scholarly journals Response of Root Growth and Development to Nitrogen and Potassium Deficiency as well as microRNA-Mediated Mechanism in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijie Li ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Kyle E. Davis ◽  
Caitlin Patterson ◽  
Sando Oo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
Root Growth And Development

The mechanism of miRNA-mediated root growth and development in response to nutrient deficiency in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is still unclear. In the present study, we found that both nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) deficiency resulted in a significant reduction in plant growth, as indicated by the significantly decreased dry weight of both shoot and root tissues under N or K deficiency. Both N and K deficiency significantly reduced the root length, root surface area, root volume, root vitality, and weakened root respiration, as indicated by the reduced O2 consuming rate. N deficiency significantly decreased primary root length and lateral root number, which might be associated with the upregulation of miR160, miR167, miR393, and miR396, and the downregulation of AFB3 and GRF. The primary and lateral root responses to K deficiency were opposite to that of the N deficiency condition. The upregulated miR156, miR390, NAC4, ARF2, and AFB3, and the downregulated miR160, miR164, miR393, and SPL10 may have contributed to the growth of primary roots and lateral roots under K deficiency. Overall, roots responded differently to the N or K deficiency stresses in peanuts, potentially due to the miRNA-mediated pathway and mechanism.

scholarly journals Mechanical touch responses of Arabidopsis TCH1-3 mutant roots on inclined hard-agar surface

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guodong Zha ◽  
Bochu Wang ◽  
Junyu Liu ◽  
Jie Yan ◽  
Liqing Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Touch Response ◽  
Agar Surface ◽  
Root Growth And Development ◽  
Touch Stimulus

Abstract The gravity-induced mechanical touch stimulus can affect plant root architecture. Mechanical touch responses of plant roots are an important aspect of plant root growth and development. Previous studies have reported that Arabidopsis TCH1-3 genes are involved in mechano-related events, how-ever, the physiological functions of TCH1-3 genes in Arabidopsis root mechanoresponses remain unclear. In the present study, we applied an inclined hard agar plate method to produce mechanical touch stimulus, and provided evidence that altered mechanical environment could influence root growth. Furthermore, tch1-3 Arabidopsis mutants were investigated on inclined agar surfaces to explore the functions of TCH1-3 genes on Arabidopsis root mechanoresponses. The results showed that two tch2 mutants, cml24-2 and cml24-4, exhibited significantly reduced root length, biased skewing, and decreased density of lateral root. In addition, primary root length and density of lateral root of tch3 (cml12-2) was significantly decreased on inclined agar surfaces. This study indicates that the tch2 and tch3 mutants are hypersensitive to mechanical touch stimulus, and TCH2 (CML24-2 and CML24-4) and TCH3 (CML12-2) genes may participate in the mechanical touch response of Arabidopsis roots.

The key players of the primary root growth and development also function in lateral roots in Arabidopsis

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiyu Tian ◽  
Yuebin Jia ◽  
Tiantian Niu ◽  
Qianqian Yu ◽  
Zhaojun Ding
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Primary Root Growth ◽  
Root Growth And Development

Regulatory long non-coding RNAs in root growth and development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Roulé ◽  
Martin Crespi ◽  
Thomas Blein
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Root Growth And Development

As sessile organisms, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms of gene regulation to cope with changing environments. Among them, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNAs regulating gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. They are highly responsive to environmental cues or developmental processes and are generally involved in fine-tuning plant responses to these signals. Roots, in addition to anchoring the plant to the soil, allow it to absorb the major part of its mineral nutrients and water. Furthermore, roots directly sense environmental constraints such as mineral nutrient availability and abiotic or biotic stresses and dynamically adapt their growth and architecture. Here, we review the role of lncRNAs in the control of root growth and development. In particular, we highlight their action in fine-tuning primary root growth and the development of root lateral organs, such as lateral roots and symbiotic nodules. Lastly, we report their involvement in plant response to stresses and the regulation of nutrient assimilation and homeostasis, two processes leading to the modification of root architecture. LncRNAs could become interesting targets in plant breeding programs to subtly acclimate crops to coming environmental changes.

