The Double Burdens of Mental Health Among AIDS Patients With Fully Successful Immune Restoration: A Cross-Sectional Study of Anxiety and Depression in China

Abstract Aim As individuals adjust to new ‘norms’ and ways of living during the COVID-19 lockdown, there is a continuing need for up-to-date information and guidance. Evidence suggests that frequent media exposure is related to a higher prevalence of mental health problems, especially anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was to determine whether COVID-19 related media consumption is associated with changes in mental health outcomes. Methods This paper presents baseline data from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study. The cross-sectional study data was collected using an online survey following the Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with some other basic information collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the influence of socio-demographic and media specific factors on anxiety and depression. Results The study suggested that media usage is statistically significantly associated with anxiety and depression on the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scales with excessive media exposure related to higher anxiety and depression scores. Conclusion This study indicated that higher media consumption was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression. Worldwide it should be acknowledged that excessive media consumption, particularly social media relating to COVID-19, can have an effect on mental health. However, as this was a cross-sectional study we cannot infer any directionality as we cannot infer cause and effect; therefore, future research involving longitudinal data collection and analyses of variables over time is warranted.

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Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Police Personnel during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study in North India

Epidemiology International ◽

10.24321/2455.7048.202106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 06 (02) ◽

pp. 6-11

Author(s):

Amit Kumar Mital ◽

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

At Risk ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Problems ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Duty Hours ◽

Police Personnel

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has posed a public health threat to the whole world. The frontline line workers including police personnel involved in COVID-19 management and containment are at risk of mental health problems. Aims: To estimate mental health problems like stress, anxiety, and depression in police personnel and to determine their underlying drivers.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among police personnel of city Rohtak in April 2020. 8 police stations and 13 check-posts were selected randomly by lottery method. Depression, Anxiety and Stress-21 Scale was used. Statistical analyses were undertaken using MS Excel, Epi Info, and R software. Results: 298 policemen were screened for mental problems. Their mean age was 39 ± 9.7 years. 20.1%, 13.8%, and 3.4% had stress, anxiety, and depression respectively. 172 (57.7%) respondents were not satisfied with their COVID duty hours. 239 (80.2%) subjects believed that they are at risk of getting the infection due to their duties in COVID-19 containment zones. About 68.8% of participants believed that their families were at risk of getting the infection because of their COVID-19 duty. The study subjects who were not satisfied with their duty hours had 2.4 and 3.5 times more risk of stress and anxiety as compared with those who were satisfied with them. Conclusion: Policemen are at significant risk for stress, anxiety, and depression due to COVID related duties. Identifiable risk factors were number of working hours per day, dissatisfaction with duty hours, and risk of contracting corona infection due to COVID-19 duty.

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Stigma, Social Support, Illicit Drug Use, and Other Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Among HIV/AIDS Patients in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.745545 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Ahmed ◽

Muhammad Saqlain ◽

Malik Muhammad Umair ◽

Furqan Khurshid Hashmi ◽

Hamid Saeed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Social Support ◽

Illicit Drugs ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hiv Aids

Introduction: Anxiety and depression in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) can lead to non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), morbidity, and mortality. Therefore, assessing the stigma, social support, and other determinants of anxiety and depression in PLWHA are important for developing further interventions.Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 505 PLWHA, approached through systematic sampling, who paid routine visits to the ART center, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad. Data was collected by pretested validated hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Version 26 of the SPSS was used to apply Logistic regression analysis to identify determinants, and the 95% confidence interval (CI) adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was calculated to assess the magnitude of the relationships.Results: In PLWHA, the prevalence of co-morbid depression and anxiety was 80%. Separately, 89.9% had depression, and 80.3% had anxiety. Use of illicit drugs [AOR = 1.87, 95% CI (1.01, 3.27)], low social support [AOR = 1.21, 95% CI (1.02, 2.25)], being male [AOR = 2.21, 95% CI (1.11, 5.49)], and HIV related stigma [AOR = 2.48, 95% CI (1.25, 6.02)] were significant predictors of depression. Having detectable viral load [AOR = 3.04, 95% CI (1.04, 8.86)], young age [AOR = 5.31, 95% CI (1.19, 29.39)], no formal education [AOR = 21.78, 95% CI (4.03, 117.62)], low [AOR = 1.70, 95% CI (1.12, 6.93)] or moderate [AOR = 2.20, 95% CI (1.79, 6.09)] social support, illicit drugs addiction [AOR = 1.17, 95% CI (1.03, 2.55)], and HIV stigma [AOR = 54.3, 95% CI (21.20, 139.32)] had a remarkable association with anxiety.Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of anxiety and depression among PLWHA, the Pakistan Ministry of Health should focus more on monitoring mental health, expanding mental health services, and developing interventions based on identified factors to treat depression and anxiety among PLWHA.

