A Review of Methods and Techniques for Detecting Frost on Plant Surfaces

Severe frost usually has adverse impacts on agricultural production, resulting in crop freeze injury, poor crop yield, and crop quality reduction. Timely and accurate detection of frost plays an important role in cold damage warnings, prevention, and control. Current frost detection methods mostly use physical properties such as light, electricity, and heat, or the judge and quantify using environmental factors such as temperature and wind speed. However, it is difficult to detect and accurately identify the frosting phenomenon in real time during field trials because of the complex environment, different plant types, and interference by many factors during observation. To provide an overview of the analytical tools for scientists, researchers, and product developers, a review and comparative analysis of the available literature on frost mechanisms, correlations, and characteristics are presented in this study. First, the mechanisms of the frost formation process, frost level, and the significance of detection, are introduced. Then, the methods and techniques used to measure frost on plant surfaces are synthetically classified and further compared. Moreover, the key points and difficulties are summarized and discussed. Finally, some constructive methods of frost detection are proposed to improve the frost detection process.

Download Full-text

Gold–Carbon Nanocomposites for Environmental Contaminant Sensing

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12060719 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 719

Author(s):

Shahrooz Rahmati ◽

William Doherty ◽

Arman Amani Babadi ◽

Muhamad Syamim Akmal Che Mansor ◽

Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollutants ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Environmental Crisis ◽

World Population ◽

Chemical Contaminants ◽

Carbon Nanocomposites ◽

Minimal Sample ◽

Wide Range ◽

And Control ◽

Analytical Tools

The environmental crisis, due to the rapid growth of the world population and globalisation, is a serious concern of this century. Nanoscience and nanotechnology play an important role in addressing a wide range of environmental issues with innovative and successful solutions. Identification and control of emerging chemical contaminants have received substantial interest in recent years. As a result, there is a need for reliable and rapid analytical tools capable of performing sample analysis with high sensitivity, broad selectivity, desired stability, and minimal sample handling for the detection, degradation, and removal of hazardous contaminants. In this review, various gold–carbon nanocomposites-based sensors/biosensors that have been developed thus far are explored. The electrochemical platforms, synthesis, diverse applications, and effective monitoring of environmental pollutants are investigated comparatively.

Download Full-text

Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of QX(GI-19)-Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses in South Korea

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13061163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1163

Author(s):

So-Youn Youn ◽

Ji-Youn Lee ◽

You-Chan Bae ◽

Yong-Kuk Kwon ◽

Hye-Ryoung Kim

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Disease Prevention ◽

South Korea ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Genetic Recombination ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Reference Sequences ◽

And Control

Infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) are evolving continuously via genetic drift and genetic recombination, making disease prevention and control difficult. In this study, we undertook genetic and pathogenic characterization of recombinant IBVs isolated from chickens in South Korea between 2003 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 46 IBV isolates belonged to GI-19, which includes nephropathogenic IBVs. Ten isolates formed a new cluster, the genomic sequences of which were different from those of reference sequences. Recombination events in the S1 gene were identified, with putative parental strains identified as QX-like, KM91-like, and GI-15. Recombination detection methods identified three patterns (rGI-19-I, rGI-19-II, and rGI-19-III). To better understand the pathogenicity of recombinant IBVs, we compared the pathogenicity of GI-19 with that of the rGI-19s. The results suggest that rGI-19s may be more likely to cause trachea infections than GI-19, whereas rGI-19s were less pathogenic in the kidney. Additionally, the pathogenicity of rGI-19s varied according to the genotype of the major parent. These results indicate that genetic recombination between heterologous strains belonging to different genotypes has occurred, resulting in the emergence of new recombinant IBVs in South Korea.

Download Full-text

Advanced Driver Assists and Safety Management System

10.46610/joadc.2021.v06i02.005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Dipti Chavan ◽

Aniket Kamble ◽

Aditya Khadsare ◽

Vaibhav Chougule ◽

Vaibhav Chougule

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Automobile Industry ◽

Safety Management ◽

Public Utilities ◽

Sensor Platform ◽

Key Points ◽

Different Types ◽

Important Field ◽

And Control ◽

Web Platform

Electronics and communication is the most important field. In this paper, we can describe how much safety is in the Automobile industry. In this paper, we are using uno-Arduino. The different types of sensors facilities are also provided using key points. The different sensors are provided to check visitor count. In this system, we can monitor and control all the safety precautions their one IoT web platform. This helps in the proper utilization of drivers and helps in avoiding accidents. This paper can be implemented in any two-wheelers, heavily loaded trucks, small SUVs, compact cars. In our paper, the electronics machine/components will be automatically working with using of Arduino program. The proposed wireless sensor platform is an attempt to develop more safety devices that can be used in multiple areas such as homes, schools, and public utilities to reduce accidents. This Advanced Driver Assists system will provide real-time accident detections and monitoring usage information that helps in real-time by using GSM, GPS, and sensors.

