scholarly journals Difference Between Day and Night Temperatures Affects Stem Elongation in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Seedlings via Regulation of Gibberellin and Auxin Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinuka Ohtaka ◽  
Akiko Yoshida ◽  
Yusuke Kakei ◽  
Kosuke Fukui ◽  
Mikiko Kojima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Control Temperature ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Auxin Synthesis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
C 30

Temperature is a critical environmental factor governing plant growth and development. The difference between day temperature (DT) and night temperature (NT), abbreviated as DIF, influences plant architecture. Subjecting plants to artificial DIF treatments is an effective strategy in ornamental horticulture. For example, negative DIF (when DT – NT < 0) generally inhibits stem elongation, resulting in dwarf plants. However, the mechanisms underlying stem growth regulation by DIF remains to be completely elucidated. In this study, we aimed to analyze the growth, transcriptome, and phytohormone profiles of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings grown under different DIF treatments. Under positive DIF (when DT – NT > 0), in contrast to the control temperature (25°C/20°C, DT/NT), high temperature (30°C/25°C) increased stem length and thickness, as well as the number of xylem vessels. Conversely, compared with the positive high temperature DIF treatment (30°C/25°C), under negative DIF treatment (25°C/30°C) stem elongation was inhibited, but stem thickness and the number of xylem vessels were not affected. The negative DIF treatment decreased the expression of gibberellin (GA)-, auxin-, and cell wall-related genes in the epicotyl, as well as the concentrations of GAs and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The expression of these genes and concentrations of these hormones increased under high temperature compared to those under the control temperature positive DIF. Our results suggest that stem length in tomato seedlings is controlled by changes in GA and IAA biosynthesis in response to varying day and night temperatures.

scholarly journals Vegetative Reproduction Is More Advantageous Than Sexual Reproduction in a Canopy-Forming Clonal Macroalga under Ocean Warming Accompanied by Oligotrophication and Intensive Herbivory

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1522
Author(s):  
Hikaru Endo ◽  
Toru Sugie ◽  
Yukiko Yonemori ◽  
Yuki Nishikido ◽  
Hikari Moriyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Regeneration Ability ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Regeneration Rate ◽  
Fish Herbivory ◽  
C 30

Ocean warming and the associated changes in fish herbivory have caused polarward distributional shifts in the majority of canopy-forming macroalgae that are dominant in temperate Japan, but have little effect on the alga Sargassum fusiforme. The regeneration ability of new shoots from holdfasts in this species may be advantageous in highly grazed environments. However, little is known about the factors regulating this in Sargassum species. Moreover, holdfast tolerance to high-temperature and nutrient-poor conditions during summer has rarely been evaluated. In the present study, S. fusiforme holdfast responses to the combined effects of temperature and nutrient availability were compared to those of sexually reproduced propagules. The combined effects of holdfast fragmentation and irradiance on regeneration were also evaluated. Propagule growth rate values changed from positive to negative under the combination of elevated temperature (20 °C–30 °C) and reduced nutrient availability, whereas holdfasts exhibited a positive growth rate even at 32 °C in nutrient-poor conditions. The regeneration rate increased with holdfast fragmentation (1 mm segments), but was unaffected by decreased irradiance. These results suggest that S. fusiforme holdfasts have a higher tolerance to high-temperature and nutrient-poor conditions during summer than propagules, and regenerate new shoots even if 1-mm segments remain in shaded refuges for fish herbivory avoidance.

scholarly journals High-Temperature Short-Time and Holder Pasteurization of Donor Milk: Impact on Milk Composition

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Diana Escuder-Vieco ◽  
Juan M. Rodríguez ◽  
Irene Espinosa-Martos ◽  
Nieves Corzo ◽  
Antonia Montilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Donor Human Milk ◽  
High Temperature Short Time ◽  
Lactose Concentration ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Milk Banks ◽  
Short Time