scholarly journals Auxin Controlled by Ethylene Steers Root Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Qin ◽  
Rongfeng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Root Hair Growth ◽  
Fine Tune ◽  
Root Growth And Development

Roots are important plant ground organs, which absorb water and nutrients to control plant growth and development. Phytohormones have been known to play a crucial role in the regulation of root growth, such as auxin and ethylene, which are central regulators of this process. Recent findings have revealed that root development and elongation regulated by ethylene are auxin dependent through alterations of auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the study of auxin and auxin–ethylene crosstalk in plant root development, demonstrating that auxin and ethylene act synergistically to control primary root and root hair growth, but function antagonistically in lateral root formation. Moreover, ethylene modulates auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling to fine-tune root growth and development. Thus, this review steps up the understanding of the regulation of auxin and ethylene in root growth.

Interaction of Cytokinin and Ethylene in the Regulation of Primary Root Growth and Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-238
Author(s):  
Samina N. Shakeel ◽  
Swadhin Swain ◽  
Sitwat Aman ◽  
G. Eric Schaller
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Primary Root Growth ◽  
Root Growth And Development

scholarly journals Tree Root Growth and Development. I. Form, Spread, Depth and Periodicity

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Root Growth And Development

Abstract Root form is governed by seedling genetics and soil characteristics including texture, compaction, depth to the water table, fertility, moisture content and other factors. Trees develop lateral roots growing parallel to the surface of the soil. These are generally located in the top 30 cm (12 in) of soil. Fine roots emerge from lateral roots and grow into the soil close to the surface. If soil conditions permit, some trees grow tap and other vertically oriented roots capable of penetrating several feet into the soil. Many trees, particularly those planted in urban landscapes, do not generate tap roots. Lateral roots spread to well beyond the edge of the branches. Their growth in governed by competition from other plants, available water, soil temperature, fertility, stage of shoot growth and other factors.

scholarly journals Disruption of CYCLOPHILIN 38 function reveals a photosynthesis-dependent systemic signal controlling lateral root emergence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Duan ◽  
Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz ◽  
Francisco Javier Cejudo ◽  
José R. Dinneny
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
System Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Primary Root Growth

AbstractPhotosynthesis in leaves generates the fixed-carbon resources and essential metabolites that support sink tissues, such as roots [1]. One of these products, sucrose, is known to promote primary root growth, but it is not clear what other molecules may be involved and whether other stages of root system development are affected by photosynthate levels [2]. Through a mutant screen to identify pathways regulating root system architecture, we identified a mutation in the CYCLOPHILIN 38 (CYP38) gene, which causes an accumulation of pre-emergent stage lateral roots, with a minor effect on primary root growth. CYP38 was previously reported to maintain the stability of Photosystem II (PSII) in chloroplasts [3]. CYP38 expression is enriched in the shoot and grafting experiments show that the gene acts non-cell autonomously to promote lateral root emergence. Growth of wild-type plants under low light conditions phenocopied the cyp38 lateral root emergence phenotype as did the inhibition of PSII-dependent electron transport or NADPH production. Importantly, the cyp38 root phenotype is not rescued by exogenous sucrose, suggesting the involvement of another metabolite. Auxin (IAA) is an essential hormone promoting root growth and its biosynthesis from tryptophan is dependent on reductant generated during photosynthesis [4,5]. Both WT seedlings grown under low light and cyp38 mutants have highly diminished levels of IAA in root tissues. The cyp38 lateral root defect is rescued by IAA treatment, revealing that photosynthesis promotes lateral root emergence partly through IAA biosynthesis. Metabolomic profiling shows that the accumulation of several defense-related metabolites are also photosynthesis-dependent, suggesting that the regulation of a number of energy-intensive pathways are down-regulated when light becomes limiting.

