SARS-CoV-2 Infection in One Cat and Three Dogs Living in COVID-19-Positive Households in Madrid, Spain

In this study, we describe SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in one cat and three dogs from households with confirmed human cases of COVID-19 living in the Madrid Community (Spain) at the time of expansion (December 2020 through June 2021) of the alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7). A thorough physical exam and nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and rectal swabs were collected for real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) SARS-CoV-2 testing on day 0 and in successive samplings on days 7, 14, 21, and 47 during monitoring. Blood was also drawn to determine complete blood counts, biochemical profiles, and serology of the IgG response against SARS-CoV-2. On day 0, the cat case 1 presented with dyspnea and fever associated with a mild bronchoalveolar pattern. The dog cases 2, 3, and 4 were healthy, but case 2 presented with coughing, dyspnea, and weakness, and case 4 exhibited coughing and bilateral nasal discharge 3 and 6 days before the clinical exam. Case 3 (from the same household as case 2) remained asymptomatic. SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-qPCR showed that the cat case 1 and the dog case 2 exhibited the lowest cycle threshold (Ct) (Ct < 30) when they presented clinical signs. Viral detection failed in successive samplings. Serological analyses revealed a positive IgG response in cat case 1 and dog cases 3 and 4 shortly after or simultaneously to virus shedding. Dog case 2 was seronegative, but seroconverted 21 days after SARS-CoV-2 detection. SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing was attempted, and genomes were classified as belonging to the B.1.1.7 lineage.

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Comparison of the Infectivity and Transmission of Contemporary Canine and Equine H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2013/874521 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Heidi L. Pecoraro ◽

Susi Bennett ◽

Kristina Garretson ◽

Ayshea M. Quintana ◽

Katharine F. Lunn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Relatedness ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Virus Shedding ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr

Phylogenetic analyses indicate that canine influenza viruses (CIVs) (H3N8) evolved from contemporary equine influenza virus (EIV). Despite the genetic relatedness of EIV and CIV, recent evidence suggests that CIV is unable to infect, replicate, and spread among susceptible horses. To determine whether equine H3N8 viruses have equally lost the ability to infect, cause disease, and spread among dogs, we evaluated the infectivity and transmissibility of a recent Florida sublineage EIV isolate in dogs. Clinical signs, nasal virus shedding, and serological responses were monitored in dogs for 21 days after inoculation. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR and hemagglutination inhibition assays showed that both the viruses have maintained the ability to infect and replicate in dogs and result in seroconversion. Transmission of EIV from infected to sentinel dogs, however, was restricted. Furthermore, both CIV and EIV exhibited similar sialic acid-α2,3-gal receptor-binding preferences upon solid-phase binding assays. The results of thein vivoexperiments reported here suggesting that dogs are susceptible to EIV and previous reports by members of our laboratory showing limited CIV infection in horses have been mirrored in CIV and EIV infections studies in primary canine and equine respiratory epithelial cells.

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Clinico-Haematological Alterations in Goats Affected with Ruminal Acidosis

THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.21887/ijvsbt.v13i02.10042 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

Author(s):

P. R. Chavelikar ◽

G. C. Mandali ◽

D. M. Patel

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Mean Values ◽

Ruminal Acidosis ◽

Reduced Body ◽

Muscle Twitching ◽

Haematological Profile ◽

The Mean ◽

Severity Of The Disease

Ruminal acidosis is one of the most important clinical emergencies in sheep and goats resulting into high mortality rate. In the present study, eight healthy farm goats and 24 goats presented to the TVCC of the college with clinical signs of ruminal acidosis like anorexia, tympany, increased pulse and respiratory rate, reduced body temperature, doughy rumen, enteritis, oliguria, grinding of teeth, purulent nasal discharge, muscle twitching, arched back, dehydration and recumbency with rumen liquor pH below 6 were examined for haematological alterations using autohaematoanalyzer. Among various haematological parameters evaluated from acidotic goats, the mean values of Hb (12.21±0.17 vs. 10.86±0.15 g/dl), TEC (14.28±0.16 vs. 12.04±0.36 ×106/ μl), TLC (13.43±0.11 vs. 11.11±0.27 ×103/μl), PCV (36.91±0.53 vs. 29.88±0.55%), neutrophils (64.54±0.93 vs. 28.13±0.92%), MCV (23.38±0.37 vs. 19.38±1.34 fl) and MCH (7.03±0.08 vs. 6.31±0.25 pg) were found significantly increased, while the mean values of lymphocytes (28.00±0.82 vs. 65.38±0.80%) and MCHC (24.55 ±0.26 vs. 34.88±0.97 g/dl) were decreased significantly from the base values of healthy goats. It was concluded that ruminal acidosis induced due to accidental heavy ingestion of readily fermentable carbohydrate rich grains and food waste significantly altered the haematological profile concurrent with clinical manifestations in goats, and hence can be used to assess the severity of the disease.