Holder pasteurization (HoP; 62.5 °C, 30 min) is commonly used to ensure the microbiological safety of donor human milk (DHM) but diminishes its nutritional properties. A high-temperature short-time (HTST) system was designed as an alternative for human milk banks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of this HTST system on different nutrients and the bile salt stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity of DHM. DHM was processed in the HTST system and by standard HoP. Macronutrients were measured with a mid-infrared analyzer. Lactose, glucose, myo-inositol, vitamins and lipids were assayed using chromatographic techniques. BSSL activity was determined using a kit. The duration of HTST treatment had a greater influence on the nutrient composition of DHM than did the tested temperature. The lactose concentration and the percentage of phospholipids and PUFAs were higher in HTST-treated than in raw DHM, while the fat concentration and the percentage of monoacylglycerides and SFAs were lower. Other nutrients did not change after HTST processing. The retained BSSL activity was higher after short HTST treatment than that following HoP. Overall, HTST treatment resulted in better preservation of the nutritional quality of DHM than HoP because relevant thermosensitive components (phospholipids, PUFAs, and BSSL) were less affected.

SEASONAL GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG AND SHORT SHOOTS OF TAMARACK

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1643-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Johanna Clausen ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Food Reserves

Tamarack (Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch) produces long shoots which bear two kinds of needles. Early needles are present in the bud and elongate rapidly after budbreak. Late needles, few of which are present in the bud, elongate later than early needles. Short shoots bear early needles only, and stem length seldom exceeds 1 mm. Seasonal changes in length and weight of needles and stems of both shoot types were measured. In long shoots, 75% of stem elongation, more than 70% of stem weight increment, and 65–70% of late needle elongation occurred after early needles were full-sized. Stem and late needle elongation ceased simultaneously, after which time needle weight decreased and stem weight increased. Early needles probably drew on food reserves while developing, and then themselves contributed to stem and late needle elongation. Final stem weight increase probably used photosynthate from both late and early needles of the current year.Shading of current and last year's needles showed that shoots in which photosynthesis was interrupted in this way produced shorter, lighter-weight stems than did control shoots.

EFFECTS OF BLUE AND RED LIGHT ON STEM ELONGATION AND FLOWERING OF TOMATO SEEDLINGS

2012 ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Nanya ◽  
Y. Ishigami ◽  
S. Hikosaka ◽  
E. Goto
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Tomato Seedlings

High Temperature Creep Behavior of Austenitic Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy

2013 ◽  
Vol 686 ◽  
pp. 170-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esah Hamzah ◽  
Maureen Mudang ◽  
Ang Khwang Jenq ◽  
Muhammad Adil Khattak
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Creep Damage ◽  
Transgranular Fracture ◽  
Creep Fracture ◽  
Secondary Stage ◽  
Tertiary Stage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Temperature Test ◽  
Section Form

Creep damage investigation was carried out in Fe-Ni-Cr alloy at 800°C, 900°C, and 983°C using rectangular section form of specimen. In all the tests conducted on this material, some creep curves showed primary stage, secondary stage and tertiary stage. The creep fracture shows ductile transgranular fracture where separation occurred at the dendrites carbide interface suggesting that the detrimental effect of creep was compounded by precipitation of carbides at matrix. The presence of cavities may be due to the difference in thermal expansion characteristics of the austenite and carbide during high temperature test. Coarsening of carbides lead to cavities formation within the dendrite and carbide interface and form cavities linkage due to formation of crack and finally cause creep fracture. Increase in creep temperature it will lead to increase in creep rate. The fracture modes of creep samples were investigated to predict the failure mode.

scholarly journals Ultra-High Temperature Effect on Bioactive Compounds and Sensory Attributes of Orange Juice Compared with Traditional Processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 486-491
Author(s):  
Gaļina Zvaigzne ◽  
Daina Kārkliņa ◽  
Joerg-Thomas Moersel ◽  
Sasha Kuehn ◽  
Inta Krasnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Orange Juice ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Traditional Processing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ultra High Temperature

