Field Trial on 5G New Radio Over Satellite

5G New Radio (NR) is the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) radio access technology for the next generation mobile communications network. A major evolution of 5G constitutes the integration of non-terrestrial networks including geostationary and low Earth orbit satellites. The seamless integration of satellites in the terrestrial mobile network requires significant adaptations within the radio access network and the development of new features in the core network to cope with the specific satellite channel characteristics. To date, the 5G control and data plane has been standardized to handle only continuous backhaul communication between the network components. However, a mobile satellite enabled next generation Node B (gNB) located in a vehicle or in a moving aerial platform needs to be able to handle frequent backhaul outages of various duration as well as longer signal delays as opposed to short terrestrial connections via fiber. In this paper, we report the results of an over-the-air (OTA) field trial comprising a mobile edge node connected to the 5G standalone core network components over a geostationary satellite. We analyze Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) acceleration and GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)/TCP/Internet Protocol (IP) header compression features through the GTP. Moreover, the influence of short and long interruptions in the communication between the edge node and the central components on the entire system performance is investigated. The header compression and TCP acceleration modules were implemented on the satellite modems and are now part of the protocol stack of these devices. The results show up to 12% higher data rates for the 5G user equipment (UE), on a 1.5 MHz single carrier return link compared to deactivated TCP acceleration and header compression. We increased the data rate by 20% on the 4.5 MHz DVB-S2X forward link between the UE and 5G core. Moreover, our measurements reveal that even satellite-enabled gNB mobility is possible with the current Release 15 standard. After a short outage of the satellite connection due to shadowing, the UE can successfully re-establish the user plane connection to the core network. Our results will facilitate the full integration of satellite components in 5G through open and standard solutions.

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Slicing the Core Network and Radio Access Network Domains through Intent-Based Networking for 5G Networks

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics9101710 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1710

Author(s):

Khizar Abbas ◽

Muhammad Afaq ◽

Talha Ahmed Khan ◽

Adeel Rafiq ◽

Wang-Cheol Song

Keyword(s):

Network Virtualization ◽

Access Network ◽

Automated System ◽

Core Network ◽

Network Slicing ◽

Radio Access Network ◽

The Core ◽

Radio Access ◽

Wide Range ◽

Physical Infrastructure

The fifth-generation mobile network presents a wide range of services which have different requirements in terms of performance, bandwidth, reliability, and latency. The legacy networks are not capable to handle these diverse services with the same physical infrastructure. In this way, network virtualization presents a reliable solution named network slicing that supports service heterogeneity and provides differentiated resources to each service. Network slicing enables network operators to create multiple logical networks over a common physical infrastructure. In this research article, we have designed and implemented an intent-based network slicing system that can slice and manage the core network and radio access network (RAN) resources efficiently. It is an automated system, where users just need to provide higher-level network configurations in the form of intents/contracts for a network slice, and in return, our system deploys and configures the requested resources accordingly. Further, our system grants the automation of the network configurations process and reduces the manual effort. It has an intent-based networking (IBN) tool which can control, manage, and monitor the network slice resources properly. Moreover, a deep learning model, the generative adversarial neural network (GAN), has been used for the management of network resources. Several tests have been carried out with our system by creating three slices, which shows better performance in terms of bandwidth and latency.

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Optimizing allocation and positioning in a disaggregated radio access network

10.5753/sbrc.2019.7403 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Felipe Freitas Fonseca ◽

Sand Luz Correa ◽

Kleber Vieira Cardoso

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Access Network ◽

Access Networks ◽

Core Network ◽

Improve Performance ◽

The Core ◽

Radio Access ◽

Network Functions ◽

Feasible Solutions ◽

Communication Paths

Future wireless communication infrastructures, starting from 5G, will operate their radio access networks (RANs) based on virtualized functions distributed over a crosshaul, i.e., a transport solution integrating fronthaul and backhaul. Optimizing the resource allocation and positioning of the virtual network functions of a virtualized RAN (vRAN) is crucial to improve performance. In this paper, we propose a new optimization model to deal with VRAN functions allocation and positioning that seeks to maximize the level of centralization. Our model explores several representative functional splits, including the fully distributed remote unit (UK), while taking into account the limit imposed by the communication paths between the crosshaul and the core network. We compare our model with a state-of-the-art solution and show how our approach improves the centralization level in most of the scenarios, even considering the limit imposed by the core infrastructure. Our model also provides higher number of feasible solutions in most of the cases. Additionally, we investigate the positioning of the central unit (CU) and show that its placement with the core infrastructure is rarely the best choice.

