scholarly journals From Diversity Ideologies to the Expression of Stereotypes: Insights Into the Cognitive Regulation of Prejudice Within the Cultural-Ecological Context of French Laïcité

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie-Anna Lankester ◽  
Theodore Alexopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Modern Racism ◽  
Regulatory Strategies ◽  
Classical Work ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Cultural Ecological ◽  
Prejudicial Attitudes ◽  
Prejudice Regulation ◽  
The Impact

This theoretical paper examines the context-sensitivity of the impact of cultural norms on prejudice regulation. Granting the importance of understanding intergroup dynamics in cultural-ecological contexts, we focus on the peculiarities of the French diversity approach. Indeed, the major cultural norm, the Laïcité (i.e., French secularism) is declined today in two main variants: The Historic Laïcité, a longstanding egalitarian norm coexisting with its amended form: The New Laïcité, an assimilationist norm. In fact, these co-encapsulated Laïcité variants constitute a fruitful ground to cast light on the processes underlying prejudice regulation. Indeed, it is documented that the assimilationist New Laïcité is linked to higher levels of prejudice as compared to the egalitarian Historic Laïcité. To this day, research mainly explored interindividual determinants of Laïcité endorsements and specified how these endorsements shape prejudice. Crucially, this “indirect-endorsement path” does not account for the more straightforward causal relationship between Laïcité and prejudice. Moreover, recent experimental evidence suggests that the normative salience of both Laïcité norms shape intergroup attitudes beyond personal endorsement. Therefore, in this contribution, we complement previous work by investigating the possible socio-cognitive processes driving this “direct-contextual path.” In doing so, we seek to bridge the gap of causality by investigating how the Laïcité norms can set the stage for specific regulatory strategies. Our reasoning derives from an application of the Justification-Suppression Model bolstered by classical work on mental control, modern racism and diversity ideology. From this, we sketch out the operative functioning of two distinct regulation processes: (a) one that prevents prejudicial attitudes but which can have unexpected consequences on stereotyping within the Historic Laïcité context (i.e., suppression) and (b) one that helps realize prejudice within the New Laïcité context (i.e., justification). From this analysis, we discuss the consequences for intergroup relations within and beyond the French context. In particular, we outline the importance of an adequate framing of egalitarian ideologies so that they achieve their goal to foster harmonious intergroup relations.

scholarly journals The Science of Ageism: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 646-646
Author(s):  
Jerin Lee ◽  
Natalie Shook
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Growing Pains ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
One Step ◽  
Prejudicial Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The past two decades have been marked by a rapidly aging population in the U.S. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2018), making prejudicial attitudes toward older adults (i.e., ageism) and the impact of such attitudes more relevant. As such, ageism researchers have worked tirelessly to not only understand this normalized and insidious form of bias, but also develop efforts to combat it. This symposium will feature four ageism researchers who will showcase both the growing pains and novel contributions of ageism research, ranging from the impact of ageism on psychological health to ageism interventions to issues related to the measurement of ageism. Specifically, Dr. Ayalon will present findings regarding difficulties with the assessment of exposure to ageism and the consequences of ageism for psychological well-being. Dr. Horhota will share research demonstrating challenges associated with confronting ageism. Dr. Levy will present a model showcasing factors associated with the reduction of ageism. Ms. Lee will discuss research findings examining the construct validity of several ageism measures. These talks highlight theoretical and real-world implications associated with the complex nature of ageism, providing important directions for enriching ageism research going forward.

scholarly journals Conservation and natural resource management: where are all the women?

Oryx ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Robyn James ◽  
Bridget Gibbs ◽  
Laura Whitford ◽  
Craig Leisher ◽  
Ruth Konia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Natural Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Management Institutions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract There is evidence from the development and humanitarian sectors that purposeful engagement of women can increase the impact of development. We conducted a literature review to examine whether this is also evident in conservation and natural resource management. The following themes emerged from our review: existing societal and cultural norms affect and generally limit how women can engage in conservation and natural resource management; women interact differently with the environment than men, so if they are excluded, their knowledge and perspectives on particular resources may not be considered in conservation actions; and there is often a lack of resources or dedicated effort by conservation or natural resource management programmes to understand and address the barriers that prevent women's engagement. Although there was evidence of a positive relationship between the engagement of women and environmental outcomes, some studies showed that positive conservation outcomes do not necessarily benefit women, and when women are not considered, conservation activities can perpetuate existing inequities. We conclude that although the importance of integrating gender into conservation is acknowledged in the literature, there is a need to examine how women can be meaningfully engaged in conservation. This must go beyond treating women as a homogenous group, to consider intersectionality including race, ethnicity, age, religion, poverty and disability. In addition, conservation and natural resource management institutions need to address the inclusion of women in their own staff and programmes.

