scholarly journals Vegetative and Fecundity Fitness Benefit Found in a Glyphosate-Resistant Eleusine indica Population Caused by 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase Overexpression

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiling Li ◽  
Xiangju Li ◽  
Hailan Cui ◽  
Guodong Zhao ◽  
Dan Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Auxin Synthesis ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

Fitness is an important trait in weed species that have developed herbicide resistance, including resistance to the popular herbicide glyphosate. Fitness cost is commonly found in weeds with glyphosate resistance, which is caused by target-site mutations. In this study, the vegetative and fecundity fitness traits in a glyphosate-resistant (GR) Eleusine indica population caused by 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) overexpression were investigated under glyphosate-free conditions. The results showed that the resistance index of the population resistant (R) to glyphosate compared with that of the population susceptible (WT) to it was approximately 4.0. Furthermore, EPSPS expression level in the R plants was 20.1–82.7 times higher than that in the WT plants. The dry weight of the R population was significantly higher than that of the WT population at the later growth stage after planting; a similar trend was observed for leaf area. In addition, seed production in the R population was 1.4 times higher than that in the WT population. The R and WT populations showed similar maximum germination rates and T50 values. UPLC-MS/MS was performed for the metabolic extracts prepared from the leaves of R and WT populations to address changes in the metabolome. A total of 121 differential metabolites were identified between R and WT individuals. The levels of 6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-acetamide and indole acetaldehyde, which are associated with auxin synthesis, were significantly higher in plants of the R population than in those of the WT population. However, some secondary metabolite levels were slightly lower in the R population than in the WT population. To conclude, in this study, vegetative and fecundity fitness benefits were found in the GR E. indica population. The results of metabolome analysis indicate that the increase in 6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-acetamide and indole acetaldehyde levels may be the result of fitness benefit. Further studies should be conducted to confirm the functions of these metabolites.

Bio-efficacy of post emergence herbicides in boro rice nursery as well as main field and their residual effects on non-target microorganisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Rajib Kundu ◽  
Mousumi Mondal ◽  
Sourav Garai ◽  
Ramyajit Mondal ◽  
Ratneswar Poddar
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Main Field ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Similar Treatment

Field experiments were conducted at research farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India (22°97' N latitude and 88°44' E longitude, 9.75 m above mean sea level) under natural weed infestations in boro season rice (nursery bed as well as main field) during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the herbicidal effects on weed floras, yield, non-target soil organisms to optimize the herbicide use for sustainable rice-production. Seven weed control treatments including three doses of bispyribac-sodium 10% SC (150,200, and 250 ml ha-1), two doses of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC (500 and 625 ml ha-1), one weed free and weedy check were laid out in a randomized complete block design, replicated thrice. Among the tested herbicides, bispyribac-sodium with its highest dose (250 ml ha-1) resulted in maximum weed control efficiency, treatment efficiency index and crop resistance index irrespective of weed species and dates of observation in both nursery as well as main field. Similar treatment also revealed maximum grain yield (5.20 t ha-1), which was 38.38% higher than control, closely followed by Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (625 ml ha-1) had high efficacy against grasses, sedge and broadleaf weed flora. Maximum net return (Rs. 48765 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.72) were obtained from the treatment which received bispyribac-sodium @ 250 ml ha-1. Based on overall performance, the bispyribac-sodium (250 ml ha-1) may be considered as the best herbicide treatment for weed management in transplanted rice as well as nursery bed.

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of14C-Glufosinate in Glufosinate-Resistant Corn, Goosegrass (Eleusine indica), Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia)

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley J. Everman ◽  
Cassandra R. Mayhew ◽  
James D. Burton ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
John W. Wilcut
Keyword(s):  
Weed Species ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Senna Obtusifolia ◽  
Harvest Timing ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate14C-glufosinate absorption, translocation, and metabolism in glufosinate-resistant corn, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and sicklepod. Glufosinate-resistant corn plants were treated at the four-leaf stage, whereas goosegrass, large crabgrass, and sicklepod were treated at 5, 7.5, and 10 cm, respectively. All plants were harvested at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption was less than 20% at all harvest intervals for glufosinate-resistant corn, whereas absorption in goosegrass and large crabgrass increased from approximately 20% 1 HAT to 50 and 76%, respectively, 72 HAT. Absorption of14C-glufosinate was greater than 90% 24 HAT in sicklepod. Significant levels of translocation were observed in glufosinate-resistant corn, with14C-glufosinate translocated to the region above the treated leaf and the roots up to 41 and 27%, respectively. No significant translocation was detected in any of the weed species at any harvest timing. Metabolites of14C-glufosinate were detected in glufosinate-resistant corn and all weed species. Seventy percent of14C was attributed to glufosinate metabolites 72 HAT in large crabgrass. Less metabolism was observed for sicklepod, goosegrass, and glufosinate-resistant corn, with metabolites composing less than 45% of detectable radioactivity 72 HAT.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Some Eggplant Cultivars to Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Zienab Raeyat ◽  
Jabraiel Razmjou ◽  
Bahram Naseri ◽  
Asgar Ebadollahi ◽  
Patcharin Krutmuang
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Population Increase