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Towards Unified Services in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Based on Soft-Switch Platform

Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch191 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 1416-1422

Author(s):

Spiros Louvros

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Heterogeneous Wireless Networks ◽

Data Traffic ◽

Core Network ◽

Soft Switch ◽

Access Technology ◽

The Core ◽

Radio Access Technology ◽

Radio Access ◽

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

The last two decades, after the telecommunication and computer technology convergence, the world of telecommunication applications has changed dramatically. The traffic needs of the customers have moved from circuit switched applications towards packet switched applications (Cox, 1995). Data traffic, with the characteristics of information transmission in the form of packets and the bursty flow characteristics rather than constant rate, nowadays accounts for slightly more than 60% of the traffic that is transmitted over the backbone telecommunication networks (Esmailzadeh, Nakagawa, & Jones, 2003). In addition to data traffic, multimedia applications like video calls, IP TV, and multimedia messaging traffic (variable rate with real time constraints) was made possible by low cost video digitizing equipment (Houssos, Alonistioti, Merakos, Mohyeldin, Dillinger, Fahrmair, & Schoenmakers, 2003). Different Radio Access Technology (RAT) networks offer different services to their subscribers. This is a big problem for the multimedia industry since it poses certain constraints to the subscribers regarding specific technology handsets. The ideal solution might be a unified handset with a unified service subscriber identity module (SIM) card (Louvros & Iossifides, 2004). This handset should be able to access the service by any radio access network, like Global System Mobile (GSM) (Siegmund, Redl, Weber, & Oliphant, 1995), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and IEEE802.11 standard (WiFi or WLAN) towards a common core platform. In order to achieve such a unification, the service request should be seamless to the radio access technology network and the core platform should support certain protocols to provide again seamless to the user access to the requested service. Such a platform is already designed and is known as the soft-switch solution. The idea behind the soft-switch solution is the layering of the core network management procedures (mobility management, call control, session management, charging) in such a way that the operator can support all requests as a unified routing process. Moreover the operator can deploy its core switch and transmission network based on a common backbone, designed according to the 3GPP standards on IP or ATM infrastructure, and also to be able to accommodate in the future any new radio access technology network simply and without any serious rearrangement of the existing backbone, thus eliminating cost implementation. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology is proposed by the telecommunication industry to accommodate multiple traffic types (packet and voice) in a high speed wire-line backbone network. Briefly, ATM is based on very fast (on the order of 2.5 Gbits/sec or higher (Q.2931 ATM Network Signaling Specification, ITU)) packet switching technology with 53 byte long packets called cells being transmitted through wireline networks running usually on fiber optical equipment (Louvros, Karaboulas, Iossifides, & Kotsopoulos, 2003).

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D-RoF and A-RoF Interfaces in an All-Optical Fronthaul of 5G Mobile Systems

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10041212 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 1212 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zbigniew Zakrzewski

Keyword(s):

New Technologies ◽

Special Section ◽

Access Network ◽

Radio Over Fiber ◽

Mobile Systems ◽

Next Generation ◽

Radio Access ◽

New Radio ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Wireless Interface

This paper presents a solution for enabling the coexistence of digitized radio-over-fiber (D-RoF) and analog radio-over-fiber (A-RoF) interfaces operating in the optical fronthaul of 5G mobile systems. In the first section, we formulate the need to introduce new technologies to the cloud/centralized radio access network (C-RAN) (Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) in 5G systems). A proposition of construction of the optical remote radio head (O-RRH)/gNodeB—distributed unit (gNB-DU), which will enable the operation of digital Splits/Options and new proposed analog Splits/Options, is presented. The methods performing calculations of bit rate and optical bandwidth demand in the fronthaul/midhaul, with reference to the parameters of the new-radio-release-15 (NR-Rel-15) wireless interface and subsequent releases, towards the next generations, are presented. The bandwidth demands were calculated for selected Splits/Options, and the results are shown in diagrams. A special section is devoted to description of the results achieved and presenting potential applications of the proposed construction of a radio-photonic device as well as new Splits/Options of the next generation fronthaul/midhaul.

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On Threats to the 5G Service Based Architecture

Wireless Personal Communications ◽

10.1007/s11277-021-08200-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Geir M. Køien

Keyword(s):

Network Design ◽

Core Network ◽

Control Plane ◽

Web Based ◽

Radio System ◽

The Core ◽

New Radio ◽

Complete Overhaul

AbstractThe 3GPP-based 5G System marks a clear departure form the previous generations. There is a new radio system and a complete overhaul of the core network design. The core network is redesigned both on the control plane parts and the transport plane. The control plane signalling within the core network is now largely based on the service based architecture (SBA) design, featuring Web-based technologies and the associated security solutions. In this paper we conduct a preliminary generic survey of threats to the SBA.