scholarly journals “You would expect the successful person to be the man”

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Jones
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Multiple Method ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – This paper aims to to explore power and legitimacy in the entrepreneurship education classroom by using Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological and educational theories. It highlights the pedagogic authority invested in educators and how this may be influenced by their assumptions about the nature of entrepreneurship. It questions the role of educators as disinterested experts, exploring how power and gendered legitimacy “play out” in staff–student relationships and female students’ responses to this. Design/methodology/approach – A multiple-method, qualitative case study approach is taken, concentrating on a depth of focus in one UK’s higher education institution (HEI) and on the experiences, attitudes and classroom practices of staff and students in that institution. The interviews, with an educator and two students, represent a self-contained story within the more complex story of the case study. Findings – The interviewees’ conceptualization of entrepreneurship is underpinned by acceptance of gendered norms, and both students and staff misrecognize the masculinization of entrepreneurship discourses that they encounter as natural and unquestionable. This increases our understanding of symbolic violence as a theoretical construct that can have real-world consequences. Originality/value – The paper makes a number of theoretical and empirical contributions. It addresses an important gap in the literature, as educators and the impact of their attitudes and perceptions on teaching and learning are rarely subjects of inquiry. It also addresses gaps and silences in understandings of the gendered implications of HE entrepreneurship education more generally and how students respond to the institutional arbitration of wider cultural norms surrounding entrepreneurship. In doing so, it challenges assertions that Bourdieu’s theories are too abstract to have any empirical value, by bridging the gap between symbolic violence as a theory and its manifestation in teaching and learning practices.

Prejudicial reactions to the removal of Native American mascots

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022110408
Author(s):  
Tyler Jimenez ◽  
Jamie Arndt ◽  
Peter J. Helm
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Location Study ◽  
Chief Illiniwek ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chief Wahoo

As Native American mascots are discontinued, research is needed to understand the impact on intergroup relations. Such discontinuations may be threatening to some and increase prejudice against Native Americans. In Study 1 ( N = 389), exposure to information about a Native American mascot removal increased punitive judgments against a Native American in a hypothetical legal scenario, particularly among those high in racial colorblindness and those residing in the implicated geographical location. Study 2 ( N = 358,644) conceptually replicated and extended these findings, using population-level implicit bias data to perform a natural quasi-experiment. Prejudice against Native Americans increased in the year following the removal of two Native American mascots: “Chief Illiniwek” and “Chief Wahoo.” However, in the case of Chief Illiniwek, the effect diminished after 6 years. Together, the studies contribute to understanding the psychological impact of Native American mascots, offering a first look at how their removal influence intergroup relations.

scholarly journals INFRASTRUCTURE OF LOGISTIC WALKING FLOWS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PUSH I PULL CONCEPT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubov Lipych ◽  
Oksana Khilukha ◽  
Myroslava Kushnir
Keyword(s):  
Personal Space ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Pull System ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
The Impact

Due to the limited safety of pedestrians, as well as the ability to direct their movement according to the established infrastructure, the analysis of the impact of factors consistent with the concept of push/pull, seems justified and useful. The aim of the article is to try to apply the concepts of push / pull in terms of the impact of logistics infrastructure on the nature of pedestrian traffic. The components of the logistics infrastructure related to the movement of the population are public roads, roads of cities and other settlements, departmental (technological) roads, roads in private areas, providing access to external and internal vehicles and passengers. The nature of pedestrian traffic is determined by the decision-making process of a certain person when moving along a certain route. It is proved that the form and result of this process are influenced by psychological and social mechanisms. It is established the main psychological and social characteristics of pedestrian traffic: maintaining personal space, as a result of which people prefer to «move for», keeping a distance of ten or several tens of centimeters; avoidance of direct impact of discomfort (psychological and physical), ie «movement from» different intensities, depending on the scale of the projected threat; minimization of efforts that cause «movement against» the shortest way; conformism (tendency to succumb to group behavior and attitude to novelty, different levels of which determine belonging to groups of innovators, early followers, early majority, late majority and conservatives); cultural norms (modification of behavior based on the influence of learned principles). The article presents models of simple situations of pedestrian traffic, which in practice demonstrate the influence of determinants of push/pull factors. It is substantiated that simulation of pedestrian traffic allows to increase its safety. Pedestrian safety issues are particularly important due to the high risk of accidents and their impact on other transport processes. However, the current state of knowledge about the determinants of the push / pull system does not yet allow such a free and comprehensive modeling.