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Airborne-induced experimental Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in Strain 13 guineapigs

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1258/002367787781268792 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 226-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

C. J. Trahan ◽

E. H. Stephenson ◽

J. W. Ezzell ◽

W. C. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Model System ◽

Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽

Host Cells ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Disease Pathogenesis ◽

Infectious Dose ◽

Colony Forming Units

To evaluate the efficacy of a commercial bacterial vaccine in protecting Strain 13 guineapigs against fatal Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia, it was necessary to establish the infectivity and disease pathogenesis induced by virulent organisms. When guineapigs were exposed to small-particle aerosols of varying concentrations of virulent B. bronchiseptica, a spectrum of disease was produced that ranged from inapparent illness to fulminant bronchopneumonia. Clinical signs began by day 4 after exposure, and were evidenced by anorexia, weight loss, respiratory distress and serous to purulent nasal discharge. Pathological alterations were limited to the respiratory system. Moribund animals exhibited a suppurative necrotizing bronchopneumonia and necrotizing tracheitis. In animals that survived the challenge, the bacteria were eliminated from the lungs by day 28 but continued to persist in the laryngeal area and the trachea. The median infectious dose and the median lethal dose were estimated to be 4 colony-forming units (CFU) and 1314 CFU respectively. These data suggest that the guineapig will be a valuable model system in which to study interactions between Bordetella species and host cells as well as to evaluate potential B. bronchiseptica immunogens.

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Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8040784 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 784

Author(s):

Sylvia Reemers ◽

Sander van Bommel ◽

Qi Cao ◽

David Sutton ◽

Saskia van de Zande

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Virus Vaccine ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Field Strain ◽

Equine Influenza Virus ◽

Outbreak Strain ◽

Virus Shedding ◽

Equine Influenza ◽

Vaccine Type ◽

High Level

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. Vaccination is an effective tool for infection control. Although various EIV vaccines are widely available, major outbreaks occurred in Europe in 2018 involving a new EIV H3N8 FC1 strain. In France, it was reported that both unvaccinated and vaccinated horses were affected despite >80% vaccination coverage and most horses being vaccinated with a vaccine expressing FC1 antigen. This study assessed whether vaccine type, next to antigenic difference between vaccine and field strain, plays a role. Horses were vaccinated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza) and experimentally infected with the new FC1 outbreak strain. Serology (HI), clinical signs, and virus shedding were evaluated in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated horses. Results showed a significant reduction in clinical signs and a lack of virus shedding in vaccinated horses compared to unvaccinated controls. From these results, it can be concluded that Equilis Prequenza provides a high level of protection to challenge with the new FC1 outbreak strain. This suggests that, apart from antigenic differences between vaccine and field strain, other aspects of the vaccine may also play an important role in determining field efficacy.

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Porcine teschovirus, sapelovirus, and enterovirus in Swiss pigs: multiplex RT-PCR investigation of viral frequencies and disease association

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/10406387211025827 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104063872110258

Author(s):

Tamara Stäubli ◽

Charlotte I. Rickli ◽

Paul R. Torgerson ◽

Cornel Fraefel ◽

Julia Lechmann

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Common Finding ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

High Frequencies ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽

Suckling Piglets ◽

Porcine Teschovirus ◽

Fattening Pigs ◽

Pathology Data

Porcine teschovirus (PTV), sapelovirus (PSV-A), and enterovirus (EV-G) are enteric viruses that can infect pigs and wild boars worldwide. The viruses have been associated with several diseases, primarily gastrointestinal, neurologic, reproductive, and respiratory disorders, but also with subclinical infections. However, for most serotypes, proof of a causal relationship between viral infection and clinical signs is still lacking. In Switzerland, there has been limited investigation of the occurrence of the 3 viruses. We used a modified multiplex reverse-transcription PCR protocol to study the distribution of the viruses in Swiss pigs by testing 363 fecal, brain, and placental or abortion samples from 282 healthy and diseased animals. We did not detect the 3 viruses in 94 placental or abortion samples or in 31 brain samples from healthy pigs. In brain tissue of 81 diseased pigs, we detected 5 PSV-A and 4 EV-G positive samples. In contrast, all 3 viruses were detected at high frequencies in fecal samples of both healthy and diseased pigs. In healthy animals, PTV was detected in 47%, PSV-A in 51%, and EV-G in 70% of the 76 samples; in diseased animals, frequencies in the 81 samples were 54%, 64%, and 68%, respectively. The viruses were detected more frequently in fecal samples from weaned and fattening pigs compared to suckling piglets and sows. Co-detections of all 3 viruses were the most common finding. Based on clinical and pathology data, statistical analysis yielded no evidence for an association of virus detection and disease. Further research is required to determine if pathogenicity is linked to specific serotypes of these viruses.