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Two-dwell code acquisition techniques by advanced spatio-temporal antennas for the radio access of 3G mobile communications

Fourth International Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies ◽

10.1049/cp:20030335 ◽

2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. Giunta

Keyword(s):

Mobile Communications ◽

Code Acquisition ◽

Radio Access ◽

Spatio Temporal

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Transition technologies towards 6G networks

EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking ◽

10.1186/s13638-021-01973-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Thiago R. Raddo ◽

Simon Rommel ◽

Bruno Cimoli ◽

Chris Vagionas ◽

Diego Perez-Galacho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Mobile Networks ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Mobile Systems ◽

60 Ghz ◽

Next Generation ◽

Space Optics ◽

V Band ◽

Radio Access ◽

Next Generation Mobile Networks

AbstractThe sixth generation (6G) mobile systems will create new markets, services, and industries making possible a plethora of new opportunities and solutions. Commercially successful rollouts will involve scaling enabling technologies, such as cloud radio access networks, virtualization, and artificial intelligence. This paper addresses the principal technologies in the transition towards next generation mobile networks. The convergence of 6G key-performance indicators along with evaluation methodologies and use cases are also addressed. Free-space optics, Terahertz systems, photonic integrated circuits, softwarization, massive multiple-input multiple-output signaling, and multi-core fibers, are among the technologies identified and discussed. Finally, some of these technologies are showcased in an experimental demonstration of a mobile fronthaul system based on millimeter 5G NR OFDM signaling compliant with 3GPP Rel. 15. The signals are generated by a bespoke 5G baseband unit and transmitted through both a 10 km prototype multi-core fiber and 4 m wireless V-band link using a pair of directional 60 GHz antennas with 10° beamwidth. Results shown that the 5G and beyond fronthaul system can successfully transmit signals with both wide bandwidth (up to 800 MHz) and fully centralized signal processing. As a result, this system can support large capacity and accommodate several simultaneous users as a key candidate for next generation mobile networks. Thus, these technologies will be needed for fully integrated, heterogeneous solutions to benefit from hardware commoditization and softwarization. They will ensure the ultimate user experience, while also anticipating the quality-of-service demands that future applications and services will put on 6G networks.

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A controlled deflection routing and wavelength assignment based scheme in Optical Burst Switched (OBS) networks

Journal of Optical Communications ◽

10.1515/joc-2019-0017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Bakhe Nleya ◽

Philani Khumalo ◽

Andrew Mutsvangwa

Keyword(s):

Wavelength Conversion ◽

Wavelength Assignment ◽

Wavelength Converters ◽

Core Network ◽

Least Cost Path ◽

Deflection Routing ◽

Backbone Networks ◽

The Core ◽

Optical Burst

AbstractHeterogeneous IoT-enabled networks generally accommodate both jitter tolerant and intolerant traffic. Optical Burst Switched (OBS) backbone networks handle the resultant volumes of such traffic by transmitting it in huge size chunks called bursts. Because of the lack of or limited buffering capabilities within the core network, burst contentions may frequently occur and thus affect overall supportable quality of service (QoS). Burst contention(s) in the core network is generally characterized by frequent burst losses as well as differential delays especially when traffic levels surge. Burst contention can be resolved in the core network by way of partial buffering using fiber delay lines (FDLs), wavelength conversion using wavelength converters (WCs) or deflection routing. In this paper, we assume that burst contention is resolved by way of deflecting contending bursts to other less congested paths even though this may lead to differential delays incurred by bursts as they traverse the network. This will contribute to undesirable jitter that may ultimately compromise overall QoS. Noting that jitter is mostly caused by deflection routing which itself is a result of poor wavelength and routing assigning, the paper proposes a controlled deflection routing (CDR) and wavelength assignment based scheme that allows the deflection of bursts to alternate paths only after controller buffer preset thresholds are surpassed. In this way, bursts (or burst fragments) intended for a common destination are always most likely to be routed on the same or least cost path end-to-end. We describe the scheme as well as compare its performance to other existing approaches. Overall, both analytical and simulation results show that the proposed scheme does lower both congestion (on deflection routes) as well as jitter, thus also improving throughput as well as avoiding congestion on deflection paths.

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Periinfarct rewiring supports recovery after primary motor cortex stroke

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1177/0271678x211002968 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0271678X2110029

Author(s):

Mitsouko van Assche ◽

Elisabeth Dirren ◽

Alexia Bourgeois ◽

Andreas Kleinschmidt ◽

Jonas Richiardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Core Network ◽

Small Spatial Scale ◽

The Core ◽

Hand Dexterity ◽

Motor Network ◽

Motor Improvement

After stroke restricted to the primary motor cortex (M1), it is uncertain whether network reorganization associated with recovery involves the periinfarct or more remote regions. We studied 16 patients with focal M1 stroke and hand paresis. Motor function and resting-state MRI functional connectivity (FC) were assessed at three time points: acute (<10 days), early subacute (3 weeks), and late subacute (3 months). FC correlates of recovery were investigated at three spatial scales, (i) ipsilesional non-infarcted M1, (ii) core motor network (M1, premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and primary somatosensory cortex), and (iii) extended motor network including all regions structurally connected to the upper limb representation of M1. Hand dexterity was impaired only in the acute phase ( P = 0.036). At a small spatial scale, clinical recovery was more frequently associated with connections involving ipsilesional non-infarcted M1 (Odds Ratio = 6.29; P = 0.036). At a larger scale, recovery correlated with increased FC strength in the core network compared to the extended motor network (rho = 0.71; P = 0.006). These results suggest that FC changes associated with motor improvement involve the perilesional M1 and do not extend beyond the core motor network. Core motor regions, and more specifically ipsilesional non-infarcted M1, could hence become primary targets for restorative therapies.

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