scholarly journals Muscle Strength and Power: Primary Outcome Measures to Assess Cold Water Immersion Efficacy After Exercise With a Strong Strength or Power Component

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Lindsay ◽  
Jonathan M. Peake
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Power Component

Cryotherapy Effects, Part 2: Time to Numbness Onset and Numbness Duration

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Jenna K. Cataldi ◽  
Kimberly A. Pritchard ◽  
Joseph M. Hart ◽  
Susan A. Saliba
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Cutaneous Sensation ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Crushed Ice

Context:Recommended treatment duration for cryotherapy varies, but the primary therapeutic benefit may be related to the amount of time required for changes in cutaneous sensation.Objective:To determine the amount of time required to induce numbness for three different modes of cryotherapy administration, and the amount of time that numbness persists after treatment.Design:Repeated measures.Participants:30 healthy adults (12 males, 18 females, age = 21.1 ± 1.9 years).Interventions:Crushed ice bag, ice massage, and cold water immersion.Main Outcome Measures:Time required to induce numbness and the amount of time numbness remained after removal of each mode of cryotherapy.Results:Ice massage and cold water immersion produced numbness significantly faster than the crushed ice. There were no significant differences in terms of numbness duration.Conclusions:Changes in cutaneous sensation can be achieved in a relatively short amount of time (6–12 minutes) with ice massage and cold water immersion. The duration of the treatment effect did not differ among the three modes of cryotherapy administration.

Cryotherapy Effects, Part 1: Comparison of Skin Temperatures and Patient-Reported Sensations for Different Modes of Administration

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 22-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailey N. Love ◽  
Kimberly A. Pritchard ◽  
Joseph M. Hart ◽  
Susan A. Saliba
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Pain Reduction ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Mcgill Pain Questionnaire ◽  
Noxious Stimulation ◽  
Patient Reported

Context:Alterations in skin sensations may be responsible for pain reduction provided by cryotherapy, but the exact physiological mechanism is unknown.Objective:To investigate perceptions of skin sensations associated with different modes of cryotherapy administration and skin temperature at the point of perceived numbness.Design:Repeated measures.Participants:30 healthy subjects (12 Male, 18 Female, Age = 21.1±1.9 years).Interventions:Crushed ice bag, ice massage, and cold water immersion.Main Outcome Measures:Perceptions of sensations during each mode of cryotherapy administration were derived from a Modified McGill Pain Questionnaire. Skin temperature was recorded when numbness was reported for each treatment.Results:Participants experienced sensations that included cold, tight, tingling, stinging, and numb. Ice massage sensations transitioned rapidly from cold to numb, whereas cold water immersion and ice bag treatments produced altered sensations for longer duration. Ice massage decreased skin temperature significantly more than the other two modes of cryotherapy administration.Conclusions:Ice massage may be the best mode of cryotherapy administration for achievement of anaesthesia as rapidly as possible, whereas cold water immersion and ice bag application may be better for attainment of pain reduction associated with noxious stimulation of skin receptors.

Patient Involvement in Treatment Decision Making Can Help or Hinder Placebo Analgesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Geers ◽  
Jason P. Rose ◽  
Stephanie L. Fowler ◽  
Jill A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Placebo Analgesia ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Immersion Experience

Experiments have found that choosing between placebo analgesics can reduce pain more than being assigned a placebo analgesic. Because earlier research has shown prior experience moderates choice effects in other contexts, we tested whether prior experience with a pain stimulus moderates this placebo-choice association. Before a cold water pain task, participants were either told that an inert cream would reduce their pain or they were not told this information. Additionally, participants chose between one of two inert creams for the task or they were not given choice. Importantly, we also measured prior experience with cold water immersion. Individuals with prior cold water immersion experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia when given choice, whereas participants without this experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia without choice. Prior stimulus experience appears to moderate the effect of choice on placebo analgesia.

Thermoregulatory responses to cold water at different times of day

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Castellani ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
James E. Kain ◽  
Michael N. Sawka
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Body Temperature Change ◽  
The Mean

This study examined how time of day affects thermoregulation during cold-water immersion (CWI). It was hypothesized that the shivering and vasoconstrictor responses to CWI would differ at 0700 vs. 1500 because of lower initial core temperatures (Tcore) at 0700. Nine men were immersed (20°C, 2 h) at 0700 and 1500 on 2 days. No differences ( P > 0.05) between times were observed for metabolic heat production (M˙, 150 W ⋅ m−2), heat flow (250 W ⋅ m−2), mean skin temperature (T sk, 21°C), and the mean body temperature-change in M˙(ΔM˙) relationship. Rectal temperature (Tre) was higher ( P < 0.05) before (Δ = 0.4°C) and throughout CWI during 1500. The change in Tre was greater ( P < 0.05) at 1500 (−1.4°C) vs. 0700 (−1.2°C), likely because of the higher Tre-T skgradient (0.3°C) at 1500. These data indicate that shivering and vasoconstriction are not affected by time of day. These observations raise the possibility that CWI may increase the risk of hypothermia in the early morning because of a lower initial Tcore.

scholarly journals Recovery strategies implemented by sport support staff of elite rugby players in South Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V. Van Wyk ◽  
M.I. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Support Staff ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Rugby Players

