scholarly journals Simulation of Fuel Consumption Based on Engine Load Level of a 95 kW Partial Power-Shift Transmission Tractor

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Md. Abu Ayub Siddique ◽  
Seung-Min Baek ◽  
Seung-Yun Baek ◽  
Wan-Soo Kim ◽  
Yeon-Soo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

This study is focused on the estimation of fuel consumption of the power-shift transmission (PST) tractor based on PTO (power take-off) dynamometer test. The simulation model of PST tractor was developed using the configurations and powertrain of the real PST tractor. The PTO dynamometer was installed to measure the engine load and fuel consumption at various engine load levels (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%), and verify the simulation model. The axle load was also predicted using tractor’s specifications as an input parameter of the simulation model. The simulation and measured results were analyzed and compared statistically. It was observed that the engine load, as well as fuel consumption, were directly proportional to the engine load levels. However, it was statistically proved that there was no significant difference between the simulation and measured engine torque and fuel consumption at each load level. The regression equations show that there was an exponential relationship between the fuel consumption and engine load levels. However, the specific fuel consumptions (SFC) for both simulation and measured were linear relationships and had no significant difference between them at each engine load level. The results were statistically proved that the simulation and measured SFCs were similar trends. The plow tillage operation could be performed at the gear stage of 7.65 km/h with higher working efficiency at low fuel consumption. The drawback of this study is to use a constant axle load instead of dynamic load. This study can provide useful information for both researchers and manufacturers related to the automated transmission of an agricultural tractor, especially PST tractor for digital farming solutions. Finally, it could contribute to the manufacturers developing a new agricultural tractor with higher fuel efficiency.

scholarly journals The use of CAN-Bus messages of an agricultural tractor for monitoring its operation

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Čupera ◽  
P. Sedlák
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Can Bus ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regression Functions ◽  
Data Bus ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

The development of electronic components in engine regulation leads to the possibility of obtaining a large amount of parameters of control processes. Nowadays, these data can be read in an easy way due to the properties of used networks. The data obtained from the data bus must be processed carefully; otherwise, there is a risk of erroneous results. The article presents the results of measurements performed on four tractors. We focused on comparing the fuel consumption of engines and the accuracy of flow measurement readings from the CAN-Bus of these tractors. Even the same engines may show considerable differences in fuel consumption, taken from the CAN-Bus. The maximum deviation of the measured values ranged up to around 40%. However, the value of about 41% was measured in the range of fuel consumption of around 10 kg/h, the error of that tractor at the consumption of about 40 kg/h fell to 1.5 kg/h. A significant difference occurred in the tractor with a 235 kW engine. The consumption in the range of 50 kg/h showed an error of 8.4 kg/h. An improvement of the results can be achieved using derived regression functions. Based on our experience with the measurement of other types of tractors, we know that a similar situation with the accuracy of CAN-Bus data is also an issue in other categories of vehicles.

scholarly journals Simulation of Design Factors of a Clutch Pack for Power-Shift Transmission for an Agricultural Tractor

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7293
Author(s):  
Md. Abu Ayub Siddique ◽  
Wan-Soo Kim ◽  
Yeon-Soo Kim ◽  
Seung-Yun Baek ◽  
Seung-Min Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Sensor Fusion ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Fusion Method ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
Clutch Engagement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The objective of this study is the simulation of the most affected design factors and variables of the clutch pack for the power-shift transmission (PST) of a tractor based measured data. The simulation model, the mathematical model of sliding velocity, a moment of inertia, and clutch engagement pressure of clutch pack were developed using the powertrain and configurations of the real PST tractor. In this study, the sensor fusion method was used to precisely measure the proportional valve pressure by test bench, which was applied to the simulation model. The clutch engagement times were found 1.20 s at all temperatures for determined factors. The engagement pressures have a significant difference at various temperatures (25 to 100 °C) of the hydraulic oils after the 1.20 s but the most affected factors were satisfied with the simulation conditions that ensure the clutch engagement on time. Finally, this sensor fusion method is believed to be helpful in realizing precision agriculture through minimization of power loss and maximum energy efficiency of tractors.

