scholarly journals Neuroplasticity of Acupuncture for Stroke: An Evidence-Based Review of MRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jinhuan Zhang ◽  
Chunjian Lu ◽  
Xiaoxiong Wu ◽  
Dehui Nie ◽  
Haibo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Acupuncture Therapy ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
System Level ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensorimotor Network

Acupuncture is widely recognized as a potentially effective treatment for stroke rehabilitation. Researchers in this area are actively investigating its therapeutic mechanisms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as a noninvasive, high anatomical resolution technique, has been employed to investigate neuroplasticity on acupuncture in stroke patients from a system level. However, there is no review on the mechanism of acupuncture treatment for stroke based on MRI. Therefore, we aim to summarize the current evidence about this aspect and provide useful information for future research. After searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases, 24 human and five animal studies were identified. This review focuses on the evidence on the possible mechanisms underlying mechanisms of acupuncture therapy in treating stroke by regulating brain plasticity. We found that acupuncture reorganizes not only motor-related network, including primary motor cortex (M1), premotor cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA), frontoparietal network (LFPN and RFPN), and sensorimotor network (SMN), as well as default mode network (aDMN and pDMN), but also language-related brain areas including inferior frontal gyrus frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, as well as cognition-related brain regions. In addition, acupuncture therapy can modulate the function and structural plasticity of post-stroke, which may be linked to the mechanism effect of acupuncture.

scholarly journals Top-down alteration of functional connectivity within the sensorimotor network in focal dystonia

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (16) ◽  
pp. e1843-e1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Battistella ◽  
Kristina Simonyan
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Focal Dystonia ◽  
Spasmodic Dysphonia ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Sensorimotor Network ◽  
Dystonic Tremor

ObjectivesTo determine the directionality of regional interactions and influences of one region on another within the functionally abnormal sensorimotor network in isolated focal dystonia.MethodsA total of 40 patients with spasmodic dysphonia with and without dystonic tremor of voice and 35 healthy controls participated in the study. Independent component analysis (ICA) of resting-state fMRI was used to identify 4 abnormally coupled brain regions within the functional sensorimotor network in all patients compared to controls. Follow-up spectral dynamic causal modeling (DCM) estimated regional effective connectivity between patients and controls and between patients with spasmodic dysphonia with and without dystonic tremor of voice to expand the understanding of symptomatologic variability associated with this disorder.ResultsICA found abnormally reduced functional connectivity of the left inferior parietal cortex, putamen, and bilateral premotor cortex in all patients compared to controls, pointing to a largely overlapping pathophysiology of focal dystonia and dystonic tremor. DCM determined that the disruption of the sensorimotor network was both top-down, involving hyperexcitable parieto-putaminal influence, and interhemispheric, involving right-to-left hyperexcitable premotor coupling in all patients compared to controls. These regional alterations were associated with their abnormal self-inhibitory function when comparing patients with spasmodic dysphonia patients with and without dystonic tremor of voice.ConclusionsAbnormal hyperexcitability of premotor-parietal-putaminal circuitry may be explained by altered information transfer between these regions due to underlying deficient connectivity. Identification of brain regions involved in processing of sensorimotor information in preparation for movement execution suggests that complex network disruption is staged well before the dystonic behavior is produced by the primary motor cortex.

scholarly journals Voluntary Movements Discipline Audiovisual Perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Deep Breathing ◽  
Audiovisual Perception ◽  
Cognitive Action ◽  
Actual Material

We had shown that deep breathing had been able to effectively and timely alter visual and auditory bistable perception, see reference 1, 2. Deep breathing requires cognitive control, and therefore, in this study, we decide to investigate whether voluntary movements of human hands are able to govern the audiovisual perception using an integrative stimulus that’s built up with the aforementioned visual and auditory stimuli. Astoundingly, when the human subjects moves the pen towards the actual physical direction, even without touching the screen; the original materials of the audiovisual stimulus appear. Reversed perception, namely, illusory motion reversals and illusory word appear when the pen is moved in the opposite direction of the actual motion. Cognitive actions’ brain areas, namely, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex may require high concentration of oxygenated hobgoblin red blood cells to achieve fulsome executive movements; and this could results in significant reduction of the concentrations of the oxygenated hobgoblin red blood cells in the visual and auditory cortices. Reductions that disallow one of two; the central versus the peripheral conscious brains dedicated for audiovisual perceptions, to rapidly alternate their conscious productions; and therefore, stoppage against bistable audiovisual perception will occur. We thus hypothesis that the DLPFC may send signals to deactivate the peripheral areas in the sensory brain regions when the cognitive action is harmonized with the actual material; but it may send a contrary signal to deactivate the central areas in the sensory brain regions when the cognitive action and the actual material are disharmonized.

