scholarly journals Neighbors, Drought, and Nitrogen Application Affect the Root Morphological Plasticity of Dalbergia odorifera

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Shan Xiang ◽  
Ling-Feng Miao ◽  
Fan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
N Application ◽  
Growth Ratio ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
Dalbergia Odorifera ◽  
Root Morphological Plasticity

In forest systems, neighbor-induced root morphological plasticity (RMP) is species specific and environment dependent. However, related studies on leguminous woody trees remain sparse. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the root morphological response of the leguminous woody Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen to different N-fixing niche neighbors under models of root system contact and isolation and to evaluate whether such response can be modified by drought or the application of nitrogen (N). The relationship between root morphology and the relative competitiveness of the whole D. odorifera plantlet was also assessed. D. odorifera plantlets from the woody Leguminosae family were used as target species and were grown with either identical N-fixing niche D. odorifera, the heterogeneous but con-leguminous Delonix regia, or the non-leguminous Swietenia mahagoni. All plants were grown under two water conditions (100% and 30% field capacity) and two N treatments (no N application and N application). Two planting models (root system contact in Experiment 1, root system isolation in Experiment 2) were applied to neighboring plantlets. The RMP of D. odorifera was assessed based on root morphology, root system classification, root nodules, and RMP-related indices. The growth of D. odorifera was estimated based on the relative growth ratio, net assimilation rate, and leaf N content. The relative competitiveness of the whole D. odorifera plantlet was evaluated through relative yield. The results of Experiment 1 showed that D. odorifera had different RMP responses to a different N-fixing niche neighbor with root system contact. The RMP of D. odorifera was promoted by a different N-fixing niche neighbor under conditions of drought or N deficiency. Drought improved the RMP of D. odorifera exposed to a different N-fixing niche neighbor. N application converted the promoting effect of D. regia on RMP to an inhibitory effect under well-watered conditions. Experiment 2 showed that belowground interaction with a different N-fixing niche neighbor may be the only way to influence RMP, as effects of aboveground interaction were negligible. Finally, correlation analysis showed that neighbor-induced RMP might predict the relative competitiveness of the whole D. odorifera plantlet under conditions of drought or N deficiency. These findings highlight the influences of neighbors, drought, and N application on the RMP of D. odorifera and contribute to understanding neighbor-induced dynamic changes in the root traits of leguminous woody species in forest systems in the context of climate change.

scholarly journals Drought and Nitrogen Application Modulate the Morphological and Physiological Responses of Dalbergia odorifera to Different Niche Neighbors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Shan Xiang ◽  
Ling-Feng Miao ◽  
Fan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Root System ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Species Interaction ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Niche Segregation ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
N Application ◽  
Mixed Forests ◽  
Dalbergia Odorifera

Mixed stands can be more productive if growth facilitation via niche segregation occurs. Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen, a tropical tree species endemic to Hainan Island with great economic values, belongs to the family Leguminosae. However, selecting mixed species with suitable ecological niches to efficiently construct mixed forests of D. odorifera in the context of abiotic stress [drought, nitrogen (N) deposition] remained obscure. In the present study, the target plant D. odorifera was planted with the same species D. odorifera, heterogeneous but the same family Delonix regia and non-Leguminous Family Swietenia mahagoni in the root interaction and isolated models under two watering regimes [100% and 30% field capacity (FC)] and two N applications (application, non-application), respectively. Principle component analysis based on the performances of growth, phenotype, and physiology was performed to identify the main factors affected by the treatments and the most discriminatory effects of water, N level, and species interaction models. Both comprehensive evaluation values and comprehensive index values were calculated to evaluate the influences of different niche neighbors on D. odorifera. Results showed that D. odorifera was benefited from S. mahagoni but inhibited from D. odorifera in all treatments under root system interaction. Drought stress aggravated the inhibitory effects on D. odorifera from D. odorifera. N application stimulated the promoted effects on D. odorifera from S. mahagoni but enhanced competition intensity of D. odorifera from D. regia under the 100% FC condition. N application alleviated the inhibitory effect of drought stress on D. odorifera from D. odorifera and S. mahagoni. Furthermore, the responses of D. odorifera to different niche neighbors were dominated by belowground interaction rather than the negligible aboveground one. Therefore, the feasibility of niche segregation as the criterion for selecting neighbors to construct D. odorifera mixed stands was confirmed. In addition, water level and N application could alter responses of D. odorifera to different niche neighbors under the root system interaction. Appropriate N application could alleviate the inhibitory effect of drought stress on D. odorifera in its mixed forests. A mixture with S. mahagoni under appropriate N application could be the optimal planting model.

scholarly journals Silicon Effects on the Root System of Diverse Crop Species Using Root Phenotyping Technology