Due to the detrimental side-effects of synthetic pesticides, the use of nonchemical strategies in the management of insect pests is necessary. In the present study, the susceptibility of fourteen eggplant cultivars to green peach aphid (M. persicae) were investigated. According to preliminary screening tests, ‘Long-Green’, ‘Ravaya’ and ‘Red-Round’ as relatively resistant, and ‘White-Casper’ and ‘Pearl-Round’ as susceptible cultivars were recognized. In the antixenosis tests, the highest hosting preference was documented for ‘White-Casper’. Population growth parameters were used for evaluation of antibiosis. The highest and lowest developmental time (d) was observed on ‘Long-Green’ (4.33 d) and ‘White-Casper’ (3.26 d), respectively. The highest and lowest intrinsic rates of population increase (rm) were on ‘White-Casper’ (0.384 d−1) and ‘Long-Green’ (0.265 d−1), respectively. Significant differences were observed in the height and fresh and dry weight of infested and noninfected plants. Plant resistance index (PRI), as a simplified way to assess all resistance mechanisms, provides a particular value to determine the proper resistant cultivar. The greatest PRI value was observed on ‘Long-Green’. In general, the ‘Long-Green’ showed the least, and the ‘White-Casper’ displayed the most susceptibility among tested cultivars infested by M. persicae, which might be useful in integrated management of this pest.

scholarly journals HERBICIDAL EFFICACY OF ROOT EXUDATES OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) ON BARNYARD GRASS (ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Prabhakaran J ◽  
Kavitha D
Keyword(s):  
Root Exudates ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Underground Part ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
Crop Field ◽  
Germination And Growth

A laboratory study was conducted to assess the herbicidal potential of root exudates of three rice cultivars (ADT-36, BPT and IR-20) against germination and growth of common crop field weed, barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.). Various concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20%) of root exudates were prepared from the underground part of rice cultivars from the postharvest rice fields. The studies revealed that all the three rice cultivars were exhibited significant inhibition on growth and development of weed species. Among the rice cultivars, ADT-36 exhibited the greatest inhibition on the seed germination (86%), seedling growth(83%), dry weight (81%) of barnyard cross than BPT and ADT-36. The percentage of inhibition on concentration depends. The order of inhibition of the rice cultivars was ADT-36 > BPT > IR-20 on barnyard grass.

scholarly journals ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF WEED SPEICES AGERATUM CONYZOIDES L. AND CLEOME VISCOSA L. ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF SESAMUM INDICUM L

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Anbarasan R ◽  
Prabhakaran J
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ageratum Conyzoides ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Cleome Viscosa

Various concentrations (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) of aqueous extracts prepared from two weed species namely Ageratum conyzoides L. and Cleome viscosa L. and used for the present experiments to determine their allelopathic potential on growth and developmental changes on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The weed extracts showed an inhibitory effect on germination percentage, root and shoot growth, and fresh and dry weight of sesame seedlings. The extracts of A.conyzoides had more inhibitory effect at 20%concentration,than that of C.viscosa on growth parameters of sesame.