Connectivity-Related Roles of Contralesional Brain Regions for Motor Performance Early after Stroke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Hensel ◽  
Caroline Tscherpel ◽  
Jana Freytag ◽  
Stella Ritter ◽  
Anne K Rehme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus

Abstract Hemiparesis after stroke is associated with increased neural activity not only in the lesioned but also in the contralesional hemisphere. While most studies have focused on the role of contralesional primary motor cortex (M1) activity for motor performance, data on other areas within the unaffected hemisphere are scarce, especially early after stroke. We here combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to elucidate the contribution of contralesional M1, dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC), and anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS) for the stroke-affected hand within the first 10 days after stroke. We used “online” TMS to interfere with neural activity at subject-specific fMRI coordinates while recording 3D movement kinematics. Interfering with aIPS activity improved tapping performance in patients, but not healthy controls, suggesting a maladaptive role of this region early poststroke. Analyzing effective connectivity parameters using a Lasso prediction model revealed that behavioral TMS effects were predicted by the coupling of the stimulated aIPS with dPMC and ipsilesional M1. In conclusion, we found a strong link between patterns of frontoparietal connectivity and TMS effects, indicating a detrimental influence of the contralesional aIPS on motor performance early after stroke.

scholarly journals Functional connectivity predictors of acute depression treatment outcome

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1831-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Steffens ◽  
Lihong Wang ◽  
Godfrey D. Pearlson
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Madrs Score ◽  
Sensorimotor Network

ABSTRACTFew studies have examined functional connectivity (FC) patterns using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to predict outcomes in late-life depression. We hypothesized that FC within and between frontal and limbic regions would be associated with 12-week depression outcome in older depressed adults. Seventy-one subjects with major depression were enrolled in the study. A study geriatric psychiatrist performed a clinical interview and completed a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). All study participants were free of medication at baseline and had a brain fMRI scan. Using a regions of interest (ROI) atlas (including 164 ROIs), we conducted ROI-to-ROI resting-state FC analyses for each participant. In terms of treatment participants were offered sertraline initially, although in this naturalistic study, other medications were also prescribed. Subjects were evaluated every 2 weeks up to 12 weeks by the study psychiatrist, who followed a flexible, clinically based medication dosing schedule. Multivariate regression analysis was used to examine correlation between change of MADRS score over 12 weeks and baseline FC between brain regions, controlling for age, gender, mean head motion, and baseline MADRS. We found greater FC between the left inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis and the left frontal eye field and FC of these two regions with a number of brain regions related to reward, salience, and sensorimortor function were correlated with change in MADRS score over 12 weeks. Our results highlight the important role of between inner speech-reward, attention-salience, and attention-sensorimotor network synchronization in predicting acute treatment response in late-life depression.

scholarly journals The diversity and multiplexity of edge communities within and between brain systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngheun Jo ◽  
Farnaz Zamani Esfahlani ◽  
Joshua Faskowitz ◽  
Evgeny J. Chumin ◽  
Olaf Sporns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
System Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavior Development ◽  
Using Data

The human brain is composed of regions that can be grouped into functionally specialized systems. These systems transiently couple and decouple across time to support complex cognitive processes. Recently, we proposed an edge-centric model of brain networks whose elements can be clustered to reveal communities of connections whose co-fluctuations are correlated across time. It remains unclear, however, how these co-fluctuation patterns relate to traditionally-defined brain systems. Here, we address this question using data from the Midnight Scan Club. We show that edge communities transcend traditional definitions of brain systems, forming a multiplexed network in which all pairs of brain systems are linked to one another by at least two distinct edge communities. Mapping edge communities back to individual brain regions and deriving a novel distance metric to describe the similarity of regions’ “edge community profiles”, we then demonstrate that the within-system similarity of profiles is heterogeneous across systems. Specifically, we find that heteromodal association areas exhibit significantly greater diversity of edge communities than primary sensory systems. Next, we cluster the entire cerebral cortex according to the similarity of regions’ edge community profiles, revealing systematic differences between traditionally-defined systems and the detected clusters. Specifically, we find that regions in heteromodal systems exhibit dissimilar edge community profiles and are more likely to form their own clusters. Finally, we show show that edge communities are highly personalized and can be used to identify individual subjects. Collectively, our work reveals the pervasive overlap of edge communities across the cerebral cortex and characterizes their relationship with the brain’s system level architecture. Our work provides clear pathways for future research using edge-centric brain networks to investigate individual differences in behavior, development, and disease.

Abstract 25: Periinfarct Rewiring Supports Recovery After Primary Motor Cortex Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsouko van Assche ◽  
Elisabeth Dirren ◽  
Alexia Bourgeois ◽  
Andreas Kleinschmidt ◽  
Jonas Richiardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Motor Recovery ◽  
The Core ◽  
Hand Dexterity ◽  
Motor Network

