scholarly journals Relationship Between the COVID-19 Pandemic and Ecological, Economic, and Social Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Murányi ◽  
Bálint Varga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Ecological Economic ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Very High

The COVID-19 pandemic had huge impacts on the global world, with both a negative impact on society and economy but a positive one on nature. But this universal effect resulted in different infection rates from country to country. We analyzed the relationship between the pandemic and ecological, economic, and social conditions. All of these data were collected in 140 countries at six time points. Correlations were studied using univariate and multivariate regression models. The world was interpreted as a single global ecosystem consisting of ecosystem units representing countries. We first studied 140 countries around the world together, and infection rates were related to per capita GDP, Ecological Footprint, median age, urban population, and Biological Capacity, globally. We then ranked the 140 countries according to infection rates. We created four groups with 35 countries each. In the first group of countries, the infection rate was very high and correlated with the Ecological Footprint (consumption) and GDP per capita (production). This group is dominated by developed countries, and their ecological conditions have proved to be particularly significant. In country groups 2, 3, and 4, infection rates were high, medium, and low, respectively, and were mainly related to median age and urban population. In the scientific discussion, we have interpreted why infection rates are very high in developed countries. Sustainable ecosystems are balanced, unlike the ecosystems of developed countries. The resilience and the health of both natural ecosystems and humans are closely linked to the world of microbial communities, the microbiomes of the biosphere. It is clear that both the economy and society need to be in harmony with nature, creating sustainable ecosystems in developed countries as well.

scholarly journals Relationship between COVID-19 pandemic and ecological, economic, and social characteristics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Murányi ◽  
Bálint Varga
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Ecological Economic ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

AbstractCOVID-19 pandemic had huge impacts on the global world, with both a negative impact on society and economy, but a positive one on nature. But this universal effect resulted in different infection rates from country to country. We analyzed the relationship between the pandemic and ecological, economic, and social characteristics. All of these data were collected in 140 countries at 6 time points. Correlations were studied using univariate and multivariate regression models.The world was interpreted as a single global ecosystem consisting of ecosystem units representing countries. We first studied 140 countries around the world together, and infection rates were related to per capita GDP, Ecological Footprint, median age, urban population, and Biological Capacity, globally. We then ranked 140 countries by infection rate and created 4 equal groups, each with 35 countries. In the first group, the infection rate was very high and was related to the Ecological Footprint (consumption) and GDP per capita (production). This group is dominated by developed countries and their ecological characteristics have proven to be particularly significant. In groups 2, 3, and 4, infection rates were high, moderate, and low, and were primarily associated with median age and urban population.In the scientific discussion, we have interpreted why infection is high in developed countries. Sustainable ecosystems are balanced, unlike the ecosystems of developed countries. According to science, the resilience and health of both natural ecosystems and humans are closely linked to the world of microbial communities. Our results suggest that both the economy and society need to be in harmony with nature, creating sustainable ecosystems in developed countries as well.

FORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF THE REGION ON THE BASIS OF THE INNOVATION AND INVESTMENT MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Lytvynenko ◽  
◽  
Elena Lytvynenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Business Structures

The article discusses the key issues of achieving the goals of modernization, namely, China's interaction with the world economy. Chinese economists believe that the process of globalization cannot be stopped, but it can be radically changed and directed to the benefit of China's economy, most likely with the help of transnational corporations. The revitalization of integration processes among developing countries has been observed against the backdrop of the successful development of the Western European model of economic integration. In this way, integration first affected the sphere of production and then the sphere of mutual trade. The article substantiates the necessity and possibility of adaptation to the changing economic conditions and innovative development of business structures operating in international business and the proposal of specific schemes for their construction in accordance with the world markets requirements. Notice that, there is a change in the principles of regional integration development at the present stage. Developing countries are actively seeking to participate in integration processes, since the leading powers prefer to use territorial disputes in their foreign policy and there is a risk of potential threats from border states. For centuries, China has held the leading position in the world in terms of quality of life. However, modern China is not one of the developed countries in any of the established classifications, and therefore the current work explores the modernization theories of the economies of developing countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the entire world trade, production, trade and logistics chains have been destroyed, stock indices are declining, industrial production has been suspended, oil prices have collapsed, demand for goods is reorienting. Since China is the main trade partner of Ukraine and many Ukrainian enterprises are associated with the PRC by purchasing both goods or components for their production, it clearly will not affect our trade relations for the better.