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Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in General Population of Iran during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-39082/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Saman Maroufizadeh ◽

Majid Pourshaikhian ◽

Ali Pourramzani ◽

Farzaneh Sheikholeslami ◽

Mohammad Taghi Moghadamnia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

General Population ◽

Family Members ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Web Based ◽

Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health emergency and may result in psychological problems such as anxiety and depression in general population. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression and their associated factors in general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: We conducted this web-based cross-sectional study on 5328 individuals in Iran, between 17 and 29 April 2020. Data were collected through an anonymous online questionnaire via social media like WhatsApp and Telegram. The online survey collected information on demographic characteristics, COVID-19-related variables, and anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of anxiety and depression.Results: The mean GAD-7 and PHQ-9 total scores were 7.17 (SD=5.42) and 7.80 (SD=6.68), respectively. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxiety-depression were 30.1%, 33.4%, and 22.1%, respectively. According to the adjusted analysis, anxiety was significantly associated with being female, being young and middle-aged, being unemployed or housewife, having chronic diseases, long time thinking about COVID-19, having family members, friends, and/or relatives infected with COVI-19, and death of family members, relatives or friends due to COVID-19. Same results were also found for depression. Furthermore, depression was associated with being single, being resident in urban area, and having high risk individual in family. Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression were considerably high in general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to vulnerable groups such as women, young/middle-aged adults, unemployed people, people with chronic disease. Thus, a holistic approach, including management policies, psychosocial interventions, training, support, and tele-mental health, is absolutely crucial to reduce mental health problems of the COVID-19 and any outbreaks of other infectious diseases.

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Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in St. Peter Specialized Hospital Treatment Centers

10.26420/austinpsychiatry.2021.1009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dereseh BA ◽

◽

Abraha M ◽

Haile K ◽

Fanta T ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Social Support ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Hospital Treatment ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Specialized Hospital

Background: Since December 2019, an outbreak of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has widely and rapidly spread in China and around the world. Since 31 December 2019 and as of 30 April 2020, more than 25,000,000 cases of COVID-19 and 800,000 deaths have been reported. The grim epidemic has caused increasing public panic and mental health stress. Mental health is becoming an issue that cannot be ignored, while trying to control the outbreak. Cross sectional study was conducted to assess magnitude and factors associated depression among patients with COVID-19 in St. Peter Specialized Hospital Treatment Centers Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 Patients with COVID-19 admitted at St. Peter Specialized Hospital COVID-19 treatment center. The Anxiety and Depression was assessed through face to face interviews by trained psychiatry nurses using 14-items Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).Correlates for depression & anxiety were assessed using a structured questionnaire and Oslo social support scale. Result: A total of 373 participants were volunteer to be included in the study which makes the response rate88.4%. The mean age of the respondents was 37.46 (±SD=16.09) years. This study revealed that the Magnitude of Depression 36.5 % (136) and Anxiety 21.2 % (79) among COVID-19 patients. By using Multivariate (Anxiety) Logistic Regression, Patients who were Male (AOR 5.01, 95%CI (2.11, 11.87)), Housewife (AOR 11.43, 95%CI ( 2.67, 48.90)), Selfemployed (AOR 2.45,, 95%CI (1.07, 5.60)), having Diagnosed Chronic illness (AOR 2.56, 95%CI (1.19, 5.53)), having COVID-19 Symptoms for below 7 days and for 8-14 days ((AOR 3.21, 95%CI (1.21, 8.58)) & AOR 3.70, 95%CI (1.55, 8.84)) respectively) and those who had Poor/low Social Support (AOR 3.42, 95%CI (1.21, 9.63)) had Statistically Significant Association with Anxiety. By using Multivariate (Depression) Logistic Regression, Patients who were 41 and above years of old (AOR 3.95, 95% CI (1.80, 8.69)), had Monthly Income of less than 1000 birr (AOR 2.99, 95%CI (1.11, 8.05)), Having COVID-19 Symptoms for 8-14 days (AOR 2.63, 95% CI (1.34, 5.17)) and who had Poor Social Support (AOR 3.13, 95% CI (1.34, 7.30)) were Statistically Significant Associated with Depression. Conclusion: In the current study area the magnitude of depression and anxiety was high. Factors like sex, Job, having Diagnosed Chronic illness, Duration of COVID-19 symptom and social support with anxiety and factors such as age, income, duration of COVID-19 symptom and social support had statistically significant associated with depression.

