scholarly journals Skidders Fuel Consumption in Two Different Working Regions and Types of Forest Management

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Hrvoje Kopseak ◽  
Marijan Šušnjar ◽  
Marin Bačić ◽  
Mario Šporčić ◽  
Zdravko Pandur
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Average Consumption

For the needs of fuel consumption analysis, a database for a period of 2 years was created for three types of skidders operating in two different management methods—even-aged and selective forests. A total of 436 skidders were processed in the database, of which 255 skidders worked in even-aged forests and 181 skidders worked in selective forests. The average consumption of skidders in even-aged forests ranged from 1.38 to 1.65 L/m3 or from 7.81 to 9.34 L/PMH, while in selective forests, the average consumption ranged from 1.06 to 1.34 L/m3 or from 6.49 to 7.10 L/PMH. The obtained results indicate higher fuel consumption for all three types of skidders in regular forest management. There is no statistically significant difference in fuel consumption between the studied skidders. Comparing fuel consumption in L/PMH, we notice that there was an increase in fuel consumption in relation to the age of the skidder.

scholarly journals Fuel and lubricant consumption in felling the young oak-hornbeam stands

2002 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Vojislav Bajic ◽  
Milorad Danilovic
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Function Form ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Average Consumption

Based on the elements of statistical analysis on the dependence of fuel and lubricant consumption on tree diameter, it was assessed that with the increase of tree diameter, the fuel and lubricant consumption in the young oak and hornbeam stands decreases significantly, both in clear felling and in thinning and that the function form Y=exp(a+b x X?1) is the best description of the correlation The consumption of fuel compared to lubricant consumption is almost double, which agrees with the results of the previous studies. Average consumption of fuel and lubricant is 17.43 mL x tree?1, on the plots 20.27 mL x tree?1, average consumption of lubricant per tree on skid roads is 9.4 mL x tree?1, on the plots 11 mL x tree?1. The higher consumption of fuel and lubricant on the plots with selective thinning is the consequence of the longer time needed for the conversion per tree, compared to that in clear felling The consumption of fuel per unit area on the skid roads (clear felling) is 22.9 L x ha?1, on the plots (selective thinning) 7.6 L x ha?1. The consumption of lubricant on the skid roads is 13.3 L x ha?1, on the plots 4.29 L x ha?1. The higher consumption of fuel and lubricant per unit area on the skid roads is due to the difference in the number of trees per unit area Based on the results of the analysis of variance, it was found out that between fuel and lubricant consumption in selective thinning and in felling the trees along tractor skid roads there is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance of 95%. So, for practical purposes, the unique norms of consumption can be established for the stands similar to those in which the study was performed.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Determining the Market Value of Forest Real Properties Using Various Valuation Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Buśko
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Forest Management Plan ◽  
Survey Approach

Abstract The paper presents procedures for determining market values of forest real properties, with particular emphasis placed on the forest stand. The mixed-approach valuation procedure - land valuation index method - was analyzed. The practical part of the work regarding the valuation of the forest stand introduces the various techniques of valuation and acquisition of data on forest resources used, i.e.: index-based valuation approach and stock survey approach. The subject of the research is part of a forest property, which represents an assessment area, typical of the southern part of Poland, located in the Tenczynek Forest Division. There is a forest management plan for the analyzed property which, together with the assessment descriptions, was used as one of the sources of data for valuation. The second source of data for valuation were direct field surveys, i.e.: geodetic surveys for determining the assessment area and the stock survey approach with individual tree assessment with respect to data on the stand. Based on the research, it may be concluded that both valuation techniques and methods used to capture data on forest resources significantly affect the final value of forest properties. The market value of the stand, determined by the index-based valuation approach, demonstrates a significant difference when compared to the value of the stand determined by the stock survey approach. The forest management plan should only be used as a supplementary material and only to identify site types of forests by property valuers and, partially, together with economic maps, to determine the boundaries of assessment areas.

