scholarly journals What Makes Babies Musical? Conceptions of Musicality in Infants and Toddlers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Buren ◽  
Daniel Müllensiefen ◽  
Tina C. Roeske ◽  
Franziska Degé
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Musical Ability ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ability Tests ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Musical Communication

Despite major advances in research on musical ability in infants, relatively little attention has been paid to individual differences in general musicality in infants. A fundamental problem has been the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes “general musicality” or “musical ability” in infants and toddlers, resulting in a wide range of test procedures that rely on different models of musicality. However, musicality can be seen as a social construct that can take on different meanings across cultures, sub-groups, and individuals, and may be subject to change over time. Therefore, one way to get a clearer picture of infant musicality is to assess conceptions of musicality in the general population. Using this approach, we surveyed 174 German adults, asking about their view and conceptions regarding behaviors that characterize a musical child under 3 years. Based on previous studies on adult and child musicality, we designed a survey containing 41 statements describing musical behaviors in children. Participants were asked to rate how indicative these behaviors were of musicality in infants and toddlers. PCA analysis revealed 4 components of musical abilities and behaviors in under-3-year-olds: Musical Communication, Enthusiasm and Motivation, Adaptive Expressiveness, and Musical Abilities as traditionally defined. Professional background and musical expertise of the respondents did not significantly influence participants’ conceptions. Our results suggest that, in order to capture musicality in young children, a wider range of skills and observable behaviors should be taken into account than those assessed by traditional musical ability tests for young children.

scholarly journals Child maltreatment and young children : examining contributing factors and impacts of parenting programs

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jennifer Elizabeth Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physical Assault ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Incredible Years ◽  
Vulnerable Families ◽  
Wide Range

Child maltreatment is a complicated and ongoing problem. There are millions of reported cases in the United States each year, and infants and toddlers are the most frequent and most vulnerable victims of child maltreatment (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, 2012). Child maltreatment is associated with a wide range of negative consequences for children including cognitive and psychological issues (Crozier and Barth, 2005; Mueller et al, 2010). The current project examines the factors associated with physical child maltreatment of infants and toddlers and efforts to influence these factors and prevent physical child maltreatment. Study 1 examined the data from the Hawaii Healthy Start Program (HSP) to determine the contextual, parental and child variables that predicted the use of severe physical assault on infants and toddlers during their first and second years of life. Results indicate that parental stress, substance use, speaking language other than English, less enriching home environment and child temperament are associated with severe physical assault of young children. Study 2 examined the feasibility of providing Incredible Years: Parents and Babies curriculum to vulnerable families with the intention of preventing physical maltreatment. Results of this study indicate that significant relationship building and parent engagement strategies are necessary to engage this population and data collection strategies must account for positive impression management and reading issues.

scholarly journals Mother’s Role and Knowledge in Young Children Feeding Practices on the Nutritional Status of Infant and Toddler

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusrawati Hasibuan ◽  
Ardiana Batubara ◽  
Suryani Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
P Value ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Wide Range

Adequate nutrition, beginning in early stages of life, is crucial to ensure good physical and mental development as well as long-term health. Efforts in improving nutritional status in Indonesia are mostly focused to the vulnerable groups, mainly infant (baby under one year old) and toodler (baby under two years old). Childhood underweight and overweight are an important public health problem, as these conditions tend to have a chronic condition that cause a wide range of future morbidity. Overweight in young children is associated with future cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and psychosocial problems and stunted children suffer from impaired growth with permanent consequences in their adult life that face a high risk of morbidity and mortality. In this case, parents (especially mothers as the role models) are mostly responsible on healthy eating behaviors of their young children. With refers to this empirical fact, the objective of this study was to assess the association of mother’s role and knowledge in feeding young children practices on the nutritional status of their infants and toddlers. Analytical cross-sectional study was used in this study. The sampling technique was purposive sampling and a total of samples were 136 mothers. Data were processed and analyzed by using a computer program with a chi-square test at a significance level of 95%. Overall, results of the statistical test showed that there were no significant associations between role and knowledge of the mothers and adequate nutritional status of their infants and toddlers at a p-value of 0.544> 0.05 and p-value of 0.749 > 0.05 respectively. Based on results of this study, more intensive nutrition intervention programs are necessary to prevent poor nutritional status of young children particularly for infant and toddler, conducting more active coordination in health cross-programs, and improving nutrition counseling programs and suitable health services for the concerned public.