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Pooja Tripathi ◽  
Sangita Subedi ◽  
Abdul Latif Khan ◽  
Yong-Suk Chung ◽  
Yoonha Kim
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Wide Range

Roots play an essential function in the plant life cycle, as they utilize water and essential nutrients to promote growth and plant productivity. In particular, root morphology characteristics (such as length, diameter, hairs, and lateral growth) and the architecture of the root system (spatial configuration in soil, shape, and structure) are the key elements that ensure growth and a fine-tuned response to stressful conditions. Silicon (Si) is a ubiquitous element in soil, and it can affect a wide range of physiological processes occurring in the rhizosphere of various crop species. Studies have shown that Si significantly and positively enhances root morphological traits, including root length in rice, soybean, barley, sorghum, mustard, alfalfa, ginseng, and wheat. The analysis of these morphological traits using conventional methods is particularly challenging. Currently, image analysis methods based on advanced machine learning technologies allowed researchers to screen numerous samples at the same time considering multiple features, and to investigate root functions after the application of Si. These methods include root scanning, endoscopy, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional imaging, which can measure Si uptake, translocation and root morphological traits. Small variations in root morphology and architecture can reveal different positive impacts of Si on the root system of crops, with or without exposure to stressful environmental conditions. This review comprehensively illustrates the influences of Si on root morphology and root architecture in various crop species. Furthermore, it includes recommendations in regard to advanced methods and strategies to be employed to maintain sustainable plant growth rates and crop production in the currently predicted global climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals Morphological Characterization of Root System Architecture in Diverse Tomato Genotypes during Early Growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora Alaguero-Cordovilla ◽  
Francisco Gran-Gómez ◽  
Sergio Tormos-Moltó ◽  
José Pérez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Local Soil

Plant roots exploit morphological plasticity to adapt and respond to different soil environments. We characterized the root system architecture of nine wild tomato species and four cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties during early growth in a controlled environment. Additionally, the root system architecture of six near-isogenic lines from the tomato ‘Micro-Tom’ mutant collection was also studied. These lines were affected in key genes of ethylene, abscisic acid, and anthocyanin pathways. We found extensive differences between the studied lines for a number of meaningful morphological traits, such as lateral root distribution, lateral root length or adventitious root development, which might represent adaptations to local soil conditions during speciation and subsequent domestication. Taken together, our results provide a general quantitative framework for comparing root system architecture in tomato seedlings and other related species.

Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh E. Wilcox ◽  
Ruth Ganmore-Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
First Order ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Seedlings of Pinusresinosa were grown at root temperatures of 16, 21 and 27 °C, both aseptically and after inoculation with the ectendomycorrhizal fungus BDG-58. Growth after 3 months was significantly influenced by the presence of the fungus at all 3 temperatures. The influence of the fungus on root growth was obscured by the effects of root temperature on morphology. The root system at 16 and at 21 °C possessed many first-order laterals with numerous, well developed second-order branches, but those at 27 °C had only a few, relatively long, unbranched first-order laterals. Although the root systems of infected seedlings were larger, the fungus increased root growth in the same pattern as determined by the temperature.

Yields of Hybrid Sorghums

1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Doggett
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Environmental Fluctuations

SUMMARYSorghum hybrids and varieties show similar responses to changing environment, with constant relative yield increases from the hybrids over a wide range of conditions due almost entirely to more florets and grains per plant and per hectare. Carbohydrate production of the leaves of good varieties is probably not much in excess of requirements for filling the grain. The extra spikelet number of the hybrid, increases in photosynthetic area and probably increased photosynthetic efficiency together enable the extra grains be filled. There is also an advantage in size and activity of the root system. The yield increase is strongly buffered against environmental fluctuations. The fact that hybrids can increase over a wide range of farming conditions should result in big increases in production simply by changing from varieties to hybrids, as is already happening in several countries.

Root Morphology and Secretion of two subtropical tree species to NH4+-N and NO3–-N Deposition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Zhichun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Southern China ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Tap Root