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Performance of case definitions and clinical predictors for influenza surveillance among patients followed in a rural cohort in Senegal

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-020-05724-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mamadou Aliou Barry ◽

Florent Arinal ◽

Cheikh Talla ◽

Boris Gildas Hedible ◽

Fatoumata Diene Sarr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Sore Throat ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Influenza Infection ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Age Group ◽

Case Definitions

Abstract Background Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. However, a lack of epidemiological data remains for this pathology, and the performances of the influenza-like illness (ILI) case definitions used for sentinel surveillance have never been evaluated in Senegal. This study aimed to i) assess the performance of three different ILI case definitions, adopted by the WHO, USA-CDC (CDC) and European-CDC (ECDC) and ii) identify clinical factors associated with a positive diagnosis for Influenza in order to develop an algorithm fitted for the Senegalese context. Methods All 657 patients with a febrile pathological episode (FPE) between January 2013 and December 2016 were followed in a cohort study in two rural villages in Senegal, accounting for 1653 FPE observations with nasopharyngeal sampling and influenza virus screening by rRT-PCR. For each FPE, general characteristics and clinical signs presented by patients were collected. Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) for the three ILI case definitions were assessed using PCR result as the reference test. Associations between clinical signs and influenza infection were analyzed using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. Sore throat, arthralgia or myalgia were missing for children under 5 years. Results WHO, CDC and ECDC case definitions had similar sensitivity (81.0%; 95%CI: 77.0–85.0) and NPV (91.0%; 95%CI: 89.0–93.1) while the WHO and CDC ILI case definitions had the highest specificity (52.0%; 95%CI: 49.1–54.5) and PPV (32.0%; 95%CI: 30.0–35.0). These performances varied by age groups. In children < 5 years, the significant predictors of influenza virus infection were cough and nasal discharge. In patients from 5 years, cough, nasal discharge, sore throat and asthenia grade 3 best predicted influenza infection. The addition of “nasal discharge” as a symptom to the WHO case definition decreased sensitivity but increased specificity, particularly in the pediatric population. Conclusion In summary, all three definitions studies (WHO, ECDC & CDC) have similar performance, even by age group. The revised WHO ILI definition could be chosen for surveillance purposes for its simplicity. Symptomatic predictors of influenza virus infection vary according the age group.

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Diagnosis, treatment and postsurgical complications in a dog with epileptic seizures and a naso-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/s13028-021-00591-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abtin Mojarradi ◽

Sofie Van Meervenne ◽

Alejandro Suarez-Bonnet ◽

Steven De Decker

Keyword(s):

Surgical Resection ◽

Medical Management ◽

Surgical Intervention ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Dural Defect ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Tension Pneumocephalus ◽

Postsurgical Complications

Abstract Background Naso-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele is usually a congenital anomaly consisting of a protrusion of cerebral tissue and meninges into the ethmoidal labyrinth. The condition is a rare cause of structural epilepsy in dogs. We report the clinical presentation, surgical intervention, postoperative complications and outcome in a dog with drug resistant epilepsy secondary to a meningoencephalocele. Case presentation A 3.3-year-old male neutered Tamaskan Dog was referred for assessment of epileptic seizures secondary to a previously diagnosed left-sided naso-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele. The dog was drug resistant to medical management with phenobarbital, potassium bromide and levetiracetam. Surgical intervention was performed by a transfrontal craniotomy with resection of the meningoencephalocele and closure of the dural defect. Twenty-four hours after surgery the dog demonstrated progressive cervical hyperaesthesia caused by tension pneumocephalus and pneumorrhachis. Replacement of the fascial graft resulted in immediate resolution of the dog’s neurological signs. Within 5 months after surgery the dog progressively developed sneezing and haemorrhagic nasal discharge, caused by sinonasal aspergillosis. Systemic medical management with oral itraconazole (7 mg/kg orally q12h) was well-tolerated and resulted in resolution of the clinical signs. The itraconazole was tapered with no relapsing upper airway signs. The dog’s frequency of epileptic seizures was not affected by surgical resection of the meningoencephalocele. No treatment adjustments of the anti-epileptic medication have been necessary during the follow-up period of 15 months. Conclusions Surgical resection of the meningoencephalocele did not affect the seizure frequency of the dog. Further research on prognostic factors associated with surgical treatment of meningoencephaloceles in dogs is necessary. Careful monitoring for postsurgical complications allows prompt initiation of appropriate treatment.

