Plant tolerance to high temperature in a changing environment: scientific fundamentals and production of heat stress-tolerant crops

With global warming, high temperature stress has become a main threat to the growth of cool-season turfgrasses, including perennial ryegrass. As one of the conserved plant microRNA families, miR408s are known to play roles in various abiotic stresses, including cold, drought, salinity, and oxidative stress, but no report, thus far, was found for heat. Here, perennial ryegrass plants overexpressing rice Os-miR408 were used to investigate the role of miR408 in plant heat tolerance. Both wild type (WT) and miR408 transgenic perennial ryegrass plants (TG) were subjected to short-term heat stress at 38 °C for 72 h (experiment 1) or at 42 °C for 48 h (experiment 2), and then let recover for 7 days at optimum temperature. Morphological changes and physiological parameters, including antioxidative responses of TG and WT plants, were compared. The results showed that miR408 downregulated the expression of two putative target genes, PLASTOCYANIN and LAC3. Additionally, overexpression of Os-miR408 improved thermo-tolerance of perennial ryegrass, demonstrated by lower leaf lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage, and higher relative water content after both 38 and 42 °C heat stresses. In addition, the enhanced thermotolerance of TG plants could be associated with its morphological changes (e.g., narrower leaves, smaller tiller angles) and elevated antioxidative capacity. This study is the first that experimentally reported a positive role of miR408 in plant tolerance to heat stress, which provided useful information for further understanding the mechanism by which miR408 improved plant high-temperature tolerance, and offered a potential genetic resource for breeding heat-resistant cool-season turfgrass in the future.

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GERMINATION AND VIGOUR IN SEEDS OF THE COWPEA IN RESPONSE TO SALT AND HEAT STRESS

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252019v32n115rc ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 143-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luma Rayane de Lima Nunes ◽

Paloma Rayane Pinheiro ◽

Charles Lobo Pinheiro ◽

Kelly Andressa Peres Lima ◽

Alek Sandro Dutra

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Different Types ◽

Different Temperatures

ABSTRACT Salinity is prejudicial to plant development, causing different types of damage to species, or even between genotypes of the same species, with the effects being aggravated when combined with other types of stress, such as heat stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of cowpea genotypes (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) to salt stress at different temperatures. Seeds of the Pujante, Epace 10 and Marataoã genotypes were placed on paper rolls (Germitest®) moistened with different salt concentrations of 0.0 (control), 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1, and placed in a germination chamber (BOD) at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised design, in a 3 × 4 × 5 scheme of subdivided plots, with four replications per treatment. The variables under analysis were germination percentage, first germination count, shoot and root length, and total seedling dry weight. At temperatures of 30 and 35°C, increases in the salt concentration were more damaging to germination in the Epace 10 and Pujante genotypes, while for the Marataoã genotype, damage occurred at the temperature of 20°C. At 25°C, germination and vigour in the genotypes were higher, with the Pujante genotype proving to be more tolerant to salt stress, whereas Epace 10 and Marataoã were more tolerant to high temperatures. Germination in the cowpea genotypes was more sensitive to salt stress when subjected to heat stress caused by the low temperature of 20°C or high temperature of 35°C.

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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) TaHMW1D Transcript Variants Are Highly Expressed in Response to Heat Stress and in Grains Located in Distal Part of the Spike

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040687 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 687

Author(s):

Chan Seop Ko ◽

Jin-Baek Kim ◽

Min Jeong Hong ◽

Yong Weon Seo

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Temperature Stress ◽

Storage Proteins ◽

Seed Storage ◽

Seed Storage Proteins ◽

Grain Filling ◽

High Temperature Stress ◽

Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Transcript Variants

High-temperature stress during the grain filling stage has a deleterious effect on grain yield and end-use quality. Plants undergo various transcriptional events of protein complexity as defensive responses to various stressors. The “Keumgang” wheat cultivar was subjected to high-temperature stress for 6 and 10 days beginning 9 days after anthesis, then two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and peptide analyses were performed. Spots showing decreased contents in stressed plants were shown to have strong similarities with a high-molecular glutenin gene, TraesCS1D02G317301 (TaHMW1D). QRT-PCR results confirmed that TaHMW1D was expressed in its full form and in the form of four different transcript variants. These events always occurred between repetitive regions at specific deletion sites (5′-CAA (Glutamine) GG/TG (Glycine) or (Valine)-3′, 5′-GGG (Glycine) CAA (Glutamine) -3′) in an exonic region. Heat stress led to a significant increase in the expression of the transcript variants. This was most evident in the distal parts of the spike. Considering the importance of high-molecular weight glutenin subunits of seed storage proteins, stressed plants might choose shorter polypeptides while retaining glutenin function, thus maintaining the expression of glutenin motifs and conserved sites.

