scholarly journals COVID-19 and Italian Healthcare Workers From the Initial Sacrifice to the mRNA Vaccine: Pandemic Chrono-History, Epidemiological Data, Ethical Dilemmas, and Future Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Nioi ◽  
Pietro Emanuele Napoli ◽  
Jessica Lobina ◽  
Maurizio Fossarello ◽  
Ernesto d'Aloja
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Case ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
The Media ◽  
Health Organization

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a pandemic. Simultaneously, in Italy, in which the first case had occurred on February 18, the rigid phase of the lockdown began. The country has attracted worldwide attention, becoming at the same time a field of study both concerning the spread of the pandemic and advanced assessments of the effectiveness of political, public health, and therapeutic measures. The protagonists of the Italian crisis were the healthcare workers (HCWs) who were exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) without having any perception of what they were facing, courageously contributing to the containment of the epidemic to be defined by the media as “heroes.” However, in the first phase of the pandemic (March–May 2020), the price that the Italian Public Health System had to pay both in terms of the number of positive virus cases and deaths among the HCWs was beyond and represented a peculiarity compared to what happened in other countries. In the current study, after a summary of the evolution of the pandemic in Italy, we offer an analysis of the statistical data concerning contagions and deaths among healthcare workers (physicians in particular). In conclusion, we describe the critical issues that still need to be resolved and the future challenges facing healthcare workers and the general population.

Triage Management, Survival, and the Law in the Age of Ebola

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M Burkle ◽  
Christopher M Burkle
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
International Health ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Budget Cuts ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractLiberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea lack the public health infrastructure, economic stability, and overall governance to stem the spread of Ebola. Even with robust outside assistance, the epidemiological data have not improved. Vital resource management is haphazard and left to the discretion of individual Ebola treatment units. Only recently has the International Health Regulations (IHR) and World Health Organization (WHO) declared Ebola a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, making this crisis their fifth ongoing level 3 emergency. In particular, the WHO has been severely compromised by post-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) staffing, budget cuts, a weakened IHR treaty, and no unambiguous legal mandate. Population-based triage management under a central authority is indicated to control the transmission and ensure fair and decisive resource allocation across all triage categories. The shared responsibilities critical to global health solutions must be realized and the rightful attention, sustained resources, and properly placed legal authority be assured within the WHO, the IHR, and the vulnerable nations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-6)

scholarly journals Pandemic 2011: coming soon to a location near you.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Sacco
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Seasonal Flu ◽  
The Media ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Lower Death Rate

"H1 N1 is a virus that has been sensationalized by the media since the first case was discovered in Mexico during the spring of 2009. People around the world feared that the virus would mutate into something as severe as the 1918 Spanish flu, one of the deadliest plagues in history. However experts had discovered by June of 2009 that the Spanish flu was not comparable to H1 N1. Yet for six months newspaper reporters continued to compare the ew epidemic to the Spanish flu, thus keeping alive the threat of an unstoppable pandemic. One year has passed since the first case of H1 N1 was confirmed. After all of the attention that H1 N1 received, it proved to be not much different than a typical seasonal flu, resulting in a lower death rate (Schabas and Rau, 2010). Recently, a number of investigations have begun to determine if the World Health Organization (WHO) overemphasized the level of risk, resulting in a large quantity of sensationalized media coverage, and citizens in a state of panic.

scholarly journals Progress of COVID-19 Epidemic in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadijah Abid ◽  
Yashfika Abdul Bari ◽  
Maryam Younas ◽  
Sehar Tahir Javaid ◽  
Abira Imran
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Shed Light

The outbreak of corona virus initiated as pneumonia of unknown cause in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, which has been now spreading rapidly out of Wuhan to other countries. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus outbreak as the sixth public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), and on March 11, 2020, the WHO announced coronavirus as pandemic. Coronavirus is thought to be increasing in Pakistan. The first case of coronavirus was reported from Karachi on February 26, 2020, with estimated populace of Pakistan as 204.65 million. Successively, the virus spreads into various regions nationwide and has currently become an epidemic. The WHO has warned Pakistan that the country could encounter great challenge against the outbreak of coronavirus in the coming days. This short communication is conducted to shed light on the epidemic of coronavirus in the country. It would aid in emphasizing the up-to-date situation in a nutshell and the measures taken by the health sector of Pakistan to abate the risk of communication.

scholarly journals Use of hydroxychloroquine for novel corona virus infection in India: is it ethically justifiable?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 2426
Author(s):  
Ramesh Verma ◽  
Vinod Chayal ◽  
Meenakshi Kalhan ◽  
Rohit Dhaka ◽  
Ginni Agrawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Family ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Corona Viruses

Coronavirus disease is caused by a novel virus belonging to the family of corona viruses similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and  name given to the novel virus as SARS Coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease was named as COVID-19 on 11th February 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO). First case of this infection was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan city of China and after that it spread globally.3 On 30th January 2020, WHO declared this disease as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and on 11th March 2020, WHO declared it as a pandemic when the infection was reported from all six WHO regions.

