An Explainable DL-Based Condition Monitoring Framework for Water-Emulsified Diesel CR Systems

Despite global patronage, diesel engines still contribute significantly to urban air pollution, and with the ongoing campaign for green automobiles, there is an increasing demand for controlling/monitoring the pollution severity of diesel engines especially in heavy-duty industries. Emulsified diesel fuels provide a readily available solution to engine pollution; however, the inherent reduction in engine power, component corrosion, and/or damage poses a major concern for global adoption. Notwithstanding, on-going investigations suggest the need for reliable condition monitoring frameworks to accurately monitor/control the water-diesel emulsion compositions for inevitable cases. This study proposes the use of common rail (CR) pressure differentials and a deep one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) with the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) for empirical diagnostic evaluations (and validations) using a KIA Sorento 2004 four-cylinder line engine as a case study. CR pressure signals were digitally extracted at various water-in-diesel emulsion compositions at various engine RPMs, pre-processed, and used for necessary transient and spectral analysis, and empirical validations. Results reveal high model trustworthiness with an average validation accuracy of 95.9%.

Survei Kemampuan Kondisi Fisik Peserta Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Bolavoli Sekolah Menengah Pertama

The purpose of this study was to study and obtain information on the ability of arm muscle strength, agility of motion, and the explosive power of leg muscles and arm muscles of the extracurricular activities of volleyball teams of Junior High School 21 Malang City. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with the subject of the study, namely the volleyball team extracurricular activity participants in Junior High School 21 Malang City, totaling 30 students consisting of 15 boys and 15 girls. The research instrument used in the form of test and non-test instruments, while the data collection using the form of test measurement techniques. Data analysis uses descriptive statistical techniques. The results of the analysis show that: 1) the physical condition component of the arm muscle strength component as a whole is at the moderate criteria of 50 percent, 2) the physical condition component of the agility of the motion element as a whole is in the medium criteria of 43.3 percent, 3) the physical condition component of the leg muscle explosive power component overall is in the medium criteria of 46.8 percent and the physical condition component of the arm muscle explosive power component overall is at the criteria of less than 36.8 percent. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the elements of arm muscle strength, agility of motion, leg muscle explosive power in the overall dominant are in the medium category, and the explosive power of the dominant arm muscle are in the less category. Keywords: physical conditions; extracurricular; volleyball Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan memperoleh informasi kemampuan kekuatan otot lengan, kelincahan gerak, dan daya ledak otot tungkai dan otot lengan peserta kegiatan ekstrakurikuler tim bolavoli SMP Negeri 21 Kota Malang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan subjek penelitian yaitu peserta kegiatan ekstrakurikuler tim bolavoli di SMP Negeri 21 Kota Malang yang berjumlah 30 siswa yang terdiri dari 15 putra dan 15 putri. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan berupa instrumen tes dan non tes, sedangkan pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik pengukuran bentuk tes. Analisis data menggunakan teknik statistika deskriptif. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa: 1) pada komponen kondisi fisik unsur kekuatan otot lengan pada keseluruhan berada pada kriteria sedang 50 persen, 2) pada komponen kondisi fisik unsur kelincahan gerak pada keseluruhan berada pada kriteria sedang 43,3 persen, 3) pada komponen kondisi fisik unsur daya ledak otot tungkai pada keseluruhan berada pada kriteria sedang 46,8 persen dan pada komponen kondisi fisik unsur daya ledak otot lengan keseluruhan berada pada kriteria kurang 36,8 persen. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa unsur kekuatan otot lengan, kelincahan gerak, daya ledak otot tungkai pada keseluruhan dominan berada pada kategori sedang, dan daya ledak otot lengan dominan berada pada kategori kurang.

Designing of Drive Systems in the Aspect of the Desired Spectrum of Operation

A method for selecting dynamic parameters and structures of drive systems using the synthesis algorithm is presented. The dynamic parameters of the system with six degrees of freedom, consisting of a power component (motor) and a two-speed gearbox, were determined, based on a formalized methodology. The required gearbox is to work in specific resonance zones, i.e., meet the required dynamic properties such as the required resonance frequencies. In the result of the tests, a series of parameters of the drive system, defining the required dynamic properties such as the resonance and anti-resonance frequencies were recorded. Mass moments of inertia of the wheels and elastic components, contained in the required structure of the driving system, were determined for the selected parameters obtained during the synthesis.

Ethnic distribution, effective power and conflict

This paper highlights the fact that different distributional aspects of ethnicity matter for conflict. We axiomatically derive a parametric class of indices of conflict potential obtained as the sum of each ethnic group’s relative power weighted by the probability of across group interactions. The power component of an extreme element of this class of indices is given by the Penrose–Banzhaf measure of relative power. This index combines in a non-linear way fractionalization, polarization and dominance. The empirical analysis verifies that it outperforms the existing indices of ethnic diversity in explaining ethnic conflict onset.

Development of Wind IPMSG Based Bipolar DC Microgrids

This paper presents the development of a wind Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator (IPMSG) based bipolar DC microgrids along with various switch-mode rectifiers. Firstly, the wind IPMSG is established and adequately controlled to possess satisfactory generating characteristics during different driven speeds and loads. Later, the boost switch-mode rectifier (SMR) based bipolar DC bus is established. Further, three-phase single-switch (3P1SW) boost SMR, three-phase two-switch (3P2SW) three-level boost SMR, and a three-phase three-switch (3P3SW) Vienna SMR are comparatively evaluated. Along with the proposed robust voltage and current controls, a well-regulated microgrid DC-bus voltage is established. Moreover, the voltage balancing control is proposed to minimize the imbalance in the bipolar DC-bus voltage. For the wind IPMSG having Vienna SMR, the commutation angle setting is adjusted to use the reluctance power component effectively.

A possible nonthermal X-ray emission from γ Cas analogues stars

We analyze the archival XMM-Newton X-ray observations of 15 γ Cas analogue stars and two candidates for such objects. The EPIC spectra of the considered stars in the range of 0.2-8 keV were extracted and fitted by different models. Our estimates show that assuming the X-ray emission from γ Cas analogues to be totally thermal, their model plasma temperatures can reach anomalously high values. However including an additional power components to the model spectra leads to significant decreasing of the plasma temperatures. The spectral index of the power component is about 1.5, and the fraction of this in the total model flux is rather large (50-90%). Moreover, it decreases with expanding temperature of the X-ray emitting plasma as compared to typical OB stars. We conclude that γ Cas analogues can produce nonthermal X-ray emission within the framework of the Chen & White (1991) model, while if the nonthermal X-rays from typical OB stars exists, they should be generated by different processes.

Влияние металлических масок на согласование нижнего электрода с высокочастотным генератором смещения при реактивно-ионном травлении массивных подложек

The effect of metal masks on the matching of the lower electrode with a high-frequency bias generator during selective reactive-ion etching through the mask of massive substrates in freon-14 has been studied theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that masks with a substrate coating above 30% lead to an increase in the reactive power component at distances from the center close to the substrate radius. The absence of influence on the specific reactive power of the thickness and material of the masks is established. It is experimentally shown that masks with any practically significant coating coefficient of the substrate, connected to the lower electrode through the substrate holder, improve the matching, reducing the power reflection coefficient.