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Pre-anthesis high-temperature acclimation alleviates damage to the flag leaf caused by post-anthesis heat stress in wheat

Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1016/j.jplph.2010.09.016 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 168 (6) ◽

pp. 585-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

Xiao Wang ◽

Jian Cai ◽

Dong Jiang ◽

Fulai Liu ◽

Tingbo Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Flag Leaf ◽

Temperature Acclimation

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Host choice, settling and folding leaf behaviors of the larval rice leaf folder under heat stress

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485316000584 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 106 (6) ◽

pp. 809-817 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M.A. Bodlah ◽

A.-X. Zhu ◽

X.-D. Liu

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Host Choice ◽

Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis ◽

Behavioral Traits ◽

The Third ◽

Rice Leaf ◽

Rice Leaf Folder ◽

Extreme High Temperature ◽

Third Instar Larvae

AbstractExtreme high-temperature events are the key factor to determine population dynamics of the rice leaf folder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée), in summer. Although we know that adult of this insect can migrate to avoid heat stress, the behavioral response of larva to high temperature is still unclear. Therefore, impacts of high temperature on behavioral traits ofC. medinalisincluding host choice, settling and folding leaf were observed. The results revealed that these behavioral traits were clearly influenced by high temperature. The larvae preferred maize leaves rather than rice and wheat at normal temperature of 27°C, but larvae experienced a higher temperature of 37 or 40°C for 4 h preferred rice leaves rather than maize and wheat. Capacity of young larvae to find host leaves or settle on the upper surface of leaves significantly reduced when they were treated by high temperature. High temperature of 40°C reduced the leaf-folding capacity of the third instar larvae, but no effects were observed on the fourth and fifth instar larvae. Short-term heat acclimation could not improve the capacity of the third instar larvae to make leaf fold under 40°C.

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High temperatures during microsporogenesis fatally shorten pollen lifespan

Plant Reproduction ◽

10.1007/s00497-021-00425-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maurizio Iovane ◽

Giovanna Aronne

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Male Gametophyte ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Anther Dehiscence ◽

Optimal Temperature ◽

Drastic Reduction ◽

Crop Species

AbstractMany crop species are cultivated to produce seeds and/or fruits and therefore need reproductive success to occur. Previous studies proved that high temperature on mature pollen at anther dehiscence reduce viability and germinability therefore decreasing crop productivity. We hypothesized that high temperature might affect pollen functionality even if the heat treatment is exerted only during the microsporogenesis. Experimental data on Solanum lycopersicum ‘Micro-Tom’ confirmed our hypothesis. Microsporogenesis successfully occurred at both high (30 °C) and optimal (22 °C) temperature. After the anthesis, viability and germinability of the pollen developed at optimal temperature gradually decreased and the reduction was slightly higher when pollen was incubated at 30 °C. Conversely, temperature effect was eagerly enhanced in pollen developed at high temperature. In this case, a drastic reduction of viability and a drop-off to zero of germinability occurred not only when pollen was incubated at 30 °C but also at 22 °C. Further ontogenetic analyses disclosed that high temperature significantly speeded-up the microsporogenesis and the early microgametogenesis (from vacuolated stage to bi-cellular pollen); therefore, gametophytes result already senescent at flower anthesis. Our work contributes to unravel the effects of heat stress on pollen revealing that high temperature conditions during microsporogenesis prime a fatal shortening of the male gametophyte lifespan.

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Emergence of seedlings from different depths following high temperature stress

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600052746 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 525-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

I. C. Onwueme ◽

S. A. Adegoroye

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Temperature Stress ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

High Temperature Stress ◽

Moist Soil ◽

Different Depths

SUMMARYSeeds of Amaranthus, melon, cowpea and tomato were planted in moist soil at 1, 4 or 7·5 cm depth and subjected to a heat stress of 45 °C for 10 h on the day of sowing (day 0), 1 day after sowing or 2 days after sowing. Seedling emergence was retarded by heat stress, the most drastic retardation being due to heat stress on day 1 for cowpea and tomato, day 2 for melon, and day 0 for Amaranthus. Emergence also decreased with increasing depth of sowing. The interaction of depth and heat stress was also significant in all cases, such that the delay in emergence due to heat stress tended to be greater with increasing depth of sowing. The agronomic significance of the results is discussed.