scholarly journals Using fuzzy logic for evaluating the level of countries’ (regions’) economic development

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordan Stojic
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita

There are several divisions of countries and regions in the world. Besides geo-political divisions, there also are economic divisions. The most common economic division is the that on developed countries and the poor ones. These divisions are a consequence of the level of: GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, industrial growth, and so on. The question is how to define a mathematical model based on which the following will be assessed: who is rich and who is poor, or who is economically developed and who is not? How the boundaries of transition from one category to another can be defined? This paper presents a model for evaluating the level of economic development of countries and regions using "fuzzy" logic. The model was tested on a sample of 19 EU member countries and aspirants for membership.

A Comparative Analysis of South Africa as a Semi-Industrialised Developing Country

1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Knight
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Industrialised Countries

South Africa has neither a developed nor a typical underdeveloped economy. Too often it has been wrongly classified, along with, say, Australia and New Zealand, as one of the peripheral developed countries, because only a part of the economy and population have the characteristics we associate with that group. Yet its economy is distinctly different from others in sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa falls squarely into the category which the World Bank classifies as ‘upper middle-income’ developing economies, with G.N.P. per capita in 1982 ranging from $2,000 to $7,000 and averaging $2,500, thereby including South Africa, with $2,700.1 (By contrast, Kenya's G.N.P. per capita was $400 and Britain's $10,000). The World Bank's group includes Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, South Korea, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia. South Africa shares many structural economic characteristics with these semi-industrialised countries.

scholarly journals Impacts from Economic Development and Environmental Factors on Life Expectancy: A Comparative Study Based on Data from Both Developed and Developing Countries from 2004 to 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8559
Author(s):  
Zhiheng Chen ◽  
Yuting Ma ◽  
Junyi Hua ◽  
Yuanhong Wang ◽  
Hongpeng Guo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urbanization Rate

Both economic development level and environmental factors have significant impacts on life expectancy at birth (LE). This paper takes LE as the research object and selects nine economic and environmental indicators with various impacts on LE. Based on a dataset of economic and environmental indicators of 20 countries from 2004 to 2016, our research uses the Pearson Correlation Coefficient to evaluate the correlation coefficients between the indicators, and we use multiple regression models to measure the impact of each indicator on LE. Based on the results from models and calculations, this study conducts a comparative analysis of the influencing mechanisms of different indicators on LE in both developed and developing countries, with conclusions as follow: (1) GDP per capita and the percentage of forest area to land area have a positive impact on LE in developed countries; however, they have a negative impact on LE in developing countries. Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP and fertilizer consumption have a negative impact on LE in developed countries; however, they have a positive impact on LE in developing countries. Gini coefficient and average annual exposure to PM2.5 have no significant effect on LE in developed countries; however, they have a negative impact on LE in developing countries. Current healthcare expenditures per capita have a negative impact on LE in developed countries, and there is no significant impact on LE in developing countries. (2) The urbanization rate has a significant positive impact on LE in both developed countries and developing countries. Carbon dioxide emissions have a negative impact on LE in both developed and developing countries. (3) In developed countries, GDP per capita has the greatest positive impact on LE, while fertilizer consumption has the greatest negative impact on LE. In developing countries, the urbanization rate has the greatest positive impact on LE, while the Gini coefficient has the greatest negative impact on LE. To improve and prolong LE, it is suggested that countries should prioritize increasing GDP per capita and urbanization level. At the same time, countries should also work on reducing the Gini coefficient and formulating appropriate healthcare and education policies. On the other hand, countries should balance between economic development and environmental protection, putting the emphasis more on environmental protection, reducing environmental pollution, and improving the environment’s ability of self-purification.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Problems, Challenges and Business Opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Hani El-Chaarani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
International Ngos ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

The arrival of COVID-19 has a negative impact on social conditions and economic indicators of many developed and developing countries. SMEs and managers are suffering from the lockdown, health conditions and the difficulty of transportation. They are implementing new strategies and applying cost control of their expenses to survive. The local governments in collaboration with the IMF, the UN and international NGOs should collaborate and cooperate to recover the socio-economic conditions. This research paper sheds light on socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 and provides many proposals to recover the socio-economic conditions in developing and developed countries.

