly journals Mirror Visual Feedback Induces M1 Excitability by Disengaging Functional Connections of Perceptuo-Motor-Attentional Processes during Asynchronous Bimanual Movement: A Magnetoencephalographic Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1092
Author(s):  
Szu-Hung Lin ◽  
Chia-Hsiung Cheng ◽  
Ching-Yi Wu ◽  
Chien-Ting Liu ◽  
Chia-Ling Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bimanual Movement ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Functional Connection ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Mirror Visual Feedback

Mirror visual feedback (MVF) has been shown to increase the excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) during asynchronous bimanual movement. However, the functional networks underlying this process remain unclear. We recruited 16 healthy volunteers to perform asynchronous bimanual movement, that is, their left hand performed partial range of movement while their right hand performed normal full range of movement. Their ongoing brain activities were recorded by whole-head magnetoencephalography during the movement. Participants were required to keep both hands stationary in the control condition. In the other two conditions, participants were required to perform asynchronous bimanual movement with MVF (Asy_M) and without MVF (Asy_w/oM). Greater M1 excitability was found under Asy_M than under Asy_w/oM. More importantly, when receiving MVF, the visual cortex reduced its functional connection to brain regions associated with perceptuo-motor-attentional process (i.e., M1, superior temporal gyrus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). This is the first study to demonstrate a global functional network of MVF during asynchronous bimanual movement, providing a foundation for future research to examine the neural mechanisms of mirror illusion in motor control.

scholarly journals Neuroplasticity of Acupuncture for Stroke: An Evidence-Based Review of MRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jinhuan Zhang ◽  
Chunjian Lu ◽  
Xiaoxiong Wu ◽  
Dehui Nie ◽  
Haibo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Acupuncture Therapy ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
System Level ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensorimotor Network

Acupuncture is widely recognized as a potentially effective treatment for stroke rehabilitation. Researchers in this area are actively investigating its therapeutic mechanisms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as a noninvasive, high anatomical resolution technique, has been employed to investigate neuroplasticity on acupuncture in stroke patients from a system level. However, there is no review on the mechanism of acupuncture treatment for stroke based on MRI. Therefore, we aim to summarize the current evidence about this aspect and provide useful information for future research. After searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases, 24 human and five animal studies were identified. This review focuses on the evidence on the possible mechanisms underlying mechanisms of acupuncture therapy in treating stroke by regulating brain plasticity. We found that acupuncture reorganizes not only motor-related network, including primary motor cortex (M1), premotor cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA), frontoparietal network (LFPN and RFPN), and sensorimotor network (SMN), as well as default mode network (aDMN and pDMN), but also language-related brain areas including inferior frontal gyrus frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, as well as cognition-related brain regions. In addition, acupuncture therapy can modulate the function and structural plasticity of post-stroke, which may be linked to the mechanism effect of acupuncture.

scholarly journals Single-Cell Gene Expression Analyses Reveal Heterogeneous Responsiveness of Fetal Innate Lymphoid Progenitors to Notch Signaling

Cell Reports ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1500-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvestre Chea ◽  
Sandrine Schmutz ◽  
Claire Berthault ◽  
Thibaut Perchet ◽  
Maxime Petit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Gene Expression Analyses ◽  
Lymphoid Progenitors ◽  
Cell Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Gene

The Social Neuroscience of Cooperation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Future Research ◽  
A Value ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cooperative Decision Making

We review literature from several fields to describe common experimental tasks used to measure human cooperation as well as the theoretical models that have been used to characterize cooperative decision-making, as well as brain regions implicated in cooperation. Building on work in neuroeconomics, we suggest a value-based account may provide the most powerful understanding the psychology and neuroscience of group cooperation. We also review the role of individual differences and social context in shaping the mental processes that underlie cooperation and consider gaps in the literature and potential directions for future research on the social neuroscience of cooperation. We suggest that this multi-level approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the mental and neural processes that underlie the decision to cooperate with others.

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