Objective: The main aim of this study was to determine strategies used toaccelerate recovery of elite rugby players after training and matches, asused by medical support staff of rugby teams in South A frica. A  secondaryaim was to focus on specifics of implementing ice/cold water immersion asrecovery strategy. Design: A  Questionnaire-based cross sectional descriptive survey was used.Setting and Participants: Most (n=58) of the medical support staff ofrugby teams (doctors, physiotherapists, biokineticists and fitness trainers)who attended the inaugural Rugby Medical A ssociation conference linked to the South A frican Sports MedicineA ssociation Conference in Pretoria (14-16th November, 2007) participated in the study. Results: Recovery strategies were utilized mostly after matches. Stretching and ice/cold water immersion were utilized the most (83%). More biokineticists and fitness trainers advocated the usage of stretching than their counter-parts (medical doctors and physiotherapists). Ice/Cold water immersion and A ctive Recovery were the top two ratedstrategies. A  summary of the details around implementation of ice/cold water therapy is shown (mean) as utilized bythe subjects: (i) The time to immersion after matches was 12±9 min; (ii) The total duration of one immersion sessionwas 6±6 min; (iii) 3 immersion sessions per average training week was utilized by subjects; (iv) The average water temperature was 10±3 ºC.; (v) Ice cubes were used most frequently to cool water for immersion sessions, and(vi) plastic drums were mostly used as the container for water. Conclusion: In this survey the representative group of support staff provided insight to which strategies are utilizedin South A frican elite rugby teams to accelerate recovery of players after training and/or matches.

scholarly journals Cold-water immersion following sprint interval training does not alter endurance signaling pathways or training adaptations in human skeletal muscle

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (4) ◽  
pp. R372-R384 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Broatch ◽  
Aaron Petersen ◽  
David J. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
P53 Protein ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Single Session

We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms by which postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI) may alter key markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following both a single session and 6 wk of sprint interval training (SIT). Nineteen men performed a single SIT session, followed by one of two 15-min recovery conditions: cold-water immersion (10°C) or a passive room temperature control (23°C). Sixteen of these participants also completed 6 wk of SIT, each session followed immediately by their designated recovery condition. Four muscle biopsies were obtained in total, three during the single SIT session (preexercise, postrecovery, and 3 h postrecovery) and one 48 h after the last SIT session. After a single SIT session, phosphorylated (p-)AMPK, p-p38 MAPK, p-p53, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α ( PGC-1α) mRNA were all increased ( P < 0.05). Postexercise CWI had no effect on these responses. Consistent with the lack of a response after a single session, regular postexercise CWI had no effect on PGC-1α or p53 protein content. Six weeks of SIT increased peak aerobic power, maximal oxygen consumption, maximal uncoupled respiration (complexes I and II), and 2-km time trial performance ( P < 0.05). However, regular CWI had no effect on changes in these markers, consistent with the lack of response in the markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Although these observations suggest that CWI is not detrimental to endurance adaptations following 6 wk of SIT, they question whether postexercise CWI is an effective strategy to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and improvements in endurance performance.

scholarly journals Safety and efficacy of cold‐water immersion in the treatment of older patients with heat stroke: a case series

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikao Ito ◽  
Isao Takahashi ◽  
Miyuki Kasuya ◽  
Kyoji Oe ◽  
Masahito Uchino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Patients ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Safety And Efficacy

scholarly journals Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Oxygenation During Repeated Bouts of Fatiguing Exercise

Medicine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. e2455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon S. Yeung ◽  
Kin Hung Ting ◽  
Maurice Hon ◽  
Natalie Y. Fung ◽  
Manfi M. Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Muscle Oxygenation ◽  
Fatiguing Exercise

scholarly journals Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on hemodynamics and recovery of muscle strength following resistance exercise

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (4) ◽  
pp. R389-R398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llion A. Roberts ◽  
Makii Muthalib ◽  
Jamie Stanley ◽  
Glen Lichtwark ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Muscle Temperature ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Postexercise Recovery ◽  
Voluntary Contractions

Cold water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (ACT) are frequently used as postexercise recovery strategies. However, the physiological effects of CWI and ACT after resistance exercise are not well characterized. We examined the effects of CWI and ACT on cardiac output (Q̇), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), blood volume (tHb), muscle temperature (Tmuscle), and isometric strength after resistance exercise. On separate days, 10 men performed resistance exercise, followed by 10 min CWI at 10°C or 10 min ACT (low-intensity cycling). Q̇ (7.9 ± 2.7 l) and Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.8°C) increased, whereas SmO2 (−21.5 ± 8.8%) and tHb (−10.1 ± 7.7 μM) decreased after exercise ( P < 0.05). During CWI, Q̇ (−1.1 ± 0.7 l) and Tmuscle (−6.6 ± 5.3°C) decreased, while tHb (121 ± 77 μM) increased ( P < 0.05). In the hour after CWI, Q̇ and Tmuscle remained low, while tHb also decreased ( P < 0.05). By contrast, during ACT, Q̇ (3.9 ± 2.3 l), Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.5°C), SmO2 (17.1 ± 5.7%), and tHb (91 ± 66 μM) all increased ( P < 0.05). In the hour after ACT, Tmuscle, and tHb remained high ( P < 0.05). Peak isometric strength during 10-s maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) did not change significantly after CWI, whereas it decreased after ACT (−30 to −45 Nm; P < 0.05). Muscle deoxygenation time during MVCs increased after ACT ( P < 0.05), but not after CWI. Muscle reoxygenation time after MVCs tended to increase after CWI ( P = 0.052). These findings suggest first that hemodynamics and muscle temperature after resistance exercise are dependent on ambient temperature and metabolic demands with skeletal muscle, and second, that recovery of strength after resistance exercise is independent of changes in hemodynamics and muscle temperature.

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