scholarly journals Impact of Globalisation on African and Its Implications to Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. p81
Author(s):  
Titus Ogalo Pacho
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Global Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diverse Cultures

Globalisation is one of the most powerful worldwide forces transforming society. It dominates today’s world as a major driver of change. Globalisation has brought about an agglomeration of cultures, where diverse cultures not only interact but also sometimes clash. It permeates through all spheres of life including the environment, politics, economy, prosperity, culture, religion, education, and human well-being in societies across the globe. The present “villagization” of the world has greatly affected many African countries in almost all aspects of life. It has done so in both positive and negative ways. With the emergence of a global society, social, cultural, economic, political, technological and environmental events in one part of the world quickly come to be significant for people in other parts of the world. This theoretical paper assesses the impact of globalisation for Africa and its implications to education.

scholarly journals Implicit signals in small group settings and their impact on the expression of cognitive capacity and associated brain responses

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1589) ◽  
pp. 704-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth T. Kishida ◽  
Dongni Yang ◽  
Karen Hunter Quartz ◽  
Steven R. Quartz ◽  
P. Read Montague
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Group Settings ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Impact

Measures of intelligence, when broadcast, serve as salient signals of social status, which may be used to unjustly reinforce low-status stereotypes about out-groups' cultural norms. Herein, we investigate neurobehavioural signals manifest in small ( n = 5) groups using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a ‘ranked group IQ task’ where implicit signals of social status are broadcast and differentiate individuals based on their expression of cognitive capacity. We report an initial overall decrease in the expression of cognitive capacity in the small group setting. However, the environment of the ‘ranked group IQ task’ eventually stratifies the population into two groups (‘high performers’, HP and ‘low performers’, LP) identifiable based on changes in estimated intelligence quotient and brain responses in the amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, we demonstrate signals in the nucleus accumbens consistent with prediction errors in expected changes in status regardless of group membership. Our results suggest that individuals express diminished cognitive capacity in small groups, an effect that is exacerbated by perceived lower status within the group and correlated with specific neurobehavioural responses. The impact these reactions have on intergroup divisions and conflict resolution requires further investigation, but suggests that low-status groups may develop diminished capacity to mitigate conflict using non-violent means.

Valuing the History, Missions and Traditions of HBCUs

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Derrick M. Bryan ◽  
Felicia Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Historically Black ◽  
Black Colleges ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Historically Black Colleges ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Howard University ◽  
Morehouse College ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ethnographic Narratives ◽  
Black Colleges And Universities

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) serve the educational needs of students of African descent while providing an atmosphere of nurture and guidance enriched in cultural norms. In considering how HBCUs can remain competitive, this chapter recommends that one of the first steps is to return to the basics, reviewing the historical significance, missions and traditions of HBCUs. In doing so, this work investigates the role HBCUs play in student identity and character development by looking at the history, mission and traditions of Morehouse College and Howard University. The authors, who both are alumni of these institutions, respectively, will examine relevant documents and statements from the schools as well as provide auto-ethnographic narratives explicating the impact those institutions had on their academic, social and professional successes.

scholarly journals Norms and Trust-Shaping Relationships among Food-Exporting SMEs in Ghana

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Oduro Amoako ◽  
Harry Matlay
Keyword(s):  
Developing Economies ◽  
Interorganizational Relationships ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Institutional Influences ◽  
Internationalization Strategies ◽  
African Context ◽  
The Impact

There is a marked paucity of empirically rigorous research that focuses on the impact that indigenous institutional influences can have on the internationalization strategies of entrepreneurs operating in developing countries. This study therefore explores the complex processes through which owner-managers of food-exporting SMEs in Ghana draw on cultural norms to build networks that enable internationalization, in the absence of formal institutional support. The results facilitate a better understanding of the hybridization of indigenous and global norms that underpin SME internationalization in Ghana and other developing economies, particularly in Africa. The study contributes to the theory and practice of interorganizational relationships and to international entrepreneurship in an African context.

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