Abstract Background: Both NH4+ and NO3– are capable of greatly influencing plants’ growth and biomass. However, the belowground responses of subtropical trees to either NH4+ or NO3– deposition remain poorly understood. Here, we discuss how these two forms of N deposition can affect root development, and experimentally analyzed how they could impact nitrogen and phosphorus absorption in two types (broadleaved with a fibrous root system vs. conifer with a tap root system) of subtropical tree species. Results: In a greenhouse in southern China, 1-year-old S. superba and P. massoniana seedlings grown on P-limited and P-normal soil were treated with NaNO3 and NH4Cl solutions of 0, 80, and 200 kg N ha–1 year–1, corresponding to the control, N80, and N200 groups, respectively. Root phenotype characteristics and metabolism ability were measured after 8 months of growth. The results showed that the root morphology and physiology variables differed significantly between the two species under different N and P treatments. Although S. superba had a larger quantity of roots than P. massoniana, both its root growth rate and root absorption were respectively lower and weaker. N addition differentially affected root growth and activity as follows: (1) NO3–-N80 and NH4+-N80 increased root growth and activity of the two species, but NH4+-N80 led to thicker roots in S. superba; (2) NO3–-N200 and NH4+-N200 had inhibitory effects on the roots of P. massoniana, for which NH4+-N200 led to thinner and longer roots and even the death of some roots; and (3) NH4+-N could promote metabolic activity in thicker roots (> 1.5 mm) and the NO3–-N was found to stimulate activity in thinner roots (0.5–1.5 mm) in the fibrous root system having a larger quantity of roots, namely S. superba. By contrast, NO3–-N and NH4+-N had an opposite influence upon functioning in the tap root system with a slender root, namely P. massoniana. Conclusion: We conclude P. massoniana has a much higher root absorption efficiency; however, nitrogen deposition is more beneficial to the root growth of S. superba.

scholarly journals Exogenous auxin improves root morphology and restores growth of grafted cucumber seedlings

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balliu Astrit ◽  
Sallaku Glenda
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Cucumber Seedlings ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Morphology Parameters ◽  
Establishment Rate

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenously applied auxin over the rootstock cuttings on root morphology parameters and stand establishment rate of salt-stressed cutting grafted cucumber seedlings. For that purpose, before grafting, the cut ends of the rootstocks were soaked for few seconds into auxin solution (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3- butyric acid (IBA))at different concentrations and afterwards were grafted by the root pruned splice grafting (RPSG) method. Ten days after grafting, the grafted seedlings were transplanted into individual pots where two different levels of salt-stress (0 and 50 mM) were established. Root morphology parameters, as well as dry matter of the root system and the whole plants were successively analysed to randomly selected plants. Exogenous auxins improved root morphology parameters and restored root growth under salinity conditions. The best results were obtained through the application of IBA, which promoted a better rootstock – scion relationship, presumably due to faster development of phloem and xylem tubes, and the promotion of a vigorous root system which increases plant’s absorbing capabilities for water and nutrients under adverse soil conditions.

Screening and comprehensive evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato) germplasm resources for nitrogen efficiency in Xinjiang, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-189
Author(s):  
Chunping Jia ◽  
Fengbin Wang ◽  
Jie Yuan ◽  
Yanhong Zhang ◽  
Zhiqiang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Germplasm Resources ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Efficiency ◽  
Panicle Number

AbstractComprehensive screening of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato) germplasm resources with different nitrogen (N) efficiency levels is effective for improving N use efficiency (NUE) while reducing pollution and providing high quality, yield, and efficiency agriculture. We investigated 14 indices of 38 varieties under three N application levels to assess differences among genotypes. Rice varieties were classified for screening and identifying N efficient. Descriptive statistical analysis results indicated significant differences in relative yield, and also in NUE indices (agronomic utilization rate and partial productivity of N fertilizer). The genotype main effects and genotype–environment interaction effects (GGE) biplot analysis was used to evaluate suitable varieties, compare the stable and high yield capabilities of different varieties, find the ideal variety, and describe the correlation, discrimination and representativeness of the indices under different N application levels. Descriptive statistical, discrimitiveness and representativeness and factor analysis were used to select indices, in which the panicle number per plant and soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value were the key indices for evaluation and identification. Heatmap and hierarchical cluster analysis based on the average value of evaluation indices, and scatter plot based on the comprehensive value of N efficiency (P) according to formula showed that all varieties could be divided into five types under different N treatments. Our findings work toward developing N efficient rice varieties to improve NUE, reduce N fertilizer application and thus N waste, consequently mitigating the effects of rice production on the environment to ensure food security and sustainable agricultural development.

scholarly journals The effect of bermuda grass root morphology on the displacement of slope

2019 ◽  
Vol 275 ◽  
pp. 03004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Lei JI ◽  
Ping YANG
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Slope Surface ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Geological Disasters ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
Rain Erosion

During recent years, with the drastic development of highway, lots of slopes are produced which cause the increase of geological disasters including soil erosion on the slope and shallow sliding surface, it makes significant impact on the ecological environment. Adopting ecological protection technique of plant slope protection not only can prevent geological disasters, but also benefit the protection of ecological environment. In the paper, bermuda grass, as one kind of ordinary slope protection plants, was chosen as specimen, and the root-soil composite was regarded as organic system which consists of soil and root system; the effect of root morphology on displacement of slope surface under the function of rain erosion and slope runoff erosion was studied and analyzed by using nonlinearity finite calculation method. The result indicates Bermuda grass root system can defense the rain erosion of slope surface soil, restrain the soil displacement and prevent water and soil erosion of slope.

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