scholarly journals Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Plant Polysaccharides: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinli Dong ◽  
Mengze Zhou ◽  
Yehong Li ◽  
Yuxin Li ◽  
Hui Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Plant Polysaccharides ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Disorders

Cardiovascular disease is a kind of heart, brain, and blood vessel injury disease by the interaction of various pathological factors. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is complex with various risk factors, including abnormally elevated blood pressure, glucose, and lipid metabolism disorders, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, etc. Plant polysaccharides are a special class of natural products derived from plant resources, which have the characteristics of wide sources, diverse biological activities, and low toxicity or side effects. Many studies have shown that plant polysaccharides improve cardiovascular diseases through various mechanisms such as anti-oxidative stress, restoring the metabolism of biological macromolecules, regulating the apoptosis cascade to reduce cell apoptosis, and inhibiting inflammatory signal pathways to alleviate inflammation. This article reviews the pharmacological effects and protective mechanisms of some plant polysaccharides in modulating the cardiovascular system, which is beneficial for developing more effective drugs with low side effects for management of cardiovascular diseases.

Renal pharmacology for the cardiologist

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 214-218
Author(s):  
Kevin Damman ◽  
Daan Westenbrink
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Renal Impairment ◽  
Severe Renal Impairment ◽  
Cardiovascular Drug ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Drug Classes

Renal impairment is one of the most frequent co-morbidities in cardiovascular disease and is one of the end stages of (all) cardiovascular diseases. Through ageing of the cardiovascular population and improvements in the longevity of affected patients, the exposure of physicians to patients with (severe) renal impairment is growing. Therefore, basic knowledge on renal physiology and pharmacology is necessary to make educated decisions on pharmacological treatment, including decisions regarding preferred drug classes, dosing, combination therapy, and potential side effects. This chapter highlights some important considerations on the most frequently used cardiovascular drug classes.

Role of MCP-1 in cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications

2009 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianli Niu ◽  
Pappachan E. Kolattukudy
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
Plaque Rupture ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury

Many of the major diseases, including cardiovascular disease, are widely recognized as inflammatory diseases. MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1) plays a critical role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. MCP-1, by its chemotactic activity, causes diapedesis of monocytes from the lumen to the subendothelial space where they become foam cells, initiating fatty streak formation that leads to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Inflammatory macrophages probably play a role in plaque rupture and the resulting ischaemic episode as well as restenosis after angioplasty. There is strong evidence that MCP-1 plays a major role in myocarditis, ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the heart and in transplant rejection. MCP-1 also plays a role in cardiac repair and manifests protective effects under certain conditions. Such protective effects may be due to the induction of protective ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress chaperones by MCP-1. Under sustained ER stress caused by chronic exposure to MCP-1, the protection would break down resulting in the development of heart failure. MCP-1 is also involved in ischaemic angiogenesis. The recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that might be involved in the roles that MCP-1 plays in cardiovascular disease are reviewed. The gene expression changes induced by the signalling events triggered by MCP-1 binding to its receptor include the induction of a novel zinc-finger protein called MCPIP (MCP-1-induced protein), which plays critical roles in the development of the pathophysiology caused by MCP-1 production. The role of the MCP-1/CCR2 (CC chemokine receptor 2) system in diabetes, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, is also reviewed briefly. MCP-1/CCR2- and/or MCPIP-targeted therapeutic approaches to intervene in inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, may be feasible.

scholarly journals The Protective Effects of 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-Glucoside in the OVA-Induced Asthma Mice Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 4013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Ho Hwang ◽  
Su-Jin Kim ◽  
Hangun Kim ◽  
Sung-Tae Yee
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Asthma Treatment ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Polygonum Multiflorum ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Th1 And Th2