Effects of passive pre-chamber jet ignition on combustion and emission at gasoline engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 168781402110671
Author(s):  
Wei Duan ◽  
Zhaoming Huang ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Ping Tang ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Intake Valve ◽  
Part Load ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Valve Opening

Pre-chamber jet ignition is a promising way to improve fuel consumption of gasoline engine. A small volume passive pre-chamber was tested at a 1.5L turbocharged GDI engine. Combustion and emission characteristics of passive pre-chamber at low-speed WOT and part load were studied. Besides, the combustion stability of the passive pre-chamber at idle operation has also been studied. The results show that at 1500 r/min WOT, compared with the traditional spark ignition, the combustion phase of pre-chamber is advanced by 7.1°CA, the effective fuel consumption is reduced by 24 g/kW h, and the maximum pressure rise rate is increased by 0.09 MPa/°CA. The knock tendency can be relieved by pre-chamber ignition. At part load of 2000 r/min, pre-chamber ignition can enhance the combustion process and improve the combustion stability. The fuel consumption of pre-chamber ignition increases slightly at low load, but decreases significantly at high load. Compared with the traditional spark ignition, the NOx emissions of pre-chamber increase significantly, with a maximum increase of about 15%; the HC emissions decrease, and the highest decrease is about 36%. But there is no significant difference in CO emissions between pre-chamber ignition and spark plug ignition. The intake valve opening timing has a significant influence on the pre-chamber combustion stability at idle operation. With the delay of the pre-chamber intake valve opening timing, the CoV is reduced and can be kept within the CoV limit.

scholarly journals The use of CAN-Bus messages of an agricultural tractor for monitoring its operation

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Čupera ◽  
P. Sedlák
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Can Bus ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regression Functions ◽  
Data Bus ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

The development of electronic components in engine regulation leads to the possibility of obtaining a large amount of parameters of control processes. Nowadays, these data can be read in an easy way due to the properties of used networks. The data obtained from the data bus must be processed carefully; otherwise, there is a risk of erroneous results. The article presents the results of measurements performed on four tractors. We focused on comparing the fuel consumption of engines and the accuracy of flow measurement readings from the CAN-Bus of these tractors. Even the same engines may show considerable differences in fuel consumption, taken from the CAN-Bus. The maximum deviation of the measured values ranged up to around 40%. However, the value of about 41% was measured in the range of fuel consumption of around 10 kg/h, the error of that tractor at the consumption of about 40 kg/h fell to 1.5 kg/h. A significant difference occurred in the tractor with a 235 kW engine. The consumption in the range of 50 kg/h showed an error of 8.4 kg/h. An improvement of the results can be achieved using derived regression functions. Based on our experience with the measurement of other types of tractors, we know that a similar situation with the accuracy of CAN-Bus data is also an issue in other categories of vehicles.

Fundamental Differences Between Conventional and Geared Turbofans

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Kurzke
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real Option ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycle ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermodynamic Efficiency ◽  
Aircraft Engines ◽  
Direct Drive ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bypass Ratio

The potential for improving the thermodynamic efficiency of aircraft engines is limited because the aerodynamic quality of the turbomachines has already achieved a very high level. While in the past increasing burner exit temperature did contribute to better cycle efficiency, this is no longer the case with today’s temperatures in the range of 1900...2000K. Increasing the cycle pressure ratio above 40 will yield only a small fuel consumption benefit. Therefore the only way to improve the fuel efficiency of aircraft engines significantly is to increase bypass ratio — which yields higher propulsive efficiency. A purely thermodynamic cycle study shows that specific fuel consumption decreases continuously with increasing bypass ratio. However, thermodynamics alone is a too simplistic view of the problem. A conventional direct drive turbofan of bypass ratio 6 looks very different to an engine with bypass ratio 10. Increasing bypass ratio above 10 makes it attractive to design an engine with a gearbox to separate the fan speed from the other low pressure components. Different rules apply for optimizing turbofans of conventional designs and those with a gearbox. This paper describes various criteria to be considered for optimizing the respective engines and their components. For illustrating the main differences between conventional and geared turbofans it is assumed that an existing core of medium pressure ratio with a two stage high pressure turbine is to be used. The design of the engines is done for takeoff rating because this is the mechanically most challenging condition. For each engine the flow annulus is examined and stress calculations for the disks are performed. The result of the integrated aero-thermodynamic and mechanical study allows a comparison of the fundamental differences between conventional and geared turbofans. At the same bypass ratio there will be no significant difference in specific fuel consumption between the alternative designs. The main difference is in the parts count which is much lower for the geared turbofan than for the conventional engine. However, these parts will be mechanically much more challenging than those of a conventional turbofan. If the bypass ratio is increased significantly above 10, then the geared turbofan becomes more and more attractive and the conventional turbofan design is no longer a real option. The maximum practical bypass ratio for ducted fans depends on the nacelle drag and how the installation problems can be solved.