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Safety and immunogenicity of a glycoprotein E gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus 1 strain as a candidate vaccine strain

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2016001100002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (11) ◽

pp. 1067-1074

Author(s):

Marcelo Weiss ◽

◽

Deniz Anziliero ◽

Mathias Martins ◽

Rudi Weiblen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Infection ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽

Glycoprotein E ◽

Virus Shedding ◽

Group I ◽

Virus Dose ◽

Herpesvirus 1

ABSTRACT: A glycoprotein E-deleted Brazilian bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1gEΔ) was tested regarding to safety and immunogenicity. Intramuscular inoculation of young calves with a high virus dose did not result in clinical signs or virus shedding during acute infection or after dexamethasone administration. Calves vaccinated once IM (group I) or subcutaneously (group II) with live BoHV-1gEΔ or twice with inactivated virus plus aluminum hydroxide (group IV) or Montanide™ (group V) developed VN titers of 2 to 8 (GMT:2); 2 to 4 (GMT:1.65); 2 to 16 (GMT:2.45) and 2 to 128 (GMT:3.9), respectively. All BoHV-1gEΔ vaccinated calves remained negative in an anti-gE ELISA. Lastly, six young calves vaccinated with live BoHV-1gEΔ and subsequently challenged with a virulent BoHV-1 strain shed less virus and developed only mild and transient nasal signs comparing to unvaccinated calves. Thus, the recombinant BoHV-1gEΔ is safe and immunogenic for calves and allows for serological differentiation by a gE-ELISA test.

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Clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of outbreaks of bluetongue disease in sheep in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2017001200014 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (12) ◽

pp. 1443-1452

Author(s):

Ronaldo M. Bianchi ◽

Welden Panziera ◽

Tatiane C. Faccin ◽

Gisane L. de Almeida ◽

Juliana F. Cargnelutti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Region ◽

Striated Muscle ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Area At Risk ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Facial Swelling

ABSTRACT: This article describes the clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of 17 outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) disease in sheep occurring between December 2014 and July 2015 in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), southern Brazil. Affected farms were visited for clinical examination, necropsy, sample collection and epidemiological investigation. The outbreaks were seasonal and occurred during the summer and autumn. A total of 180 sheep (20.4%) out of 884 in 17 small herds were affected. All ages of Texel and mixed breed sheep were affected. However, lambs (younger than one year) had higher morbidity than adult sheep. The most frequent clinical signs were anorexia, lethargy, loss of body condition, facial swelling mainly involving the lips, and greenish seromucous or mucous nasal discharge. Pulmonary lesions characterized by edema were the most prevalent findings; however, erosive and ulcerative lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as cardiac, skeletal muscle and esophageal striated muscle necrosis, and hemorrhage in the pulmonary artery were also frequent. The bluetongue virus (BTV) genome was detected by RT-PCR in blood and tissue samples (spleen and lungs) of 21 animals from 17 outbreaks. The virus involved in the outbreak 3 was subsequently isolated and shown to belong to serotype 17, for the first time reported in Brazil. In summary, our data support the BTV genotype 17 as the etiological agent of the outbreaks and indicate that the central region of RS is an area at risk for BT in sheep, a disease previously not recognized in the region.

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Clinical signs, prevalence, and hematobiochemical profiles associated with Anaplasma infections in sheep of North Iraq

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.1524-1527 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1524-1527 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Donea Abdulrazak Abdullah ◽

Fawwaz Fadhil Ali ◽

Afrah Younis Jasim ◽

Shola David Ola-Fadunsin ◽

Fufa Ido Gimba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Infection ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Rickettsial Disease ◽

Livestock Sector ◽

North Iraq ◽

Hematological And Biochemical Parameters ◽

Biochemical Analyses ◽

Male Sheep

Background and Aim: Anaplasma infection is a worldwide prevalent condition that causes significant economic losses in affected flocks. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and clinical signs associated with ovine anaplasmosis as well as the hematological and biochemical changes associated with the disease in natural infection in North Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of 420 sheep were appropriately examined, and the clinical signs were documented accordingly. Blood samples were collected and subjected to parasitological, hematological, and biochemical analyses. Results: Anaplasma-infected sheep displayed the following clinical signs: Paleness of the mucous membrane, bloody diarrhea, emaciation, pyrexia, jaundice, nasal discharge, coughing, loss of wool, nervous signs, hemoglobinuria, and lacrimation. The prevalence of Anaplasma infection was 66.19%, and female sheep were significantly (p<0.05) more infected than male sheep. The hematological and biochemical parameters were significantly different between Anaplasma-positive and Anaplasma-negative sheep. Conclusion: Anaplasma infection among sheep is a significant concern in North Iraq considering its prevalence, clinical signs, and hematological and biochemical findings, which entirely causes significant debilitating effects on sheep productivity. It is important to pay more attention toward managing tick infestation among sheep to reduce the occurrence of this rickettsial disease for a more robust livestock sector of the Iraqi economy.

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