scholarly journals Adapting for the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador, a characterization of hospital strategies and patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Garzon-Chavez ◽  
Daniel Romero-Alvarez ◽  
Marco Bonifaz ◽  
Juan Gaviria ◽  
Daniel Mero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Health Demand ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) a global pandemic on March 11th. In Ecuador, the first case of COVID-19 was recorded on February 29th. Despite efforts to control its spread, SARS-CoV-2 overrun the Ecuadorian public health system which became one of the most affected in Latin America with 22,719 cases reported up to April, 24th. Public health control measures, including social distancing and lockdowns, were implemented at different times in the biggest cities of the country: Guayaquil and Quito. The Hospital General del Sur de Quito (HGSQ) had to transition from a general to a specific COVID-19 health center in a short period of time to fulfill the health demand from patients with respiratory afflictions. Here, we summarized the implementations applied in the HGSQ to become a COVID-19 exclusive hospital, including the rearrangement of hospital rooms and a triage strategy based on a severity score calculated through an artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted chest computed tomography (CT). Moreover, we present clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory data from 75 laboratory tested COVID-19 patients, which represent the first outbreak of Quito city.

scholarly journals Role of the Media in Health-Related Awareness Campaigns on Perceptions of COVID-19: A Pre-Post Study in the General Population of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atta Ur Rehman ◽  
Rubeena Zakar ◽  
Muhammaz Zakria Zakar ◽  
Ume Hani ◽  
Florian Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Awareness ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Media ◽  
Knowledge Gains ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global public health emergency. Medical preparedness and community education are the most valuable preventive tools for combatting this pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess the role of media public health awareness campaigns on the knowledge of the general population about COVID-19 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.Methods: A quantitative study using a pre-post design among 384 respondents was conducted. To recruit study participants, a systematic random sampling technique was used. A structured questionnaire was administered to the participants twice: The first response (t1) from participants was filled in during the first week in February 2020 before any confirmed cases were reported in the country, and the second response (t2) was completed one month after the first case detection in Pakistan (March 2020). Media health awareness campaigns were launched just after the detection of the first case in Pakistan. Data was analysed by computing descriptive statistics and paired t-tests to measure the level of association between variables.Results: Exposure to the media and knowledge relating to COVID-19, particularly its symptoms and frequent handwashing as a preventive measure, increased over time. Whereas only a quarter of respondents judged the isolation of suspected cases in quarantine to be important to prevent the spread of infection in society at t1, more than half did so at t2. The same increase was visible in relation to the statement that a lockdown helps to follow social distancing. Socio-demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with knowledge (gains). However, more frequent use of electronic media is associated with greater knowledge gains from t1 to t2.Conclusions: The findings of this study provide evidence that awareness and knowledge related to COVID-19 symptoms and preventive measures increased significantly over time. The increased frequency of following the media indicates that health awareness campaigns are important for enhancing the knowledge of the general public regarding COVID-19.

scholarly journals An updated overview on 2019 novel coronavirus

Biomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-419
Author(s):  
Sanjukta Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Amino Acid Homology ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
To Come ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Coronavirus (CoV) has been associated with several infectious disease outbreak in humans in the past two decades, including Severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] in 2002-2003 and Middle East respiratory coronavirus [MERS-CoV] in 2012. An unexpected and unexplained respiratory infection commenced at Wuhan city, China, during the end of 2019, which was named as novel coronavirus disease [2019-nCoV or COVID-19] by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is considered to be a zoonotic disease, as it has nearly similar amino acid homology to SARS-CoV. Reports have revealed an unexpected increase in number of cases worldwide (214 countries and territories along with 2 international conveyances), which intimidates the public with human to human escalation through respiratory droplets and contact routes. This pandemic was declared as a public health emergency of international concern. It follows an extremely heterogeneous course from mild Flu like symptoms [fever, cough, sore throat, dyspnoea, fatigue, headache and malaise] to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. According to epidemiological data, old age and pre-existing medical co-morbidities are considered to be the risk factors for COVIOD-19. Currently, laboratory-based "Real time-reversed transcription Polymerase chain reaction" [rtRT-PCR] remains the molecular test of choice for the etiologic diagnosis. That apart, several hematological, biochemical markers along with various inflammatory cytokines (lymphopenia, serum level of C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, Interleukin-6, cardiac troponin I) may be used to assess disease severity. As of now, there have been approximately more than 36 million cases worldwide and more than one million succumbed to the illness (2.91% estimated mortality rate).  Based on reports, India has become the second worst coronavirus hit country with a total number of cases reaching 68 lakhs. The dearth of selected medication (anti-CoV) and unusual transmission ability of 2019-nCoV continue to be responsible for this uninterrupted escalation. Woefully, specific vaccines are yet to come up. Treatment options like broad-spectrum antiviral Remdesivir, and oxygen therapy are being evaluated to control this unprecedented health crisis, although none of these drugs are FDA (Food and drug administration) approved. The path of this pandemic is very undetermined and unpredictable. In the present scenario, efficacious prevention needs swift action from the standpoint of public health strategies, which entails strict surveillance, rapid detection, and implementation of a containment plan to curb this outbreak. This review article highlights the updates on novel coronavirus 2019 and the uninterrupted apocalyptic progress concerning the present situation. It also highlights various perspectives of effective therapeutic strategies to restrain this viral outbreak.