Asthma is an inflammatory disease caused by an imbalance of Th1 and Th2 cells. In general, asthma is characterized by a stronger Th2 response. Most conventional asthma treatment focuses on improving airway flow or suppression of airway inflammation. To reduce the side effects of currently used asthma medicines, we have conducted studies on natural products that have no side effects. 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG), the main compound of Polygonum multiflorum (PM), has various biological activities, including anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation activities. However, the effect of TSG on asthma has not been studied yet. We examined the effects of TSG on Th2 immune responses using an OVA-induced asthma animal model. OVA-sensitized mice were treated with TSG. 24 h after the last intranasal challenge, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was measured or serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were harvested. We measured typical Th1 and Th2 cytokines in serum and BALF. As a result, TSG suppressed Th2 responses, as shown by the lower levels of IL-4, IL-5, total IgE, OVA-specific IgE, and OVA-specific IgG1. On the other hand, TSG increased Th1 responses, as shown by the levels of IFN-gamma. Collectively, these results confirm the potential of TSG for asthma treatment through modulation of inflammatory responses. Considering that the cytotoxic effect of PM extract is due to the cis isomer of TSG, if the effect of TSG on asthma treatment is found to be non-toxic in clinical trials, it would be more effective to use it as a purified component than PM extract as an asthma treatment agent.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. and Its Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular Organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mas Rizky AA Syamsunarno ◽  
Ratu Safitri ◽  
Yusof Kamisah
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Blood Stasis ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Caesalpinia Sappan ◽  
Tropical Asia

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. The long-term aim of cardiovascular disease therapy is to reduce the mortality rate and decelerate the progression of cardiovascular organ damage. Current therapies focus on recovering heart function and reducing risk factors such as hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. However, oxidative stress and inflammation are important causes of further damage to cardiovascular organs. Caesalpinia sappan Linn. (Fabaceae), a flowering tree native to tropical Asia, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a natural dye to color food and beverages and as a traditional treatment for diarrhea, diabetes, and blood stasis. The phytochemical compounds in C. sappan, mainly the homoisoflavonoids brazilin, sappanone A, protosappanin, and hematoxylin, can potentially be used to protect cardiovascular organs. This review aims to provide updates on recent developments in research on C. sappan in relation to treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have reported protective effects of the plant’s bioactive compounds that reduce cardiac damage and enhance vasorelaxation. For example, brazilin and sappanone A have an impact on molecular and cellular changes in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis, mainly by modulating oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic signaling pathways. Therefore, bioactive compounds of C. sappan have the potential to be developed as therapeutic agents to combat cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction and vascular disease. This review could help further the understanding of the possible modulatory role of the compounds in cardiovascular diseases, thereby facilitating future studies.

scholarly journals Effect of Hypoxia-Induced MicroRNA-210 Expression on Cardiovascular Disease and the Underlying Mechanism

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinuo Guan ◽  
Xianjing Song ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Yiran Wang ◽  
Bin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Potential Applications

Cardiovascular diseases have high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, and their treatment and prevention are challenging. MicroRNAs are a series of noncoding RNAs with highly conserved sequences and regulate gene expression by inhibiting mRNA transcription or degrading targeting proteins. MicroRNA-210 is significantly upregulated during hypoxia and plays a protective role by inhibiting apoptosis and regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, mitochondrial metabolism, and angiogenesis in hypoxic cells. MicroRNA-210 expression is altered in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, preeclampsia, aortic stenosis, and heart failure, and overexpression of microRNA-210 in some of these diseases exerts protective effects on target organs. Furthermore, chronically upregulated miR-210 potentially plays a marked pathogenic role in specific situations. This review primarily focuses on the upstream pathways, downstream targets, clinical progress in cardiovascular disease, and potential applications of microRNA-210.

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Chinese Medicine on the Modulation of Myocardial Autophagy in Cardiovascular Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (05) ◽  
pp. 917-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue-Ying Li ◽  
Yong-Hua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Ischemia And Reperfusion ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Chinese Medicines ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cardio Protection ◽  
Stable Development