Effects of Phosphorus on Growth and Development of Soybean Seedlings

2022 ◽  
Vol 905 ◽  
pp. 353-358
Author(s):  
Zi Xin Liao ◽  
Xiao Hao Li ◽  
Ying Bin Xue ◽  
Nai De Yang ◽  
Zheng Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Basic Study ◽  
Soybean Seedlings

Soybean seedlings were treated with different phosphorus (P) concentrations for 20 days to investigate their growth and development. The root growth and development of soybean seedlings was the best when the concentration of phosphorus was 250 μmol/L. After 20 days of cultivation at this concentration, the roots of soybean seedlings were developed, indicating that the main root length, lateral root length, and the number of lateral root was the best among all treatments, and the number of lateral roots was quite a few. In addition, when the concentration of P was at 250 μmol/L, it had a better promotion effect on the plant height of soybean seedlings, and could significantly enhance the development of soybean seedlings. Moreover, the growth of soybean seedlings would be inhibited at the condition of phosphorus deficiency or excessive phosphorus. In this experiment, the growth indexes of soybean seedlings were compared between four treatments of phosphorus concentration, so as to make a basic study on the physiological effect of soybean on phosphorus in early stage.

Nitrate and glutamate sensing by plant roots

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Filleur ◽  
P. Walch-Liu ◽  
Y. Gan ◽  
B.G. Forde
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Low Concentrations

The architecture of a root system plays a major role in determining how efficiently a plant can capture water and nutrients from the soil. Growth occurs at the root tips and the process of exploring the soil volume depends on the behaviour of large numbers of individual root tips at different orders of branching. Each root tip is equipped with a battery of sensory mechanisms that enable it to respond to a range of environmental signals, including nutrients, water potential, light, gravity and touch. We have previously identified a MADS (MCM1, agamous, deficiens and SRF) box gene (ANR1) in Arabidopsis thaliana that is involved in modulating the rate of lateral root growth in response to changes in the external NO3− supply. Transgenic plants have been generated in which a constitutively expressed ANR1 protein can be post-translationally activated by treatment with dexamethasone (DEX). When roots of these lines are treated with DEX, lateral root growth is markedly stimulated but there is no effect on primary root growth, suggesting that one or more components of the regulatory pathway that operate in conjunction with ANR1 in lateral roots may be absent in the primary root tip. We have recently observed some very specific effects of low concentrations of glutamate on root growth, resulting in significant changes in root architecture. Experimental evidence suggests that this response involves the sensing of extracellular glutamate by root tip cells. We are currently investigating the possible role of plant ionotropic glutamate receptors in this sensory mechanism.

Effects of soil temperature on root growth and on phosphate uptake along Pinus radiata roots

Soil Research ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Phosphate Uptake ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Ion Uptake ◽  
Scanning Method

At 3 weeks, uptake of phosphate along roots of seedlings grown in soil at 25�C was greatest in the apical centimetre and decreased sharply along the roots. By contrast uptake was markedly more sustained along the roots of seedlings grown in soil at 14�C and here the greatest uptake occurred several centimetres behind the apex. No one pattern of ion uptake along roots can be assumed to hold for all conditions of growth when constructing mathematical models of ion uptake from soil. Increasing soil temperature from 15�C to 25�C approximately doubled total root length of 3-week seedlings of Pinus radiata; primary root length was increased but the main effect was due toa marked increase in the number and length of lateral roots. Lateral root growth of the 3-week seedlings was almost completely suppressed in the soil at 11�C. Roots of 3-week sterile seedlings growing in phosphate-deficient nutrient solution were considerably smaller than those of pine grown in complete nutrient solution at 15�C but not at 25�C. This interaction of temperature and phosphate deficiency did not occur with soil grown seedlings. The sustained phosphate uptake along roots grown at the low soil temperature did not compensate for greater root growth (and therefore soil exploration) at higher temperatures, for P content of 3-week seedlings grown in soil at 25�C was considerably greater than that of seedlings grown in soil at 15�C. In phosphate poor soils low temperature depression of root growth will seriously restrict phosphate uptake. A modification of the scanning method for uptake sites along roots showed translocation to occur from all parts of the root with rather less translocation from the apical centimetre than from other parts.

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