Allelopathic Influence of Germinating Seeds and Seedlings of Cover Crops on Weed Species

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda L. Hoffman ◽  
Leslie A. Weston ◽  
John C. Snyder ◽  
Emilie E. Regnier
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Allelopathic Interference ◽  
Radicle Length

Bioassays using binary mixtures that included a cover crop with known allelopathic potential and a weed species were employed to determine the importance of allelopathy compared to resource competition as interference mechanisms. Responses of weed species germinated with cover crops in a petri dish were measured. Interference between weed and cover crop seedlings was determined in a greenhouse experiment using the additive design, which included partitions to reduce above- and below-ground competition and used capillary mat subirrigation to control moisture and fertilizer availability. Germinating sorghum reduced radicle length of weeds, whereas germinating rye tended to increase weed radicle length. Methods limited above-ground competition, so likely interference mechanisms were below-ground competition and allelopathy. Germination with a cover crop had little effect on germination and shoot length of weeds. Increased density of rye but not of sorghum reduced growth of barnyardgrass seedlings. Reduced number of barnyardgrass leaves in the presence of rye was likely due to allelopathy. Suppression of barnyardgrass dry weight attributed to allelopathic interference by rye was successfully separated and compared to the combined effects of competition and allelopathy.

scholarly journals First Report of Glyphosate-Resistant Biotype of Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. in Europe

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1692
Author(s):  
Donato Loddo ◽  
Gaetano Imperatore ◽  
Andrea Milani ◽  
Silvia Panozzo ◽  
Silvia Farinati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Dna Analyses ◽  
Plant Nursery ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Target Site Resistance

Glyphosate-resistant biotypes of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. have been detected in Asia, the Americas but not in Europe. The aim of this study was to evaluate resistance levels and possible target site resistance mechanisms of an E. indica biotype (19-1) collected from a plant nursery in Southern Italy where poor glyphosate efficacy was reported. Two dose-response experiments were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of biotype 19-1 to glyphosate in comparison with two susceptible checks. 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) sequencing was performed to identify possible mutations conferring the resistance. The susceptible biotypes were completely controlled at the glyphosate recommended field dose of 360 g ae ha−1, while 50% of the plants of biotype 19-1 survived at 1440 g ae ha−1. The resistance index of biotype 19-1 ranged between 5.8 and 7.3 for the response variables of fresh weight reduction and plant survival, respectively. All the plants surviving glyphosate application and sampled for DNA analyses had the point mutation P106A. The biotype 19-1 can be confirmed as glyphosate-resistant, representing the first glyphosate-resistant population of E. indica in Europe.

Effects of Soil pH on Competitive Ability and Leaf Nutrient Content of Corn (Zea maysL.) and Three Weed Species

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Weaver ◽  
Allan S. Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Companion Plant

Effects of soil pH on growth, competitive ability, and leaf nutrient content of corn (Zea maysL.), Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powelliiS. Wats. ♯ AMAPO), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯ ABUTH), and green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv. ♯ SETVI] were measured in the field. Corn yields were significantly reduced by weed competition at all pH levels, but leaf nutrient content, as a percentage of dry weight, was not affected. Aboveground dry weights of Powell amaranth and velvetleaf were significantly lower at pH 4.8 than at pH 6.0 or 7.3, whereas growth of green foxtail was greater at pH 4.8 than at pH 7.3. Weed competitive ability, as evidenced by reductions in dry weight, varied with soil pH and companion plant. Powell amaranth and velvetleaf had higher levels of S, Zn, and especially Mn, at pH 4.8 than at pH 7.3. N and K in the leaf tissue were greater in the weed species than in corn at all soil pH levels. The dicot species had higher percentages of Ca and Mg in leaf tissue at all soil pH levels and accumulated higher percentages of Mn at low pH than the monocot species.

Growth and Development of Dinitroaniline-Susceptible and -Resistant Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Biotypes Under Noncompetitive Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 704-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim R. Murphy ◽  
Billy J. Gossett ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Flag Leaf Length ◽  
Weight Number

A comparative study of the growth and development of several populations of dinitroaniline-susceptible (DS) and -resistant (DR) goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN] biotypes was conducted under noncompetitive field conditions. Plant height and width, number of tillers, aboveground dry weight, relative growth rate (RGR), number of inflorescences/plant, total inflorescence dry weight, individual inflorescence dry weight, number of spicate branches/inflorescence, and flag leaf length and width were recorded periodically during the growing season. There were no significant differences between biotypes in most characteristics with the exception of total inflorescence dry weight. The DS biotype produced more total inflorescence dry weight than the DR biotype at 8 and 13 weeks after transplanting. Significant variation among DS and DR populations occurred in 37 and 33 of 56 evaluations, respectively. When variation existed within a biotype, populations exhibited broad ranges of response for the various growth parameters. With the exception of total inflorescence dry weight, DS and DR biotypes generally exhibited similar ranges of variability.

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