scholarly journals Fuel consumption efficiency of an agricultural tractor equipped with continuously variable transmission

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Silveira de Farias ◽  
José Fernando Schlosser ◽  
Pilar Linares ◽  
Juan Paulo Barbieri ◽  
Giácomo Müller Negri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Continuously Variable Transmission ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Variable Transmission ◽  
Agricultural Tractor ◽  
Consumption Efficiency

ABSTRACT: The correct choice of modern power transmissions can help farmers decrease production costs. The following research aimed to assess fuel consumption efficiency of an agricultural tractor equipped with continuously variable transmission, at different travel speed and load levels applied on the tractor drawbar. Standard procedure has been applied considering six load levels (30; 40; 50; 60; 70 and 80% of Q0) by means of breaking with a dynamometer car instrumented in a concrete test track, at three travel speeds (5.16; 7.29 and 10.48km h-1). Throughout the experiment, engine speed, traction force and hourly fuel consumption were monitored. The results indicated that there was an average increase of 2.67; 2.82; and 2.61L h-1 in the hourly fuel consumption for each 10% increase in the load level on the tractor, for travel speed of 5.16; 7.29 and 10.48km h-1, respectively. In general, the specific fuel consumption of the tractor decreased as the load levels and the travel speeds were increased.

scholarly journals The Impact of Fluid Loss and Carbohydrate Consumption during Exercise, on Young Cyclists’ Fatigue Perception in Relation to Training Load Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3282
Author(s):  
Leonardo Cesanelli ◽  
Berta Ylaitė ◽  
Giuseppe Messina ◽  
Daniele Zangla ◽  
Stefania Cataldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Carbohydrate Consumption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
The Impact

High-level young athletes need to face a wide spectrum of stressors on their journey to élite categories. The aims of the present study are (i) to evaluate session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) at different training impulse (TRIMP) categories and the correlations between these two variables and, (ii) evaluate the correlations between sRPE, fluid loss, and carbohydrate consumption during exercise. Data on Edward’s TRIMP, sRPE, body mass loss pre- and post- exercise (∆), and carbohydrate consumption (CHO/h) during exercise have been acquired from eight male junior cyclists during a competitive season. One-way ANOVA and correlation analysis with linear regression have been performed on acquired data. sRPE resulted in a significant difference in the three TRIMP categories (p < 0.001). sRPE resulted in being very largely positively associated with TRIMP values (p < 0.001; R = 0.71). ∆ as well as CHO/h was largely negatively related with sRPE in all TRIMP categories (p < 0.001). The results confirmed the role of fluid balance and carbohydrate consumption on the perception of fatigue and fatigue accumulation dynamics independently from the training load. Young athletes’ training load monitoring and nutritional-hydration support represent important aspects in athlete’s exercise-induced fatigue management.

scholarly journals Skidders Fuel Consumption in Two Different Working Regions and Types of Forest Management

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Hrvoje Kopseak ◽  
Marijan Šušnjar ◽  
Marin Bačić ◽  
Mario Šporčić ◽  
Zdravko Pandur
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Average Consumption

For the needs of fuel consumption analysis, a database for a period of 2 years was created for three types of skidders operating in two different management methods—even-aged and selective forests. A total of 436 skidders were processed in the database, of which 255 skidders worked in even-aged forests and 181 skidders worked in selective forests. The average consumption of skidders in even-aged forests ranged from 1.38 to 1.65 L/m3 or from 7.81 to 9.34 L/PMH, while in selective forests, the average consumption ranged from 1.06 to 1.34 L/m3 or from 6.49 to 7.10 L/PMH. The obtained results indicate higher fuel consumption for all three types of skidders in regular forest management. There is no statistically significant difference in fuel consumption between the studied skidders. Comparing fuel consumption in L/PMH, we notice that there was an increase in fuel consumption in relation to the age of the skidder.

