scholarly journals Physical and Chemical Traits of Grape Varieties Influence Drosophila suzukii Preferences and Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Weißinger ◽  
Katja Arand ◽  
Evi Bieler ◽  
Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer ◽  
Michael Breuer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Chemical Traits ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The cuticle-covered surface forms the interface between plant parts, including fruits, and their environment. The physical and chemical properties of fruit surfaces profoundly influence plant-frugivore interactions by shaping the susceptibility and suitability of the host for the attacker. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae) serves as one of the various host plants of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), which is invasive in several parts of the world and can cause major crop losses. The susceptibility of wine towards this pest species differs widely among varieties. The objective of our study was to identify physical and chemical traits of the berry surface that may explain the differences in susceptibility of five grape varieties to D. suzukii. Both preferences of adult D. suzukii and offspring performance on intact versus dewaxed (epicuticular wax layer mechanically removed) grape berries were investigated in dual-choice assays. Moreover, the morphology and chemical composition of cuticular waxes and cutin of the different varieties were analyzed. Bioassays revealed that the epicuticular wax layer of most tested grape varieties influenced the preference behavior of adult flies; even less susceptible varieties became more susceptible after removal of these waxes. In contrast, neither offspring performance nor berry skin firmness were affected by the epicuticular wax layer. The wax morphology and the composition of both epi- and intracuticular waxes differed pronouncedly, especially between more and less susceptible varieties, while cutin was dominated by ω-OH-9/10-epoxy-C18 acid and the amount was comparable among varieties within sampling time. Our results highlight the underestimated role of the epicuticular surface and cuticle integrity in grape susceptibility to D. suzukii.

scholarly journals Effects of Variety and Grape Berry Condition of Vitis vinifera on Preference Behavior and Performance of Drosophila suzukii

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Weißinger ◽  
Niklas Samuel ◽  
Michael Breuer ◽  
Caroline Müller
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
The Impact

Drosophila suzukii is an invasive fruit pest and represents a potential economic threat to viticulture. After first observations of D. suzukii in Europe in 2008, research mainly focused on the evaluation of the host range and infestation risk for fruit and berry crops. However, the risk assessment of D. suzukii in viticulture has only recently started. Understanding the factors influencing preferences of D. suzukii for host species and varieties as well as offspring performance is essential to improve management strategies. We investigated the field infestation of different grape varieties across Baden-Wuerttemberg, southwestern Germany, between 2015 and 2018. Moreover, we performed dual-choice assays in the laboratory to investigate whether adults show preferences for certain varieties and whether offspring performance differs between varieties. Furthermore, we studied the impact of grape damage on choice behavior. Field monitoring revealed that D. suzukii show preferences for red varieties, whereas almost no oviposition occurred in white varieties. The results of dual-choice assays confirmed that D. suzukii preference and performance are influenced by grape variety and that flies preferred damaged over intact “Pinot Noir”, “Pinot Blanc”, and “Müller-Thurgau” berries. Overall, these findings may have important implications for winegrowers regarding cultivated varieties, grape health, and insecticide reduction.

scholarly journals Effects of Enhancement Techniques on Physical And Chemical Properties of Beef Flanks

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Perkins ◽  
S. J. Morrow ◽  
N. C. Hardcastle ◽  
J. C. Brooks ◽  
A. J. Garmyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Drip Loss ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Moisture Percentage ◽  
Chemical Traits ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

ObjectivesEnhancement of beef with non-meat ingredients is a common practice to improve both palatability and chemical characteristics. However, the delivery method of brine solutions has not been well studied and could play a role in the activity of certain ingredients, ultimately influencing meat characteristics. This study was designed to determine if different enhancement methods impacted the overall physical and chemical properties, including pH, percent pick-up, slice shear force (SSF), and cooked moisture content, of enhanced (water, salt and sodium tripolyphosphate) rectus abdominus.Materials and MethodsUSDA Select beef flank steaks (rectus abdominus) were procured from a beef abattoir and processed at 10 d postmortem. Steaks (n = 100; 20/treatment) were denuded and assigned randomly to one of the five treatments: untreated control (CNT), vacuum tumbled without marinade (TCNT), vacuum tumbled with marinade (TUMB), needle injected with marinade (INJ), and injected with marinade plus vacuum tumbled (IPT). Initial weight and pH were collected pre-enhancement for TUMB, INJ, and IPT. Samples were weighed again immediately after enhancement and 20 min after enhancement. Three weights were collected for IPT: pre-enhancement, post-injection and post-tumble. After flank enhancement, they were sliced in half parallel to the muscle fiber. One half was designated for laboratory analysis. The halves were then frozen and thawed 24 h prior to cooking. A 50-g raw sample was obtained from each flank prior to cooking for SSF to analyze raw moisture content. Each flank was cooked to an internal temperature of 72°C and allowed to rest for 3 min prior to slicing for SSF.ResultsTreatment influenced final pH (P < 0.01), with final pH increasing in INJ, TUMB, and IPT. Differences were noted in final pH between treatments; INJ had the highest pH (6.15), followed by IPT (6.06), TUMB (5.83), CNT (5.76), and TCNT (5.71), with a difference observed between each treatment (P < 0.05). Treatment also impacted (P < 0.01) SSF. The addition of marinade through injection and tumbling reduced (P < 0.05) SSF values, as CNT and TCNT had greater SSF values compared to all other treatments. Injection further reduced SSF values, as INJ and IPT had lower SSF values compared to TUMB (P < 0.05). Cooked moisture was also influenced (P < 0.01) by treatment. IPT and TUMB had greater moisture percentage compared to all other treatments; INJ was intermediate, and CNT and TCNT similarly had lower moisture percentage than the remaining treatments (P < 0.05). Of the three treatments that involved marination, initial and final percent pick-up and drip loss were all influenced by treatment (P < 0.01). Initially, INJ (14.5%) had the greatest percent pick-up, IPT was intermediate (12.9%), and TUMB had the lowest percentage (11.8%). However, drip loss was greatest for INJ (2.3%), intermediate for TUMB (0.2%), and lowest for IPT (0.0%). Final percent pick-up was now greatest for IPT (12.9%), intermediate for INJ (11.9%), and lowest for TUMB (11.5%).ConclusionEnhancement methods can influence physical and chemical traits in terms of moisture, SSF and pH. Injection influenced shear force more than tumbling, whereas tumbling had greater effects on moisture than injection. Combining injection with tumbling had the most positive effect on shear force as well as moisture retention.