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Gender-based approach on the social impact and mental health in Spain during COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044617 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. e044617

Author(s):

Constanza Jacques-Aviñó ◽

Tomàs López-Jiménez ◽

Laura Medina-Perucha ◽

Jeroen de Bont ◽

Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Online Survey ◽

Social Impact ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

The Social ◽

Gender Based

ObjectiveLockdown has impacts on people’s living conditions and mental health. The study aims to assess the relations between social impact and mental health among adults living in Spain during COVID-19 lockdown measures, taking a gender-based approach into account.Design, setting and participantsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among adults living in Spain during the lockdown of COVID-19 with an online survey from 8 April to 28 May 2020. The main variable was mental health measured by Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale for anxiety and the Patient Health Questionnaire for depression. Sex-stratified multivariate ordinal logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association between social impact variables, anxiety and depression.ResultsA total of 7053 people completed this survey. A total of 31.2% of women and 17.7% of men reported anxiety. Depression levels were reported in 28.5% of women and 16.7% of men. A higher proportion of anxiety and depression levels was found in the younger population (18–35 years), especially in women. Poorer mental health was mainly related to fear of COVID-19 infection, with higher anxiety levels especially in women (adjusted ordinal OR (aOR): 4.23, 95% CI 3.68 to 4.87) and worsened economy with higher levels of depression in women (aOR: 1.51, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.84), and perceived inadequate housing to cope with lockdown was especially associated with anxiety in men (aOR: 2.53, 95% CI 1.93 to 3.44).ConclusionThe social impact of the lockdown is related to gender, age and socioeconomic conditions. Women and young people had worse mental health outcomes during lockdown. It is urgent to establish strategies for public health emergencies that include mental health and its determinants, taking a gender-based approach into account, in order to reduce health inequities.

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Analysis of Factors That Influenced the Mental Health Status of Public Health Workers During the COVID-19 Epidemic Based on Bayesian Networks: A Cross-Sectional Study

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.755347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xin Peng ◽

Yangyang Pu ◽

Xiaoyong Jiang ◽

Qingmei Zheng ◽

Jing Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Mental Health ◽

Health Status ◽

Bayesian Networks ◽

Health Workers ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public Health Workers

Background: Public health workers are essential to responding to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, but research on anxiety and stress among public health workers during the epidemic is limited. This study aimed to evaluate related factors affecting mental health among public health workers during the epidemic.Methods: Between February 19 and 25, 2020, an online, cross-sectional study was conducted among public health workers in a city in China. Mental health status was assessed using the Chinese versions of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), both with a cutoff score of 5. Work-related variables, workloads and sacrifices, and personal perceptions were also assessed.Results: The prevalence of anxiety and depression were 49.2% and 45.7%, respectively, among public health workers. Three risk factors and one protective factor, namely, overcommitment (OR = 1.10∼1.20, p < 0.001), perceived troubles at work (OR = 1.14∼1.18, p < 0.001), perceived tension (OR = 1.11, p < 0.001) and the capability to persist for more than 1 month at the current work intensity (OR = 0.41∼0.42, p < 0.001) were found to be independently associated with anxiety and depression in the multivariable logistic regression analyses after propensity score matching. But the Bayesian networks analysis found that the last three factors directly affect anxiety and depression.Conclusion: Psychological responses to COVID-19 were dramatic among public health workers during the severe phase of the outbreak. To minimize the impact of the epidemic, working conditions should be improved, and easily accessible psychological support services should be implemented.

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The residents' mental health status and community's role during COVID-19 epidemic : a community-based cross-sectional study in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-20269/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Simin Li ◽

Zhiyu Ye ◽

Quan Wei ◽

Chunping Du ◽

Chengqi He

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Health Status ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Mental Health Status ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Community Residents ◽