Autophagy refers to the process in which the cellular lysosome degrades the cell’s own damaged organelles and related macromolecule substances. It plays important roles in the homeostasis of organs, cell survival, and stable development. Previous studies indicate that the process of cardiopathology is closely associated with autophagy and some of Chinese medicines (active compounds and formulae) are found to have beneficial effects on injured cardiomyocytes via the modulation of autophagy. This review highlights the efficacy of the action of Chinese medicine on the regulation of myocardial autophagy and summarizes the related molecular and signal mechanisms. Our study discovers that some active compounds and formulae of Chinese medicines react on the specific targets of autophagy in related signal pathways to exert protective effects in the processes of ischemia and reperfusion, as well as, in other cardiopathological models. Parts of these compounds even have the characteristics of multiple targets in autophagic signal pathways and dual-directional regulated actions on autophagy, suggesting that Chinese medicines, which possess the ability to modulate autophagy, might improve effective cardio protection in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Protective effects of soy-isoflavones in cardiovascular disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fuchs ◽  
H. Daniel ◽  
U. Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Oxidized Ldl ◽  
Proteome Analysis ◽  
Soy Isoflavones ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Estrogen Production

SummaryEpidemiological studies indicate that the consumption of soy-containing food may prevent or slow-down the development of cardiovascular disease. In endothelial cells application of a soy extract or a combination of the most abundant soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein both inhibited apoptosis, a driving force in atherosclerosis development, when applied in combination with oxidized LDL or homocysteine. Proteome analysis revealed that the stressorinduced alteration of protein expression profile was reversed by the soy extract or the genistein/daidzein mixture. Only few protein entities that could be functionally linked to mitochondrial dysfunction were regulated in common by both application forms of isoflavones. A dietary intervention with isoflavone-enriched soy extract in postmenopausal women, who generally show strongly increased cardiovascular risk due to diminished estrogen production, led to significant alterations in the steady state levels of proteins from mononuclear blood cells. The proteins identified by proteome analysis revealed that soy isoflavones may increase the anti-inflammatory response in blood mononuclear cells thereby contributing to the atherosclerosispreventive activities of a soy-rich diet. Conclusion: By proteome analysis protein targets were identified in vitro in endothelial cells that respond to soy isoflavones and that may decipher molecular mechanisms through which soy products exert their protective effects in the vasculature.

NT-PROBNP AND THE CUT-OFF VALUE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

2011 ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Anh Tien Hoang ◽  
Van Minh Huynh ◽  
Khanh Hoang ◽  
Huu Dang Tran ◽  
Viet An Tran
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
European Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cardiac Marker ◽  
Cardiac Biomarker ◽  
European Society Of Cardiology

NT-ProBNP is a high value cardiac biomarker and widely applies in many cardiovascular diseases. The evaluation of concentration of NT-ProBNP needs the concern about age, gender, obesity and especially we need each cut-off point for each cause of cardiovascular disease in evaluation and clinical application. Because NT-ProBNP is a new cardiac marker and has been researched in 5 recent years, the cut-off of NT-ProBNP is still being studied for the clinical application in cardiovascular diseases. Only the cut-off of NT-ProBNP in diagnosis heart failure was guided by European Society of Cardiology. The meaning of introduce cut-off value of value plays an role as pilot study for the other relate study and brings the NT-ProBNP closely approach to clinical application.

Current Advances in the Biological Activity of Polysaccharides in Dendrobium with Intriguing Therapeutic Potential

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 1663-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Ting Lee ◽  
Heng-Chun Kuo ◽  
Yung-Hsiang Chen ◽  
Ming-Yen Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
The Family ◽  
Anti Tumor Activity

The polysaccharides in many plants are attracting worldwide attention because of their biological activities and medical properties, such as anti-viral, anti-oxidative, antichronic inflammation, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulation, and neuron-protective effects, as well as anti-tumor activity. Denodrobium species, a genus of the family orchidaceae, have been used as herbal medicines for hundreds of years in China due to their pharmacological effects. These effects include nourishing the Yin, supplementing the stomach, increasing body fluids, and clearing heat. Recently, numerous researchers have investigated possible active compounds in Denodrobium species, such as lectins, phenanthrenes, alkaloids, trigonopol A, and polysaccharides. Unlike those of other plants, the biological effects of polysaccharides in Dendrobium are a novel research field. In this review, we focus on these novel findings to give readers an overall picture of the intriguing therapeutic potential of polysaccharides in Dendrobium, especially those of the four commonly-used Denodrobium species: D. huoshanense, D. offininale, D. nobile, and D. chrysotoxum.

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