Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Studies of an Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Responsive Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Thioketal-Melphalan Prodrug for Glioblastoma Treatment

In this study, blueberry and blackcurrant powder were chosen as the phenolic-rich enrichments for oat bran. A Rapid Visco Analyser was used to form blueberry and blackcurrant enriched oat pastes. An in vitro digestion process evaluated the changes of phenolic compounds and the in vitro antioxidant potential of extracts of pastes. The anthocyanidin profiles in the extracts were characterised by the pH differential method. The results showed that blueberry and blackcurrant powder significantly increased the content of phenolic compounds and the in vitro antioxidant capacity of pastes, while the total flavonoid content decreased after digestion compared to the undigested samples. Strong correlations between these bioactive compounds and antioxidant values were observed. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were used to investigate the intracellular antioxidant activity of the extracts from the digested oat bran paste with 25% enrichment of blueberry or blackcurrant powder. The results indicated that the extracts of digested pastes prevented the macrophages from experiencing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, mainly by the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling pathway. These findings suggest that the bioactive ingredients from blueberry and blackcurrant powder enhanced the in vitro and intracellular antioxidant capacity of oat bran pastes, and these enriched pastes have the potential to be utilised in the development of the functional foods.

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Targeting autophagy enhances atezolizumab-induced mitochondria-related apoptosis in osteosarcoma

Cell Death and Disease ◽

10.1038/s41419-021-03449-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Zhuochao Liu ◽

Hongyi Wang ◽

Chuanzhen Hu ◽

Chuanlong Wu ◽

Jun Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Antitumor Immunity ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Specific Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Osteosarcoma Cells ◽

Jnk Pathway ◽

In Vivo Experiments

AbstractIn this study, we identified the multifaceted effects of atezolizumab, a specific monoclonal antibody against PD-L1, in tumor suppression except for restoring antitumor immunity, and investigated the promising ways to improve its efficacy. Atezolizumab could inhibit the proliferation and induce immune-independent apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. With further exploration, we found that atezolizumab could impair mitochondria of osteosarcoma cells, resulting in increased release of reactive oxygen species and cytochrome-c, eventually leading to mitochondrial-related apoptosis via activating JNK pathway. Nevertheless, the excessive release of reactive oxygen species also activated the protective autophagy of osteosarcoma cells. Therefore, when we combined atezolizumab with autophagy inhibitors, the cytotoxic effect of atezolizumab on osteosarcoma cells was significantly enhanced in vitro. Further in vivo experiments also confirmed that atezolizumab combined with chloroquine achieved the most significant antitumor effect. Taken together, our study indicates that atezolizumab can induce mitochondrial-related apoptosis and protective autophagy independently of the immune system, and targeting autophagy is a promising combinatorial approach to amplify its cytotoxicity.

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The Effect of the Clenbuterol—β2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Proliferation, Phenotype, Functions, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Race Horses In Vitro

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10040936 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 936

Author(s):

Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz ◽

Rafał Pingwara ◽

Jarosław Szczepaniak ◽

Anna Winnicka

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Anabolic Steroids ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Adrenoceptor Agonist ◽

Race Horses

Clenbuterol, the β2-adrenoceptor agonist, is gaining growing popularity because of its effects on weight loss (i.e., chemical liposuction). It is also popular in bodybuilding and professional sports, due to its effects that are similar to anabolic steroids. However, it is prohibited by anti-doping control. On the other hand, it is suggested that clenbuterol can inhibit the inflammatory process. The cells from 14 untrained and 14 well-trained race horses were collected after acute exercise and cultured with clenbuterol. The expressions of CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD14, MHCII, and CD5 in PBMC, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as cell proliferation, were evaluated by flow cytometry. In addition, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, INF-γ and TNF-α concentrations were evaluated by ELISA. β2-adrenoceptor stimulation leads to enhanced anti-inflammatory properties in well-trained horses, as do low doses in untrained animals. In contrast, higher clenbuterol doses create a pro-inflammatory environment in inexperienced horses. In conclusion, β2-adrenoceptor stimulation leads to a biphasic response. In addition, the immune cells are more sensitive to drug abuse in inexperienced individuals under physical training.

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Eicosapentaenoic acid supplemented to in vitro maturation medium results in lesser lipid content and intracellular reactive oxygen species in blastocysts of cattle

Animal Reproduction Science ◽

10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106765 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106765

Author(s):

Noelia Nikoloff ◽

Ana C. Carranza ◽

Mariana C. Fabra ◽

Anabella Campagna ◽

Juan P. Anchordoquy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Lipid Content ◽

In Vitro Maturation ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Maturation Medium

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Plant Extracts and Reactive Oxygen Species as Two Counteracting Agents with Anti- and Pro-Obesity Properties

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20184556 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (18) ◽

pp. 4556 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hanna Zielinska-Blizniewska ◽

Przemyslaw Sitarek ◽

Anna Merecz-Sadowska ◽

Katarzyna Malinowska ◽

Karolina Zajdel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Complex Disease ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Complementary Therapy ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Mitochondrial Activity ◽

Oxygen Species

Obesity is a complex disease of great public health significance worldwide: It entails several complications including diabetes mellitus type 2, cardiovascular dysfunction and hypertension, and its prevalence is increasing around the world. The pathogenesis of obesity is closely related to reactive oxygen species. The role of reactive oxygen species as regulatory factors in mitochondrial activity in obese subjects, molecules taking part in inflammation processes linked to excessive size and number of adipocytes, and as agents governing the energy balance in hypothalamus neurons has been examined. Phytotherapy is the traditional form of treating health problems using plant-derived medications. Some plant extracts are known to act as anti-obesity agents and have been screened in in vitro models based on the inhibition of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and activity of pancreatic lipase methods and in in vivo high-fat diet-induced obesity rat/mouse models and human models. Plant products may be a good natural alternative for weight management and a source of numerous biologically-active chemicals, including antioxidant polyphenols that can counteract the oxidative stress associated with obesity. This review presents polyphenols as natural complementary therapy, and a good nutritional strategy, for treating obesity without serious side effects.

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