scholarly journals Studi tentang pengaruh perbedaan daya mesin terhadap kecepatan dan konsumsi bahan bakar minyak pada perahu pakura (Study of the effect of engine power difference on speed and fuel consumption of pakura boats)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanny S. Tumigolung ◽  
Fransisco P.T. Pangalila ◽  
Frangky E. Kaparang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Target System ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Fishing Boat ◽  
Power Difference ◽  
Average Consumption ◽  
Engine Power

The fishing boat fleet, seeking for a kind of fishing gear. One of the most common fishing boat types in Bitung Oceanic Fishing Port is pambut (Pumpboat). The researcher is concerned about the effect of engine power difference on speed and fuel consumption of pakura boats. The objective of the research is to determine the speeds of boat in the operation and to determine the average consumption of fuel of engine by in different horse power.  The method used in this research is the experimental method. The primary data is stored at the same time as the observations performed by the target system. The effect of engine throttle opening with the speed and fuel consumption is analyzed by a regression that uses Microsoft excel. The relation data is denoted in interpretation with table, grafic and a form of a sentence.  In conlusion, the best speed of the 6.5 HP is 7.57 knots while the 9 HP powered are 8,96 knots. The best fuel consumption of engine that powered 6.5 HP is averaged 2.87 l/hr while the engine powered 9 HP an average of 4.40 l/hr.Keywords: pakura, speed, fuel AbstrakArmada penangkap ikan, mengusahakan berbagai macam jenis alat tangkap ikan. Salah satu jenis kapal penangkap ikan yang umum terdapat di Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Bitung yaitu pambut (Pumpboat). Peneliti merasa  perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang Studi tentang pengaruh perbedaan daya mesin terhadap kecepatan dan konsumsi bahan bakar minyak pada perahu pakura. Adapun tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menentukan kecepatan terbaik  perahu pakura dalam operasi penangkapan ikan dengan daya mesin yang berbeda dan menentukan rata-rata konsumsi bahanbakar yang dibutuhkan perahu pakura dalam melakukan operasi penangkapan ikan dengan daya mesin yang berbeda.  Data primer yaitu data yang diambil langsung pada saat pengamatan yang dilakukan dengan cara target system. Hubungan bukaan gas dengan kecepatan dan konsumsi bahan bakar minyak (BBM) akan dianalisa dengan analisa regresi yang menggunakan Microsoft excel. Data hubungan tersebut digambarkan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik yang di interpretasi dalam bentuk kalimat.  Kecepatan yang terbaik pada mesin yang berdaya 6,5 HP adalah 7,57 knot sedangkan pada mesin yang berdaya 9 HP adalah 8, 96 knot. Konsumsi BBM  yang terbaik pada mesin yang berdaya 6,5 HP adalah rata-rata  2,87 l/jam sedangkan pada mesin yang berdaya 9 HP rata-rata 4,40  l/jam.Kata kunci : pakura, kecepatan, bahan bakar

scholarly journals Sample intensity in ombrophilous open forest at Verde Para Sempre Extractive Reserve, Porto de Moz, PA

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Miranda Leão ◽  
Luiz Fernandes Silva Dionisio ◽  
Loirena Do Carmo Moura Sousa ◽  
Marlon Costa De Menezes ◽  
Marcelo Henrique Silva de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Extractive Reserve ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Ideal

Determining the ideal sampling intensity is important to guarantee data closer to reality with less cost and time in the forest inventory. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the influence of different sample intensities to estimate the floristic composition, species diversity and the timber volume, beyond compare the results with their respective parameters obtained in the census of an ombrophilous open forest area in Verde Para Sempre Extractive Reserve. Was simulated a random sampling with sampling units of 1 ha and several sample intensities: 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% in an area of 200 ha that it was submitted to a forest census. It was evaluated the phytosociological parameters such as structure and diversity, and the estimated errors in the sampling intensities for the volume. The forest has a structure with high diversity and species of high economic value, indicating the existence of an aptitude for sustainable forest management. The treatment with 5% and 10% sample intensity were not enough to contemplate all the species in the area and estimate the volume inside to the required accuracy limit, maximum of 10% sampling error. The treatments of 15% and 20% resembled the parametric value regarding floristic composition, species diversity and volumetry of the forest census of the area, showing no significant difference between them. The analysis of the phytosociological structure showed the importance of using sample inventories to evaluate the economic potential of an area and its suitability for forest management.