scholarly journals CURRENT SITUATION OF COVID-19 AND VACCINATION IN PAKISTAN: JULY 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irum Naureen ◽  
Ayesha Saleem ◽  
Attique Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Total Dose ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Case ◽  
Increase Rate ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization

COVID-19is thought to be expended in Pakistan. On February 26, 2020 first case was reported in Karachi. On January 30 world health organization (WHO) coronavirus outbreak on the sixth public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)announced that coronavirus is epidemic. WHO set up an instructive program planned to control the increase rate of COVID-19 cases. COVID-19 spread very fastly from person to person within few days and months leads to increase rate of Patients. According to latest updated report 2,452 confirmed coronavirus cases were reported in Pakistan. According to the report: 49,503 test were positive: 4.95% deaths (30 persons died) and 903 recoveries were recorded. Overall the Active Cases 48,850 and critical cases 24 in last 24 hours reported. Coronavirus cases were reported in Punjab 350,618 deaths 10,881 and recoveries 329,756. In Sindh confirmed cases were 356,929 deaths 5,720 and recoveries 320,600. In KPK confirmed cases reported 140,818 deaths 4,386 recoveries 134,144. Balochistan recorded report of confirmed cases 29,110 deaths 319 and recoveries 27,261. AJK reported confirmed cases 22,116 deaths 601 and recoveries 19,995 while in GB confirmed cases recorded 7,414 deaths 117 and recoveries 6, 432. Six vaccines approved in Pakistan Sinopharm, Cansino, Sinovic, sputnik, AstraZeneca, and Moderna (mRna-1273). Pakistan total dose administered 22,735,993 fully vaccinated 4.550,696 and partially vaccinated 18,185,297. Vaccination start on 3 February and 18 above start on June 3. It was observed that COVID-19 cases increases due to traveling from one country to another country. In Pakistan COVID-19 cases is high due to importation and traveling to meet other peoples that suffer in diseases. Pakistan need to follow high and good precautions rules and strict step in order to decrease the COVID-19 cases.

scholarly journals Frontline Nursing Care: The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Brazilian Health System

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 237796082096377
Author(s):  
Alisson Fernandes Bolina ◽  
Emiliana Bomfim ◽  
Luís Carlos Lopes-Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
World Health ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
First Case ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Nursing Professionals

Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are constant challenges for global public health. After the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been the focus of attention for scientists, governments and populations worldwide. In Brazil, the first case of COVID-19 was identified on February 26 2020, being the first country in Latin America to have affected patients. Almost four months later, more than one million confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been identified in the country, and the virus has spread across all 27 states and is responsible for at least 48,954 deaths until June 19, 2020. In addition, a global outbreak requires the active participation of the nursing workforce in clinical care, education, and sharing of accurate information of public health and policies. This year is particularly important for Nursing, as 2020 is the international year for Nursing and Midwifery Professionals. Nursing professionals corresponds to more than half of the health workforce in the country, being crucial in implementing public health policies and programs. Nurses and frontline health care workers have a critical role in the COVID-19 prevention and response, not only by providing direct assistance to patients and communities, but also in the implementation of health promotion and prevention strategies. Hence, we provide a reflection on the strengths and weaknesses of how the nursing profession is engaged with the COVID-19 response in Brazil.

scholarly journals MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF COVID-19 DISEASE IN INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW.

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandar Todkar ◽  
Palak Tihara ◽  
Tushar Nagpal ◽  
Aksha Frank ◽  
Akanksha Sinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Management ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Present Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Media ◽  
Health Organization

In India, the first case of a COVID-19 patient was reported on 30th January 2020 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in Kerala’s Thrissur district. On 11th March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) director-general’s briefed the media as an opening statement of the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic worldwide. In the literature data search, no article found which comprises the ethical and medico-legal aspects related to a COVID 19 pandemic situation. Therefore the purpose of to present review was to evaluate and review the Indian medico-legal aspects of Covid-19 disease. In the present review, different topics were covered such as the Epidemic Disease Act - 1897, the Disaster Management Act - 2005, the Biomedical Waste Management Act - 1998, the amendments to Epidemic Disease Act - 1998, Telemedicine and/or Teledentistry in the pandemic era in India, etc. The challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic are huge, but the basic principles of laws can keep healthcare personnel out of the medico-legal woods. Keywords: COVID-19 disease, Disaster Management Act, Epidemic Disease Act, Medico-legal, Teledentistry.

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