Typologization of security regulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Denis Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Procedural Understanding ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Understanding

The purpose of the article is to typologize terminological definitions of security, to find out the general, to identify the originality of their interpretations depending on the subject of legal regulation. The methodological basis of the study is the methods that made it possible to obtain valid conclusions, in particular, the method of comparison, through which it became possible to correlate different interpretations of the term "security"; method of hermeneutics, which allowed to elaborate texts of normative legal acts of Ukraine, method of typologization, which made it possible to create typologization groups of variants of understanding of the term "security". Scientific novelty. The article analyzes the understanding of the term "security" in various regulatory acts in force in Ukraine. Typological groups were understood to understand the term "security". Conclusions. The analysis of the legal material makes it possible to confirm that the issues of security are within the scope of both legislative regulation and various specialized by-laws. However, today there is no single conception on how to interpret security terminology. This is due both to the wide range of social relations that are the subject of legal regulation and to the relativity of the notion of security itself and the lack of coherence of views on its definition in legal acts and in the scientific literature. The multiplicity of definitions is explained by combinations of material and procedural understanding, static - dynamic, and conditioned by the peculiarities of a particular branch of legal regulation, limited ability to use methods of one or another branch, the inter-branch nature of some variations of security, etc. Separation, common and different in the definition of "security" can be used to further standardize, in fact, the regulatory legal understanding of security to more effectively implement the legal regulation of the security direction.

Music after the Fall

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Rutherford-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
The United States ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

By the start of the 21st century many of the foundations of postwar culture had disappeared: Europe had been rebuilt and, as the EU, had become one of the world’s largest economies; the United States’ claim to global dominance was threatened; and the postwar social democratic consensus was being replaced by market-led neoliberalism. Most importantly of all, the Cold War was over, and the World Wide Web had been born. Music After The Fall considers contemporary musical composition against this changed backdrop, placing it in the context of globalization, digitization, and new media. Drawing on theories from the other arts, in particular art and architecture, it expands the definition of Western art music to include forms of composition, experimental music, sound art, and crossover work from across the spectrum, inside and beyond the concert hall. Each chapter considers a wide range of composers, performers, works, and institutions are considered critically to build up a broad and rich picture of the new music ecosystem, from North American string quartets to Lebanese improvisers, from South American electroacoustic studios to pianos in the Australian outback. A new approach to the study of contemporary music is developed that relies less on taxonomies of style and technique, and more on the comparison of different responses to common themes, among them permission, fluidity, excess, and loss.

scholarly journals Size-adjusted aortic valve area: refining the definition of severe aortic stenosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branka Vulesevic ◽  
Naozumi Kubota ◽  
Ian G Burwash ◽  
Claire Cimadevilla ◽  
Sarah Tubiana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Severe Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Aortic Valve Area ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Derivation Cohort ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Diagnostic And Prognostic Value ◽  
Valve Area