Induced abortion in today’s world

2000 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-347
Author(s):  
Eremenegildo Spaziante
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Induced Abortion ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Public Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Induced Abortions ◽  
Per Capita

The Author has examined the recent statistics concerning the legally induced abortion, registered in 25 selected countries in the world. From a total population of 997 millions inhabitants, the cases of induced abortions were 6,126,000 during the year 1996. A formal decrease of 20% was recorded yearly between 1994 and 1996. The changes were not similar for all the examined countries. The most intensive decrease was registered in the countries with previous highest incidence, especially those with experience of Soviet system or Marxian ideology. The study reports the comparison of the abortive phenomenon with the birth rate, the infant mortality, the socio-economic conditions. Invers correlation come in evidence between induced abortiveness rates and the “human development index” (UNDP), especially with the cultural level and the Goss National Product (GNP) per capita. The Author supposes that in the more developed countries the decrease of registered abortiveness was related also to a larger use of contraceptive means. In the less developed countries of the ex-Soviet system, the attenuation of incidence of induced abortion can be connected with a mitigation of public power to coercive birth control. The A. suggests te working hypothesis that a large seeking f induced abortion, especially if repeated, is not only a consequence of economical and cultural misery, but also an important factor of moral, social, and economic depression. In the changing world induced abortion is still a persistent form of misery.

scholarly journals Environmental Impact of Mobility in Higher-Education Institutions: The Case of the Ecological Footprint at the University of A Coruña (Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6190
Author(s):  
Jose-Benito Perez-Lopez ◽  
Alfonso Orro ◽  
Margarita Novales
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
Car Use ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Ecological footprint (EF) determines the area of ecologically productive territory necessary to produce the resources utilised and to assimilate the waste produced by a given population over a year. Knowing your own EF is the first step in planning and implementing policies to reduce it. Considering that transport is a significant component of the impact of human activity on the environment, this study calculates the EF of the CO2 emissions associated with person mobility (EFM) at the University of A Coruña (UDC). The results presented are based on statistical inference from surveys conducted in 2008, 2016, and 2020. The period 2008–2016 coincides with the effects of the economic crisis, and 2020 with those of the COVID-19 pandemic. The EFM of UDC in 2016 was 2177 global hectares (gha), 148 times its biocapacity. Ninety-two percent of it was generated by car trips. Policies to reduce the environmental impact of mobility should focus on reducing car use. This study analyzes various factors of variability. The EFM per capita of the commutes from the place of residence to the UDC campuses grew between 2008 and 2020 by 17%. The results obtained are compared with those of other nearby universities and around the world.

scholarly journals Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018

Resources ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lin ◽  
Laurel Hanscom ◽  
Adeline Murthy ◽  
Alessandro Galli ◽  
Mikel Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Agricultural Yields

Ecological Footprint accounting quantifies the supply and demand of Earth’s biocapacity. The National Footprint Accounts (NFA) are the most widely used Ecological Footprint (EF) dataset, and provide results for most countries and the world from 1961 to 2014, based primarily on publicly available UN datasets. Here, we review the evolution of the NFA, describe and quantify the effects of improvements that have been implemented into the accounts since the 2012 edition, and review the latest global trends. Comparing results over six editions of NFAs, we find that time-series trends in world results remain stable, and that the world Ecological Footprint for the latest common year (2008) has increased six percent after four major accounting improvements and more than thirty minor improvements. The latest results from the NFA 2018 Edition for the year 2014 indicate that humanity’s Ecological Footprint is 1.7 Earths, and that global ecological overshoot continues to grow. While improved management practices and increased agricultural yields have assisted in a steady increase of Earth’s biocapacity since 1961, humanity’s Ecological Footprint continues to increase at a faster pace than global biocapacity, particularly in Asia, where the total and per capita Ecological Footprint are increasing faster than all other regions.

Packaging Material Barriers Faced by Foods and Agricultural Products Export of China and Countermeasures

2014 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 2335-2338
Author(s):  
Hong Ling Shao ◽  
Hai Xia Cui ◽  
Jian Lu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Packaging Material ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Measure

Foods and agricultural products safety problems caused by the packaging materials have attracted extensive attention all over the world and some developed countries take it as a technical trade measure to increase the threshold of foods and agricultural products import, which brings about great negative impact to the export countries. Based on the analysis of the packaging material barriers faced by foods and agricultural products export of China, this paper will put forward some countermeasures to break through the packaging material barriers of foreign countries.

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