Nutritional developmental history and its consequences for reproductive success in Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Young ◽  
Tristan A.F. Long
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Invasive Pest Species

AbstractThe characteristics of the juvenile developmental environment of an individual can have many important consequences for their adult reproductive success as it may shape the development and expression of phenotypes that are relevant to the later operation of sexual selection. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an economically important invasive pest species that lays its eggs in many types of soft fruits and potentially experiences large intrapopulation spatial and temporal variation in its nutritional developmental environments. Here, we examine whether the larval nutritional developmental environment influences D. suzukii mate choice, egg production, and offspring performance. Using D. suzukii raised on diets differing in their nutritional quality, we examined mating preferences, fecundity, and offspring survivorship in “no-choice,” “female choice,” and “male choice” reproductive contexts. We found evidence for both adaptive and nonadaptive mate choice behaviours associated with the phenotypes of D. suzukii that had developed in different nutritional environments. These results reveal the complex nature of the relationship between the developmental environment and individual reproductive success in D. suzukii, which has important potential implications for future management plans involving this species.

Statistical criteria of stellar population types

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
Stellar Population ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Population Type ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Statistical Criteria ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In connection with the spectrophotometric study of population-type characteristics of various kinds of stars, a statistical analysis of kinematical and distribution parameters of the same stars is performed at the Toruń Observatory. This has a twofold purpose: first, to provide a practical guide in selecting stars for observing programmes, second, to contribute to the understanding of relations existing between the physical and chemical properties of stars and their kinematics and distribution in the Galaxy.

Biophysical Measurement of Molecular Weight of Foot-and-Mouth Disease RNA Fragments

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 262-263
Author(s):  
Sydney S. Breese ◽  
Howard L. Bachrach
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Rna Fragments ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Continuing studies on the physical and chemical properties of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have included electron microscopy of RNA strands released when highly purified virus (1) was dialyzed against demlneralized distilled water. The RNA strands were dried on formvar-carbon coated electron microscope screens pretreated with 0.1% bovine plasma albumin in distilled water. At this low salt concentration the RNA strands were extended and were stained with 1% phosphotungstic acid. Random dispersions of strands were recorded on electron micrographs, enlarged to 30,000 or 40,000 X and the lengths measured with a map-measuring wheel. Figure 1 is a typical micrograph and Fig. 2 shows the distributions of strand lengths for the three major types of FMDV (A119 of 6/9/72; C3-Rezende of 1/5/73; and O1-Brugge of 8/24/73.

Tailoring microstructures of materials through biomimetics

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Mehmet Sarikaya ◽  
Ilhan A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Structure Sensitive ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Successive Level ◽  
Engineering Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Synthesis Of Materials

Biomimetics involves investigation of structure, function, and methods of synthesis of biological composite materials. The goal is to apply this information to the design and synthesis of materials for engineering applications.Properties of engineering materials are structure sensitive through the whole spectrum of dimensions from nanometer to macro scale. The goal in designing and processing of technological materials, therefore, is to control microstructural evolution at each of these dimensions so as to achieve predictable physical and chemical properties. Control at each successive level of dimension, however, is a major challenge as is the retention of integrity between successive levels. Engineering materials are rarely fabricated to achieve more than a few of the desired properties and the synthesis techniques usually involve high temperature or low pressure conditions that are energy inefficient and environmentally damaging.In contrast to human-made materials, organisms synthesize composites whose intricate structures are more controlled at each scale and hierarchical order.

Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to various organic-based fertilizers in marginal upland of Sta. Rita, Samar

2017 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Berta Ratilla ◽  
Loreme Cagande ◽  
Othello Capuno
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Organic farming is one of the management strategies that improve productivity of marginal uplands. The study aimed to: (1) evaluate effects of various organic-based fertilizers on the growth and yield of corn; (2) determine the appropriate combination for optimum yield; and (3) assess changes on the soil physical and chemical properties. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design, with 3 replications and 7 treatments, namely; T0=(0-0-0); T1=1t ha-1 Evans + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T2=t ha-1 Wellgrow + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T3=15t ha-1 chicken dung; T4=10t ha-1 chicken dung + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T5=15t ha-1 Vermicast; and T6=10t ha-1 Vermicast + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1. Application of organic-based fertilizers with or without inorganic fertilizers promoted growth of corn than the control. But due to high infestation of corn silk beetle(Monolepta bifasciata Horns), its grain yield was greatly affected. In the second cropping, except for Evans, any of these fertilizers applied alone or combined with 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1 appeared appropriate in increasing corn earyield. Soil physical and chemical properties changed with addition of organic fertilizers. While bulk density decreased irrespective of treatments, pH, total N, available P and exchangeable K generally increased more with chicken dung application.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document