Chemical Analysis and Anthelmintic Activity Against Teladorsagia Circumcincta of Nordic Bark Extracts In vitro

Helminth parasitic infections are common in small ruminants in Norway; infection is usually treated with anthelmintic drugs, but anthelmintic resistance is an increasing problem. It is necessary to identify strategies to reduce the use of anthelmintic drugs and mitigate the impact of anthelmintic resistance. Condensed tannin (CT)-rich forages have been shown to reduce the helminth burden in small ruminants, but these forages have limited cultivation potential in Scandinavia. A good source for CT in cold climatic regions may be the bark of several commercially utilized tree species. In the present study, we determined the content and characterized the type of CT in bark extracts of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), spruce (Picea abies L.), and birch (Betula pubescens). Extracts of selected bark samples were tested for their anthelmintic efficacy against the ovine infectious nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. Total CT content was higher in the bark from younger (10–40 years old) pine and spruce trees; it decreased with tree age in pine, whereas it remained relatively stable in the bark of spruce and birch. Pine trees consisted of 100% procyanidins, whereas prodelphinins were present in most spruce (4–17%) and all birch samples (5–34%). Our studies clearly showed that there is variation in the anthelmintic activity of water and acetone extracts of bark samples collected from various sites around Norway, as this was measured with two independent in vitro assays, the egg hatch and larvae motility assays. The anthelmintic activity of some extracts was consistent between the two assays; for example, extracts from the three samples with the highest CT content showed very high activity in both assays, whereas the extract from the sample with the lowest CT content showed the lowest activity in both assays. For other extracts, activity was not consistent across the assays, which could be attributed to the susceptibility of the different stages of the parasitic life cycle. We demonstrated that bark extracts from commercially used trees in Scandinavia have the potential to be used as alternatives to anthelmintics. Further work should focus on refining the associations between bark extracts and anthelmintic activity to identify the best strategies to reduce the input of anthelmintic drugs in livestock production systems.

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Synthesis and Anthelmintic Activity of New Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives—A Preliminary Study

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25122770 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (12) ◽

pp. 2770 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Katarzyna Dziduch ◽

Przemysław Kołodziej ◽

Agata Paneth ◽

Anna Bogucka-Kocka ◽

Monika Wujec

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Helminths ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives ◽

Anthelmintic Drugs

Parasitic infections caused by different species of intestinal helminths still poses a threat to public health. There is a need to search for new, effective anthelmintic drugs. A series of novel thiosemicarbazides were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anthelmintic activity. The preliminary results showed that the most of synthesized compounds were very active. 4-Phenyl-1-[(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-2-yl)carbonyl]thiosemicarbazide and 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-[(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-2-yl)carbonyl]thiosemicarbazide showed a 100% mortality of nematodes and a high anthelmintic activity in both tested concentrations.

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Implications of Tannin Containing Plants for Productivity and Health in Small Ruminant Animals: A Review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.r-173 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Emmanuel M. Atiba ◽

Rutto K. Laban ◽

Sun Zewei ◽

Zhong Qingzhang ◽

Natnael D. Aschalew

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Small Ruminant ◽

Control Method ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Condensed Tannin ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Anthelmintic Drugs

Infection with parasitic nematodes is a serious threat to health and production of small ruminant worldwide. It causes reduction in feed intake, weight gain and eventually death of the host. The primary control method of the nematode infection relied on frequent use of anthelmintic drugs. Unfortunately, this control strategy is no longer effective due to widespread anthelmintic resistance, which necessitates search for novel approaches to control nematodes. Condensed tannin (CT) containing forages have been used as anthelmintic to control parasitic nematodes for years. This paper reviews available information about effects of CT on productivity and health of small ruminants infected with parasitic nematodes. Many of temperate and tropical forages are nutraceutical plants (possess both nutritional and health benefits). Consumption of CT containing forages reduced negative impacts of gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep and goat by regulating establishment of worm as shown in reduced worm burdens, fecal egg count (FEC) and worm fecundity. Parasitized sheep and goats fed forages containing CT had high feed intake and body weight gain, probably due to increase in protein and amino acids supply. Condensed tannins containing feeds result in lighter meat color and tend to improve antioxidant activity. Therefore, the use of CT containing forages to control parasitic nematodes and improve production of small ruminants is one the alternatives to anthelmintic drugs.

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In-vitro anthelmintic activity of Boswellia serrata and Aloe barbadensis extracts on Pheretima posthuma: Indian earthworm

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20201939 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 1843

Author(s):

Pallavi Sitaram Shelke ◽

Pradnya Nilesh Jagtap ◽

Prajakta Rohidas Tanpure

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Significant Activity ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Aloe Barbadensis ◽

Boswellia Serrata ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Anthelmintic Drugs

Background: The development of anthelmintic resistance and the high cost of conventional anthelmintic drugs led to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. In the current study, in- vitro experiments were conducted to determine the possible anthelmintic effects of crude aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the resins of Boswellia serrata and leaves of Aloe barbadensis on adult Indian earthworm (Pheretima posthuma).Methods: Various concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg/ml) of each extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. The activities are well compared with the standard drug Albendazole as a positive control and saline water as negative control.Results: Anthelmintic activity was observed as dose dependent manner. It was found that alcoholic extract exhibited maximum anthelmintic activity at concentration 100 and 150 mg/ml compared to standard drug Albendazole (10mg/ml) while aqueous extract show modest significant activity at concentration 150 mg/ml against worm Pheretima posthuma. All results was statistically analysed by using ‘Dunnett’s test’ one- way ANOVA; the p<0.001 were significant when compared with control and standard group.Conclusions: The present study proves the potential of combination of B. serrata and A. barbadensis as an anthelmintic drugs. Further studies are necessary to isolate and reveal the active compounds and to establish the mechanism of action.