Abstract Aims Severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) is defined by an aortic valve area (AVA) <1 cm2 or an AVA indexed to body surface area (BSA) <0.6 cm/m2, despite little evidence supporting the latter approach and important intrinsic limitations of BSA indexation. We hypothesized that AVA indexed to height (H) might be more applicable to a wide range of populations and body morphologies and might provide a better predictive accuracy. Methods and results In 1298 patients with degenerative AS and preserved ejection fraction from three different countries and continents (derivation cohort), we aimed to establish an AVA/H threshold that would be equivalent to 1.0 cm2 for defining severe AS. In a distinct prospective validation cohort of 395 patients, we compared the predictive accuracy of AVA/BSA and AVA/H. Correlations between AVA and AVA/BSA or AVA/H were excellent (all R2 > 0.79) but greater with AVA/H. Regressions lines were markedly different in obese and non-obese patients with AVA/BSA (P < 0.0001) but almost identical with AVA/H (P = 0.16). AVA/BSA values that corresponded to an AVA of 1.0 cm2 were markedly different in obese and non-obese patients (0.48 and 0.59 cm2/m2) but not with AVA/H (0.61 cm2/m for both). Agreement for the diagnosis of severe AS (AVA < 1 cm2) was significantly higher with AVA/H than with AVA/BSA (P < 0.05). Similar results were observed across the three countries. An AVA/H cut-off value of 0.6 cm2/m [HR = 8.2(5.6–12.1)] provided the best predictive value for the occurrence of AS-related events [absolute AVA of 1 cm2: HR = 7.3(5.0–10.7); AVA/BSA of 0.6 cm2/m2 HR = 6.7(4.4–10.0)]. Conclusion In a large multinational/multiracial cohort, AVA/H was better correlated with AVA than AVA/BSA and a cut-off value of 0.6 cm2/m provided a better diagnostic and prognostic value than 0.6 cm2/m2. Our results suggest that severe AS should be defined as an AVA < 1 cm2 or an AVA/H < 0.6 cm2/m rather than a BSA-indexed value of 0.6 cm2/m2.

scholarly journals Development and Application of a Total Diet Quality Index for Toddlers

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1943
Author(s):  
Melissa C. Kay ◽  
Emily W. Duffy ◽  
Lisa J. Harnack ◽  
Andrea S. Anater ◽  
Joel C. Hampton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Diet Quality Index

For the first time, the 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans include recommendations for infants and toddlers under 2 years old. We aimed to create a diet quality index based on a scoring system for ages 12 to 23.9 months, the Toddler Diet Quality Index (DQI), and evaluate its construct validity using 24 h dietary recall data collected from a national sample of children from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. The mean (standard error) Toddler DQI was 49 (0.6) out of 100 possible points, indicating room for improvement. Toddlers under-consumed seafood, greens and beans, and plant proteins and over-consumed refined grains and added sugars. Toddler DQI scores were higher among children who were ever breastfed, lived in households with higher incomes, and who were Hispanic. The Toddler DQI performed as expected and offers a measurement tool to assess the dietary quality of young children in accordance with federal nutrition guidelines. This is important for providing guidance that can be used to inform public health nutrition policies, programs, and practices to improve diets of young children.

Cubical Agda: A dependently typed programming language with univalence and higher inductive types

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREA VEZZOSI ◽  
ANDERS MÖRTBERG ◽  
ANDREAS ABEL
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Type Theory ◽  
Type Checking ◽  
Dependent Type Theory ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
General Schema ◽  
Direct Definition ◽  
Inductive Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cubical Type Theory

Abstract Proof assistants based on dependent type theory provide expressive languages for both programming and proving within the same system. However, all of the major implementations lack powerful extensionality principles for reasoning about equality, such as function and propositional extensionality. These principles are typically added axiomatically which disrupts the constructive properties of these systems. Cubical type theory provides a solution by giving computational meaning to Homotopy Type Theory and Univalent Foundations, in particular to the univalence axiom and higher inductive types (HITs). This paper describes an extension of the dependently typed functional programming language Agda with cubical primitives, making it into a full-blown proof assistant with native support for univalence and a general schema of HITs. These new primitives allow the direct definition of function and propositional extensionality as well as quotient types, all with computational content. Additionally, thanks also to copatterns, bisimilarity is equivalent to equality for coinductive types. The adoption of cubical type theory extends Agda with support for a wide range of extensionality principles, without sacrificing type checking and constructivity.