Abstract Orange juices are an important source of bioactive compounds. Because of its unique combination of sensory attributes and nutritional value, orange juice is the world’s most popular fruit juice. Orange (Citrus sinensis) juice of Greek Navel variety was used in this study. The impact of Conventional Thermal Pasteurisation (94 °C/30') (CTP) and alternative Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) (130 °C/2') processing on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity changes of fresh Navel orange juice was investigated. Sensory attributes of processed juices were evaluated. Results showed that using technologies CTP and UHT orange juice Navel significantly changed vitamin C concentration in comparison with fresh orange juice. The highest concentration of antioxidants (vitamin C, total phenols, hesperidin and carotenoids) was observed in orange juice Navel produced by UHT technology. Sensory results indicated that characteristics of the orange juice obtained using UHT technology were more liked than the CTP heat treated juice. UHT technology emerges as an advantageous alternative process to preserve bioactive compounds in orange juice.

scholarly journals Equations of viscous flow of silicate liquids with different approaches for universality of high temperature viscosity limit

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Ana Kozmidis-Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Viscous Flow ◽  
Temperature Limit ◽  
High Temperature Limit ◽  
Viscosity Parameter ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Viscosity Limit ◽  
Dependent Parameter ◽  
Silicate Liquids ◽  
The Difference

The Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT), Avramov and Milchev (AM) as well as Mauro, Yue, Ellison, Gupta and Allan (MYEGA) functions of viscous flow are analysed when the compositionally independent high temperature viscosity limit is introduced instead of the compositionally dependent parameter ??. Two different approaches are adopted. In the first approach, it is assumed that each model should have its own (average) hightemperature viscosity parameter ??. In that case, ?? is different for each of these three models. In the second approach, it is assumed that the high-temperature viscosity is a truly universal value, independent of the model. In this case, the parameter ?? would be the same and would have the same value: log ?? = ?1.93 dPa?s for all three models. 3D diagrams can successfully predict the difference in behaviour of viscous functions when average or universal high temperature limit is applied in calculations. The values of the AM functions depend, to a greater extent, on whether the average or the universal value for ?? is used which is not the case with the VFT model. Our tests and values of standard error of estimate (SEE) show that there are no general rules whether the average or universal high temperature viscosity limit should be applied to get the best agreement with the experimental functions.

scholarly journals Response of Oxypetalum caeruleum to Irradiance, Temperature, and Photoperiod

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 910-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Armitage ◽  
N.G. Seager ◽  
I.J. Warrington ◽  
D.H. Greer ◽  
J. Reyngoud
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Stem Strength ◽  
Flower Abortion ◽  
Reduced Time

Incremental increases in temperature from 14 to 22 to 30C resulted in linear increases in stem length and node number and decreases in stem diameter and stem strength of Oxypetalum caeruleum (D. Don.) Decne. Higher temperatures also resulted in additional flower abortion, reduced time to flowering, and fewer flowering stems per inflorescence. Reduction in the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) from 695 to 315 μmol·s-1·m-2 had similar effects as increasing the temperature on vegetative characteristics, but had little effect on reproductive ones. The rate of stem elongation was greatest at low PPF for all temperatures and at high temperature for all PPF treatments. Net photosynthesis rose between 14 and 22C and declined at 30C for all PPF treatments. Long photoperiods (12 or 14 hours) resulted in longer internodes, longer stems, and more flowers per cyme than short photoperiods (8 or 10 hours), but photoperiod had little effect on flowering time. Treatments to reduce latex coagulant and silver thiosulfate treatments had no significant effect on vase life.

scholarly journals Variance of Voltages in a Lattice Coulomb Gas

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Conache ◽  
Markus Heydenreich ◽  
Franz Merkl ◽  
Silke W. W. Rolles
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
Coulomb Gas ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Discrete Gaussian Model ◽  
Dimensional Lattice ◽  
The Difference

AbstractWe study the behavior of the variance of the difference of energies for putting an additional electric unit charge at two different locations in the two-dimensional lattice Coulomb gas in the high-temperature regime. For this, we exploit the duality between this model and a discrete Gaussian model. Our estimates follow from a spontaneous symmetry breaking in the latter model.

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