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Evaluation of resistance in a selected field strain of Haemonchus contortus to ivermectin and moxidectin using the Larval Migration on Agar Test

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2013000200008 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 183-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Fernanda S. Fortes ◽

Fernando S. Kloster ◽

Andressa S. Schafer ◽

Daniele Bier ◽

Andréia Buzatti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Field Isolate ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Field Strain ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Larval Migration ◽

High Consistency ◽

Anthelmintic Drugs

Haemonchus contortus is one of the most common and economically significant causes of disease in small ruminants worldwide, and the control programs of parasitic nematodes - including H. contortus - rely mostly on the use of anthelmintic drugs. The consequence of the use of this, as the sole sanitary strategy to avoid parasite infections, was the reduction of the efficacy of all chemotherapeutic products with a heavy selection for resistance. The widespread of anthelmintic resistance and the difficulty of its early diagnosis has been a major concern for the sustainable parasite management on farms. The objective of this research was to determine and compare the ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MOX) effect in a selected field strain of H. contortus with a known resistance status, using the in vitro larval migration on agar test (LMAT). Third stage larvae of the selected isolate were obtained from faecal cultures of experimentally infected sheep and incubated in eleven increasing diluted concentrations of IVM and MOX (6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384, 768, 1536, 3072 and 6144µg/mL). The dose-response sigmoidal curves were obtained using the R² value of >0.90 and the lethal concentration (LC50) dose for the tested anthelmintic drugs using a four-parameter logistic model. The LC50 value for MOX was significantly lower than IVM (1.253µg/mL and 91.06µg/mL), identifying the H. contortus isolate as considerably less susceptible to IVM compared to MOX. Furthermore, the LMAT showed a high consistency (p<0.0001) and provided to be a useful diagnostic tool for monitoring the resistance status of IVM and MOX in H. contortus field isolate, as well as it may be used for official routine drug monitoring programs under the Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA) guidance.

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Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8317 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noorzaid Muhamad ◽

Syahirah Sazeli ◽

Resni Mona ◽

Jannathul Firdous

Keyword(s):

Larvicidal Activity ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Plants Extract

The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P less than 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.

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In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of extracts from Artemisia parviflora and A. sieversiana

Helminthologia ◽

10.1515/helm-2017-0028 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 218-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Irum ◽

H. Ahmed ◽

B. Mirza ◽

K. Donskow-Łysoniewska ◽

A. Muhammad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adult Worm ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

Infective Larvae

SummaryIn the northern areas of Pakistan, the use of Artemisia based therapeutics is a common practice. Plants of genus Artemisia are known to possess anthelmintic and therapeutic effect. Infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes are major threat to livestock industry across the world resulting in loss of production and indirect economic losses due to high cost of anthelmintic drugs. Present study was carried out to evaluate in vitro and in vivo effect of Artemisia sieversiana and Artemisia parviflora on Haemonchus contortus, a parasitic nematode of small ruminants. Methanolic plant extract was tested against three different developmental stages using an egg hatch assay, infective larvae and adult worm motility assay. Different concentrations were used for the bioassays and post exposure mortality was recorded after 8 hr for adult worms and infective larvae, while egg inhibition percentage was observed after 27 hr. A highly significant ability to inhibit the egg hatching (100 %) was recorded for both plant extracts while, the highest activity for adult worm assay and larvicidal assay was 90 % for A. sieversiana. The highest activity for adult motility and larvicidal assay for A. parviflora was 89 % and 86.6 % respectively. For in vivo trials maximum parentage reduction was 77.0 % for A. sieversiana and 73.6 % for A. parviflora. It is concluded that selected plant extracts were effective in reducing worm burden in animals.