And Control

Abstract BACKGROUND The related research of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic on mental health of community residents is still lacking. Here we reported the mental health status of Chinese residents as well as community’s prevention and control during the epidemic period of COVID-19, and further explored the influencing factors of mental status. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods were adopted from February16 to February 23, 2020 and Chinese community residents were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three questionnaires including General Anxiety Disorder 7(GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), and a self-designed “Community prevention and control questionnaire” were used. A multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to analyze the impact factors of anxiety and depression. RESULTS A total of 3001 community residents were included in this study. 85.6% and 83.7% of participants had minimal anxiety and depression respectively. 16.6% of participants demonstrated that the communities they lived in had confirmed cases. 95.3% of participants reported that the residents were screened for mobility and contact history. 97.8% of participants reported entrance and exit of community were managed in their communities. 97.5% and 99% of participants were required to take body temperature and wear masks in their communities. 92% communities had their public areas and facilities disinfected every day and 95.4% communities have conducted health education about COVID-19. Factors including gender, education level, chronic illness, the frequency of going out, achieving information about COVID-19 by community and newspaper, and confirmed cases in the community, show association with community residents’ anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS the vast majority of Chinese residents have little anxiety and depression, and most communities had adopted standardized control measures in accordance with government’s regulations and policy which plays an important role in the control of COVID-19 and improving residents’ anxiety and depression.

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Differences of psychological status of TMD patients, orthodontic patients and the general population during the COVID-19 epidemic: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-18915/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yange Wu ◽

Xin Xiong ◽

Xinyi Fang ◽

Wei Sun ◽

Yating Yi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

General Population ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Psychological Status ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Orthodontic Patients

Abstract Background Confronting with the outbreak of COVID-19, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess the differences of psychological status of temporomandibular disorders patients, orthodontic patients and the general population in China during the epidemic. Methods An online anonymous questionnaire was developed in Chinese, including the individual background information, the perception of the epidemic, and level of anxiety and depression through Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). The respondents were divided into Control group, ORTHO group and TMD group. Descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression modelling were performed. Results 1241 valid questionnaires in total were collected, with 587 orthodontic patients and 220 TMD patients. The mean score of K10 was 18.65. When compared with the general population, TMD patients displayed statistically higher level of anxiety and depression (P<0.05), whereas orthodontic patients not (P>0.05). Multiple linear regression model also showed that age, gender, some concerns about the impact of epidemic were correlated with psychological status. Conclusions The overall mental health was severely worsened by the COVID-19 epidemic. TMD patients had higher level of psychological distress than orthodontic patients and the general population. Factors such as younger age, female, concerning about the isolation and psychological barriers and distrust were amongst the associations with a high level of psychological distress. Mental health care should be paid to patients when hospitals and clinics re-open after the COVID-19 epidemic, especially to patients with these relevant characteristics.

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The Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety and Their Lifestyle Determinants in a Large Sample of Iranian Adults: Results from a Population Based Cross-Sectional Study

Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research ◽

10.2478/sjecr-2018-0079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 163-170

Author(s):

Zeinab Alizadeh ◽

Awat Feizi ◽

Mehri Rejali ◽

Hamid Afshar ◽

Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Large Sample ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractAssociation of lifestyle-related factors and mental health has been less studied in Middle Eastern countries. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of two common mental health problems, i.e., depression and anxiety, and their lifestyle determinants in a large sample of Iranian population.This study was conducted within the framework of SEPAHAN population based cross-sectional study (N=4763(. The General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) was used to assess physical activity and the Iranian-validated version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was applied to screen for anxiety and depression. Logistic regression was used as the main statistical method for data analysis by SPSS version 16.0. A P-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.The risk of anxiety and depression was 2.5 (OR=2.56,95% CI: 1.97-3.33) and 2.21(1.83-2.67) times higher in women than men, respectively. With every one-year increase in the age, the risk of anxiety decreased by 2% (OR=0.98,95% CI:0.97-0.99). Individuals with higher education had 56% lower risk of anxiety (OR=0.44,95% CI: 0.36-0.55) and 46% depression (OR=0.54,95% CI: 0.46-0.64) than the undergraduate group, and the risk of depression in the inactive (less than one hour of activity per week) group was 27% higher than the active group (OR=1.27,95% CI: 1.06-1.51). The risk of anxiety in the non-smoker group was 65% (OR=0.35,95% CI: 0.20-0.59) and depression was 64% lower than among smokers (OR=0.34,95% CI:0.22-0.53). In the ex-smoker group, the risk of anxiety was 60% (OR=0.40,95% CI:0.19-0.85) and depression was 59% lower than for the smoker group (OR=0.41,95% CI: 0.24-0.73).This current study’s results demonstrated significant associations between unhealthy lifestyle factors and increased risk of anxiety and depression. Hence, special attention must be paid to preventive intervention programmes aiming to enhance healthy lifestyle among at-risk populations.

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