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Effect of Timing of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on Two Wheat Varieties Differing in Heat Tolerance. II. Fractional Protein Accumulation

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9960739 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 739 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

PJ Stone ◽

ME Nicolas

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Grain Growth ◽

Heat Tolerance ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Size Exclusion ◽

Protein Accumulation ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

Very High

Short periods of very high temperature (> 35�C) are common during the grain filling period of wheat, and can significantly alter mature protein composition and consequently grain quality. This study was designed to determine the stage of grain growth at which fractional protein accumulation is most sensitive to a short heat stress, and to examine whether varietal differences in heat tolerance are expressed consistently throughout the grain filling period. Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance (cvv. Egret and Oxley, tolerant and sensitive, respectively) were exposed to a short (5 day) period of very high temperature (40�C max, for 6 h each day) at 5-day intervals throughout grain filling, from 15 to 50 days after anthesis. Grain samples were taken throughout grain growth and analysed for protein content and composition (albumin/globulin, monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and SDS-insoluble polymer) using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The timing of heat stress exerted a significant influence on the accumulation of total wheat protein and its fractions, and protein fractions differed in their responses to the timing of heat stress. Furthermore, wheat genotype influenced both the sensitivity of fractional protein accumulation to heat stress and the stage during grain filling at which maximum sensitivity to heat stress occurred.

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Transcriptome and translatome changes in germinated pollen under heat stress uncover roles of transporter genes involved in pollen tube growth

10.1101/2020.05.29.122937 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laetitia Poidevin ◽

Javier Forment ◽

Dilek Unal ◽

Alejandro Ferrando

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Heat Shock ◽

Pollen Tube ◽

Pollen Tube Growth ◽

Tube Growth ◽

Heat Shock Genes ◽

Germinated Pollen

ABSTRACTPlant reproduction is one key biological process very sensitive to heat stress and, as a consequence, enhanced global warming poses serious threats to food security worldwide. In this work we have used a high-resolution ribosome profiling technology to study how heat affects both the transcriptome and the translatome of Arabidopsis thaliana pollen germinated in vitro. Overall, a high correlation between transcriptional and translational responses to high temperature was found, but specific regulations at the translational level were also present. We show that bona fide heat shock genes are induced by high temperature indicating that in vitro germinated pollen is a suitable system to understand the molecular basis of heat responses. Concurrently heat induced significant down-regulation of key membrane transporters required for pollen tube growth, thus uncovering heat-sensitive targets. We also found that a large subset of the heat-repressed transporters is specifically up-regulated, in a coordinated manner, with canonical heat-shock genes in pollen tubes grown in vitro and semi in vivo, based on published transcriptomes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Ribosome footprints were also detected in gene sequences annotated as non-coding, highlighting the potential for novel translatable genes and translational dynamics.

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Heat Stress Modulates the GSK-3β Levels and Tau Phosphorylation

10.20944/preprints202007.0645.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tushar Dubey ◽

Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Posttranslational Modifications ◽

Neuroblastoma Cells ◽

Tau Phosphorylation ◽

Pathological State ◽

Progressive Dementia ◽

Stressed Cells ◽

Gsk 3Β ◽

In Cells

Alzheimer’s disease is a prominent neurological disorder, which leads to progressive dementia. The microtubule-associated protein Tau is been considered as one of the major causes of Alzheimer’s disease. Physiologically Tau assists in the stabilization of microtubules, contrary to this the pathological state of Tau results in the formation of neurotoxic tangles of Tau. The posttranslational modifications, such as GSK-3β-mediated Tau phosphorylation results in the generation of Tau pathology. Neuroinflammation generated in Alzheimer’s disease, contributes to elevated body temperature. The aim of present work is to study the effect of high temperature on Tau phosphorylation. The neuroblastoma cells were exposed to heat stress for 40 minutes. The immunofluorescence and western blot studies suggested that high temperature increases the levels of GSK-3β in cells. Heat stressed cells was also observed to have elevated levels of phosphorylated Tau. Additionally, heat stressed cells found to have modulated nuclear transport as the level of Ran was reduced. The results of present work suggested that increased temperature could be considered as a risk factor in Alzheimer’s disease as it elevated the GSK-3β levels in cells thus, resulting in increased Tau phosphorylation.

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