Background and Purpose: After stroke restricted to the primary motor cortex (M1), it is uncertain whether network reorganization associated with motor recovery involves the periinfarct or more remote brain regions. In humans, the challenge is to recruit patients with similar lesions in size and location. Methods: We studied 16 patients with focal M1 stroke and hand paresis. Motor function and resting-state MRI functional connectivity (FC) were studied at three time points: acute (<10 days), early subacute (3 weeks), and late subacute (3 months). FC correlates of motor recovery were investigated at three spatial scales, i) ipsilesional non-infarcted M1, ii) core motor network (including M1, premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and primary somatosensory cortex), and iii) extended motor network including all regions structurally connected to the upper limb representation of M1. Results: Hand dexterity was impaired only in the acute phase ( P =0.036). At a small spatial scale, improved dexterity was associated with increased FC involving mainly the ipsilesional non-infarcted M1 and contralesional motor regions (cM1: rho=0.732; P =0.004; cPMC: rho=0.837, P <0.001; cSMA: rho=0.736; P =0.004). At a larger scale, motor recovery correlated with the relative increase in total FC strength in the core motor network compared to the extended motor network (rho=0.71; P =0.006). Conclusions: FC changes associated with motor improvement involve the perilesional M1 and do not extend beyond the core motor network. The ipsilesional non-infarcted M1 and core motor regions could hence be primary targets for future restorative therapies.

Neuroanatomical Correlates of Motor Acquisition and Motor Transfer

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1836-1845 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Seidler ◽  
D. C. Noll
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Parietal Lobule ◽  
The Right ◽  
Motor Transfer

The acquisition of new motor skills is dependent on task practice. In the case of motor transfer, learning can be facilitated by prior practice of a similar skill. Although a multitude of studies have investigated the brain regions contributing to skill acquisition, the neural bases associated with the savings seen at transfer have yet to be determined. In the current study, we used functional MRI to examine how brain activation differs during acquisition and transfer of a visuomotor adaptation task. Two groups of participants adapted manual aiming movements to three different rotations of the feedback display in a sequential fashion, with a return to baseline display conditions between each rotation. Subjects showed a savings in the rate of adaptation when they had prior adaptive experiences (i.e., positive transfer of learning). This savings was associated with a reduction in activity of brain regions typically recruited early in the adaptation process, including the right inferior frontal gyrus, primary motor cortex, inferior temporal gyrus, and the cerebellum (medial HIII). Moreover, although these regions exhibit activation that is correlated across subjects with the rate of acquisition, the degree of savings at transfer was correlated with activity in the right cingulate gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, right inferior parietal lobule, left middle occipital gyrus, and bilaterally in the cerebellum (HV/VI). The cerebellar activation was in the regions surrounding the posterior superior fissure, which is thought to be the site of storage for acquired internal models. Thus we found that motor transfer is associated with brain activation that typically characterizes late learning and storage. Transfer seems to involve retrieval of a previously formed motor memory, allowing the learner to move more quickly through the early stage of learning.

scholarly journals Changes in neurovascular coupling during cycling exercise measured by multi-distance fNIRS: a comparison between endurance athletes and physically active controls

2019 ◽  
Vol 237 (11) ◽  
pp. 2957-2972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Seidel ◽  
Daniel Carius ◽  
Julia Roediger ◽  
Sebastian Rumpf ◽  
Patrick Ragert
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Neurovascular Coupling ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Cycling Test

Abstract It is well known that endurance exercise modulates the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal system. However, knowledge about its effects on brain function and structure is rather sparse. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate exercise-dependent adaptations in neurovascular coupling to different intensity levels in motor-related brain regions. Moreover, expertise effects between trained endurance athletes (EA) and active control participants (ACP) during a cycling test were investigated using multi-distance functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Initially, participants performed an incremental cycling test (ICT) to assess peak values of power output (PPO) and cardiorespiratory parameters such as oxygen consumption volume (VO2max) and heart rate (HRmax). In a second session, participants cycled individual intensity levels of 20, 40, and 60% of PPO while measuring cardiorespiratory responses and neurovascular coupling. Our results revealed exercise-induced decreases of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), indicating an increased activation in motor-related brain areas such as primary motor cortex (M1) and premotor cortex (PMC). However, we could not find any differential effects in brain activation between EA and ACP. Future studies should extend this approach using whole-brain configurations and systemic physiological augmented fNIRS measurements, which seems to be of pivotal interest in studies aiming to assess neural activation in a sports-related context.

scholarly journals All Talk and No Action: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study of Motor Cortex Activation during Action Word Production

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Oliveri ◽  
Chiara Finocchiaro ◽  
Kevin Shapiro ◽  
Massimo Gangitano ◽  
Alfonso Caramazza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Paired Pulse ◽  
Motor Areas

A number of researchers have proposed that the premotor and motor areas are critical for the representation of words that refer to actions, but not objects. Recent evidence against this hypothesis indicates that the left premotor cortex is more sensitive to grammatical differences than to conceptual differences between words. However, it may still be the case that other anterior motor regions are engaged in processing a word's sensorimotor features. In the present study, we used singleand paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the hypothesis that left primary motor cortex is activated during the retrieval of words (nouns and verbs) associated with specific actions. We found that activation in the motor cortex increased for action words compared with non-action words, but was not sensitive to the grammatical category of the word being produced. These results complement previous findings and support the notion that producing a word activates some brain regions relevant to the sensorimotor properties associated with that word regardless of its grammatical category.

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