Comparative analysis of engine running performance with and without thermostat

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 047-053
Author(s):  
Albert K. Arkoh ◽  
Esther B. Kyere ◽  
Isaac Edunyah
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Engine Condition

The rate of removal of internal combustion (IC) engine thermostat when engines are imported to Ghana and other part of African continent is alarming. Such phenomenon calls for an experiment to compare the performance of IC engines imported here in Ghana running with and without engine thermostat. The analysis was done by determine engine performance characteristic such as engine torque, indicated power (Ip), brake power (bp), frictional power (fp), fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature (EGT) as well as exhaust emission at engine speed of 1500 rpm for engine running with thermostat (WT) and without thermostat (WOT). Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were done using GenStat software (VSN International, 2021). Statistical significance was carried out at p≤0.05. The best fuel mean value of 103 ml was recorded for engine condition WT at EGT of 283.2 °C while fuel consumed for engine condition WOT was 170 ml at EGT of 155.4 °C. The recorded mean exhaust emission gases for Ex, O2, CO, H2S were 13.2%, 16.2%, 1000 ppm and 35.2 ppm and 0%, 18.38%, 393.2 ppm and 0.4 ppm for engine condition WOT and WT respectively. There was significant difference (p≤0.05) in mean values of EGT, Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions for engine condition WOT with the exception of O2. The removal of engine thermostat affect engine working temperature which result in incomplete combustion, high fuel consumption and high exhaust emissions.

Integration of bioenergy strategies into forest management scenarios for Crown land in New Brunswick, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1319-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Carle ◽  
David A. MacLean ◽  
Thom A. Erdle ◽  
Roger J. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Joint Production ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Harvest Residues ◽  
Bioenergy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuel Consumption

About 70% (110 PJ) of energy used in New Brunswick is sourced from fossil fuels, and its high cost and uncertain long-term supply have renewed interest in bioenergy production. To evaluate opportunities for sourcing bioenergy from the forest, we integrated bioenergy and timber production into a forest estate model and evaluated joint production scenarios for 3.3 million hectares of Crown land in New Brunswick over a 100-year horizon. Scenarios included maximizing timber or bioenergy production under three timing preferences (expressed as discount rates) and various combinations of harvest residues, pulpwood biomass, and willow ( Salix spp.) plantations. Under scenarios that allocated 66% of harvest residues and 30% of pulpwood to bioenergy production, maximizing discounted (8%) timber or bioenergy, respectively, generated average timber harvests of 6.51 and 6.26 Mm3·year–1 and bioenergy outputs equivalent to 30% and 32% of provincial fossil fuel consumption. Introducing 40 000 ha of willow plantations under the maximize bioenergy scenario yielded bioenergy equivalent to 41% of provincial fossil fuel consumption while maintaining the timber harvest at 6.21 Mm3·year–1. Our study demonstrates a framework for integrating bioenergy and timber production in forest management design and quantifies the significant potential for obtaining both bioenergy and timber from the forest.

Research on the Test for Complete-Vehicle Emission and Fuel Consumption of the Refuse Truck by Chassis Dynamometer

2013 ◽  
Vol 718-720 ◽  
pp. 1825-1830
Author(s):  
Kong Jian Qin ◽  
Chang Yuan Wang ◽  
Jia Yan ◽  
Xue Hao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Vehicle Emission ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Chassis Dynamometer ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
Significant Difference

Refuse truck accounted for 70% of the sanitation vehicle, which was the major heavy duty vehicle type in city. Therefore its fuel economy and emission characteristics were under higher requirements. This research did the emission test on the chassis dynamometer by using compressed truck, testing C-WTCV and CCBC circle emission, and fuel consumption respectively. The research showed the Km fuel consumption of CCBC circle was about 1.3 times of the C-WTVC from the analysis of fuel consumption and the emission of CO2.From the analysis of emission factor, the emission of NOX and CO of the CCBC circle was both higher than the C-WTVC, respectively 1.9 times and 1.4 times. However, the emission of HC was only 36% of the C-WTVC. C-WTVC was very similar to the motor of the CCBC circle in city, however the motorway cycle and emission both had significant difference from CCBC circle.

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