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Multi-species Grazing for Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes – a Review

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab096.066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 36-37

Author(s):

Joan M Burke ◽

James E Miller

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Copper Tolerance ◽

Resistant Species ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽

Management Scheme ◽

Time Required

Abstract Multi-species grazing, alternate grazing of cattle with sheep or goats, offers benefits to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control as GIN species differ between hosts. In the Southeastern United States, common GIN species of cattle include Cooperia spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus spp., whereas species of sheep and goats are Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia curticei, and Oesophagostomum spp. Anthelmintic resistance is widely prevalent in small ruminants, and is an increasing problem in cattle, but remains less prevalent. Thus, it is recommended to farmers to use a multi-faceted approach of GIN control, including multi-species grazing. Because management differs between cattle and small ruminants in regard to copper tolerance in minerals, predator control and fencing, alternate grazing of species has most commonly been used. Other considerations include age or susceptibility to GIN, as young calves may be vulnerable to GIN, but mature cows often have negligible GIN infection. Similarly, weanling lambs and kids are susceptible, and depending on breed, adults range from highly resistant to susceptible. Research indicates that GIN burden of more resistant animals is less influenced by multi-species grazing, and highly susceptible animals will likely need additional measures of control. The more resistant species used in the multi-species grazing may lend more control to the more susceptible. Some research showed reductions in O. ostertagi, but not C. oncophora in cattle during extended grazing of cattle and sheep, and reductions of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in sheep. However, other research reported similar worm burdens. Weight gains were improved in lambs grazed alternately with cattle in some studies, and most studies showed little benefit to cattle. Little has been published on alternate grazing with cattle and goats. The complex interactions, larger plot sizes needed, and time required to complete experiments limits published studies of this important management scheme.

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Isorhamnetin: A Nematocidal Flavonoid from Prosopis laevigata Leaves Against Haemonchus contortus Eggs and Larvae

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10050773 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 773

Author(s):

Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez ◽

Alejandro Zamilpa ◽

Manasés González-Cortazar ◽

Agustín Olmedo-Juárez ◽

Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Eggs And Larvae

Haemonchus contortus affect small ruminants all over the world. Anthelmintics cause resistance, contamination, and a risk of public health. Prosopis laevigata is a plant used as a home remedy against many diseases in Mexico. This study arose from a preliminary study where a P. laevigata hydroalcoholic extract (Pl-hae) showed anthelmintic activity (aa) against H. contortus. Searching for bioactive compounds (bac) with high aa, the Pl-hae was fractioned obtaining an aqueous (Aq-F) and an ethyl acetate fraction (EtAc-F), and a flavonoid with aa identified as isorhamnetin was obtained from EtAc-F. Both fractions were in vitro assessed by the egg hatch test (eht) and larval mortality (lm) assays. The bac obtained from EtAc-F were characterised by NMR analysis. The highest aa were recorded with EtAc-F, resulting in 100% eht and 80.45% lm at 0.75 and 30 mg/mL, respectively. Alterations in eggs and larvae attributed to isorhamnetin were recorded by environmental scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning and by high-resolution digital-coupled camera. This flavonoid caused 100% eht at 0.07 mg/mL after 48 h and 100% lm at 7.5 mg/mL after 72 h exposure. Isorhamnetin has promising potential as an anthelmintic against sheep haemonchosis.

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Anthelmintic Activity of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and Mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) against Haemonchus contortus in Sheep

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10020219 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 219 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dominika Mravčáková ◽

Michaela Komáromyová ◽

Michal Babják ◽

Michaela Urda Dolinská ◽

Alžbeta Königová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Artemisia Absinthium ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Ovicidal Effect ◽

Nematode Eggs

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of dry wormwood and mallow on the gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants Haemonchus contortus. Twenty-four experimentally infected lambs were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each: unsupplemented lambs, lambs supplemented with wormwood, lambs supplemented with mallow and animals supplemented with a mix of both plants. Faecal samples from the lambs were collected on day 23, 29, 36, 43, 50, 57, 64 and 75 post-infection for quantification of the number of eggs per gram (EPG). The mix of both plants contained phenolic acids (10.7 g/kg DM) and flavonoids (5.51 g/kg DM). The nematode eggs were collected and in vitro egg hatch test was performed. The aqueous extracts of both plants exhibited strong ovicidal effect on H. contortus, with ED50 and ED99 values of 1.40 and 3.76 mg/mL and 2.17 and 5.89 mg/mL, respectively, in the in vitro tests. Despite the great individual differences between the treated lambs in eggs reduction, the mean EPG of the untreated and treated groups did not differ (p > 0.05). Our results indicate that using wormwood and mallow as dietary supplements do not have a sufficient effect on lambs infected with H. contortus.

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Anthelmintic resistance in parasites of small ruminants: sheep versus goats

Helminthologia ◽

10.2478/s11687-011-0021-7 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 137-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

M. Várady ◽

E. Papadopoulos ◽

M. Dolinská ◽

A. Königová

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Animal Species ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Management Systems ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Dose Rates ◽

Correct Dose

AbstractAnthelmintic resistance among parasites of sheep and goats has been known to occur for at least four decades. Both species of host have similar genera of nematodes, but the nematodes in goat herds usually develop anthelmintic resistance more rapidly. In vitro tests show higher ED50 values in goats than in flocks of sheep. Sheep and goats differ in many ways; for example, goats have a higher metabolic rate and require higher dose rates for drugs. The immune system of goats is also different. Additionally, these animals are reared under different management systems, i.e. sheep graze pastures and goats browse bushes, and lambing/kidding periods are different. Most anthelmintics used in goats have not been licensed for this animal species, and correct dose rates have rarely been experimentally determined. Possible explanations for such differences are discussed.

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