scholarly journals Concentrations of Seven Phthalate Monoesters in Infants and Toddlers Quantified in Urine Extracted from Diapers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6806
Author(s):  
Fiorella Lucarini ◽  
Marc Blanchard ◽  
Tropoja Krasniqi ◽  
Nicolas Duda ◽  
Gaëlle Bailat Rosset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Urine Sampling ◽  
Disposable Diapers ◽  
Children’S Exposure

Carrying out exposure studies on children who are not toilet trained is challenging because of the difficulty of urine sampling. In this study, we optimized a protocol for urine collection from disposable diapers for the analysis of phthalate metabolites. The exposure of Swiss children (n = 113) between 6 months and 3 years of life to seven phthalates was assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry measurements. The study showed limited exposures to phthalates, with only 22% of the samples containing some of the metabolites investigated. The three most frequently detected metabolites were monoethyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, and mono-benzyl phthalate. We also detected mono-n-octyl phthalate and mono(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate, which have rarely been observed in urine from infants and toddlers; therefore, di-n-octyl phthalate and bis(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate can be considered as potentially new emerging phthalates. This study presents an initial snapshot of the Swiss children’s exposure to phthalates and provides a promising approach for further phthalate biomonitoring studies on young children using disposable diapers as urine sampling technique.

scholarly journals Definitions and Prevalence of Multimorbidity in Large Database Studies: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1673
Author(s):  
Ying Pin Chua ◽  
Ying Xie ◽  
Poay Sian Sabrina Lee ◽  
Eng Sing Lee
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Coding Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Studies ◽  
Definition Of

Background: Multimorbidity presents a key challenge to healthcare systems globally. However, heterogeneity in the definition of multimorbidity and design of epidemiological studies results in difficulty in comparing multimorbidity studies. This scoping review aimed to describe multimorbidity prevalence in studies using large datasets and report the differences in multimorbidity definition and study design. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases to identify large epidemiological studies on multimorbidity. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) protocol for reporting the results. Results: Twenty articles were identified. We found two key definitions of multimorbidity: at least two (MM2+) or at least three (MM3+) chronic conditions. The prevalence of multimorbidity MM2+ ranged from 15.3% to 93.1%, and 11.8% to 89.7% in MM3+. The number of chronic conditions used by the articles ranged from 15 to 147, which were organized into 21 body system categories. There were seventeen cross-sectional studies and three retrospective cohort studies, and four diagnosis coding systems were used. Conclusions: We found a wide range in reported prevalence, definition, and conduct of multimorbidity studies. Obtaining consensus in these areas will facilitate better understanding of the magnitude and epidemiology of multimorbidity.

Interaction, engagement, and perceived interactivity in single-handed interaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1134-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghee Shin ◽  
Myunggoon Choi ◽  
Jang Hyun Kim ◽  
Jae-gil Lee
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Interaction Techniques ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Thumb Movement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mobile Industry ◽  
Perceived Interactivity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of interaction techniques (e.g. swiping and tapping) and the range of thumb movement on interactivity, engagement, attitude, and behavioral intention in single-handed interaction with smartphones. Design/methodology/approach A 2×2 between-participant experiment (technological features: swiping and tapping×range of thumb movement: wide and narrow) was conducted to study the effects of interaction techniques and thumb movement ranges. Findings The results showed that the range of thumb movement had significant effects on perceived interactivity, engagement, attitude, and behavioral intention, whereas no effects were observed for interaction techniques. A narrow range of thumb movement had more influence on the interactivity outcomes in comparison to a wide range of thumb movement. Practical implications While the subject of actual and perceived interactivity has been discussed, the issue has not been applied to smartphone. Based on the research results, the mobile industry may come up with a design strategy that balances feature- and perception-based interactivity. Originality/value This study adopted the perspective of the hybrid definition of interactivity, which includes both actual and perceived interactivity. Interactivity effect outcomes mediated by perceived interactivity.

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