Effects of passive pre-chamber jet ignition on combustion and emission at gasoline engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 168781402110671
Author(s):  
Wei Duan ◽  
Zhaoming Huang ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Ping Tang ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Intake Valve ◽  
Part Load ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Valve Opening

Pre-chamber jet ignition is a promising way to improve fuel consumption of gasoline engine. A small volume passive pre-chamber was tested at a 1.5L turbocharged GDI engine. Combustion and emission characteristics of passive pre-chamber at low-speed WOT and part load were studied. Besides, the combustion stability of the passive pre-chamber at idle operation has also been studied. The results show that at 1500 r/min WOT, compared with the traditional spark ignition, the combustion phase of pre-chamber is advanced by 7.1°CA, the effective fuel consumption is reduced by 24 g/kW h, and the maximum pressure rise rate is increased by 0.09 MPa/°CA. The knock tendency can be relieved by pre-chamber ignition. At part load of 2000 r/min, pre-chamber ignition can enhance the combustion process and improve the combustion stability. The fuel consumption of pre-chamber ignition increases slightly at low load, but decreases significantly at high load. Compared with the traditional spark ignition, the NOx emissions of pre-chamber increase significantly, with a maximum increase of about 15%; the HC emissions decrease, and the highest decrease is about 36%. But there is no significant difference in CO emissions between pre-chamber ignition and spark plug ignition. The intake valve opening timing has a significant influence on the pre-chamber combustion stability at idle operation. With the delay of the pre-chamber intake valve opening timing, the CoV is reduced and can be kept within the CoV limit.

scholarly journals Comparison and Application of Non-Destructive NIR Evaluations of Seed Protein and Oil Content in Soybean Breeding

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Liang Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Soybean Breeding ◽  
Plant Breeding Program ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Non Destructive

A plant breeding program needs to evaluate a large number of materials for different traits within a limited time. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used to quickly determine seed composition in various crop species. In this study, we compared whole-seed evaluations of protein and oil content by NIR methods in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and then discussed the application to plant breeding. The differences among the entries tested were highly significant in both traits for each method used. No significant difference but high correlation and consistency existed between DA 7250 and wet-chemistry methods. Compared with DA 7250, ZX-50 exhibited, to some extent, differences or errors. The differences of ZX-50 methods were found to be correlated with seed sizes and could be corrected using regression equations formulated for bias calculation. After correction, the differences in the predictions between DA 7250 and ZX-50 methods were insignificant. Similar to DA 7250, ZX-50 methods exhibited a high repeatability (> 98%) of the predictions. By validation with 760 bulk samples of different seed types and 240 single-plant samples, it further demonstrated that as a non-destructive, fast and cost-efficient method, ZX-50 NIR analysis with an appropriate bias correction could be used in soybean breeding, specifically suitable for single plant selection based on whole seeds.

scholarly journals Performance of an agricultural engine using blends of diesel and ethanol

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1200-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Solis Estrada ◽  
José Fernando Schlosser ◽  
Marcelo Silveira de Farias ◽  
Fabrício Azevedo Rodrigues ◽  
Alfran Tellechea Martini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Ethanol Content ◽  
Hydrous Ethanol ◽  
Agricultural Tractor ◽  
Engine Power

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the performance of a diesel engine in an agricultural tractor, using Diesel S500 (B5) and mixture with 3% (ED3), 6% (ED6), 9% (ED9), 12% (ED12) and 15% (ED15) of hydrous ethanol. Variables evaluated were the power, torque, specific fuel consumption, torque reserve, speed reserve and elasticity index of engine. Results indicated that using B5 and ED3 the values of torque and engine power not differ, in addition, with the ED3 the fuel consumption was lower than 5.92%. Using ED12, power has reduced in 2.97%, compared with B5, while their fuel consumption had no difference. With ED15, the power was lower 6.30% and the fuel consumption increase 3.77%, both compared with B5. Torque reserve value was increased with increasing the ethanol content in B5, reducing the speed reserve and elasticity index of engine. Ethanol in Diesel S500 (B5) can be used as an alternative fuel in agricultural tractor engines without presenting high changes in the performance, since the ethanol content is at low percentages, up to 12%.

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