Download Full-text

Acquire Ocean Bottom Seismic Data and Time-Lapse Geochemistry Data Simultaneously to Identify Compartmentalization and Map Hydrocarbon Movement

10.4043/30975-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rick Schrynemeeckers

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Seismic Data ◽

Time Lapse ◽

Field Trials ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Ocean Bottom ◽

Field Development ◽

Dense Grid ◽

Hydrocarbon Charge ◽

Sweet Spots

Abstract Current offshore hydrocarbon detection methods employ vessels to collect cores along transects over structures defined by seismic imaging which are then analyzed by standard geochemical methods. Due to the cost of core collection, the sample density over these structures is often insufficient to map hydrocarbon accumulation boundaries. Traditional offshore geochemical methods cannot define reservoir sweet spots (i.e. areas of enhanced porosity, pressure, or net pay thickness) or measure light oil or gas condensate in the C7 – C15 carbon range. Thus, conventional geochemical methods are limited in their ability to help optimize offshore field development production. The capability to attach ultrasensitive geochemical modules to Ocean Bottom Seismic (OBS) nodes provides a new capability to the industry which allows these modules to be deployed in very dense grid patterns that provide extensive coverage both on structure and off structure. Thus, both high resolution seismic data and high-resolution hydrocarbon data can be captured simultaneously. Field trials were performed in offshore Ghana. The trial was not intended to duplicate normal field operations, but rather provide a pilot study to assess the viability of passive hydrocarbon modules to function properly in real world conditions in deep waters at elevated pressures. Water depth for the pilot survey ranged from 1500 – 1700 meters. Positive thermogenic signatures were detected in the Gabon samples. A baseline (i.e. non-thermogenic) signature was also detected. The results indicated the positive signatures were thermogenic and could easily be differentiated from baseline or non-thermogenic signatures. The ability to deploy geochemical modules with OBS nodes for reoccurring surveys in repetitive locations provides the ability to map the movement of hydrocarbons over time as well as discern depletion affects (i.e. time lapse geochemistry). The combined technologies will also be able to: Identify compartmentalization, maximize production and profitability by mapping reservoir sweet spots (i.e. areas of higher porosity, pressure, & hydrocarbon richness), rank prospects, reduce risk by identifying poor prospectivity areas, accurately map hydrocarbon charge in pre-salt sequences, augment seismic data in highly thrusted and faulted areas.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Water and Gas Tracers Field Breakthrough

10.2118/205863-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hsieh Chen ◽

Sehoon Chang ◽

Gawain Thomas ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Afnan Mashat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Phase ◽

Detection Method ◽

Tracer Tests ◽

Field Tests ◽

Field Trials ◽

Breakthrough Curves ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Reservoir Conditions ◽

Gas Tracer

Abstract We are developing new classes of barcoded advanced tracers, which, compared to present commercial offerings, can be optically detected in an automated fashion. The eventual goal for the advanced tracers is to deploy cost-effective, ubiquitous, long-term, and full-field tracer tests in supporting large-scale waterflooding optimization for improved oil recovery. In this paper, we compare model predictions to breakthrough data from two field tests of advanced tracers in a pilot during water alternating gas (WAG) cycles, where gas tracer tests have recently been performed as well. Two advanced tracer injections were performed at the test site. For the first injection, only a dipicolinic acid based advanced tracer (DPA) was injected. For the second injection, DPA and a phenanthroline- based advanced tracer, 4,7-bis(sulfonatophenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid (BSPPDA), was injected in conjunction with a commercially available fluorobenzoic acid-based tracer (FBA) to benchmark their performance. Produced water samples were collected weekly for tracer analysis. Both newly developed 2D-high performance liquid chromatography/time-resolved fluorescence optical detection method (2D-HPLC/TRF) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to construct the breakthrough curves for the advanced tracers. In parallel, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect FBA tracer. Gas tracer tests have been performed on the same field. Since DPA, BSPPDA and FBA tracers were water tracers as designed, they were expected to appear in between gas tracer breakthroughs, and we observed exactly that for BSPPDA and FBA. Unexpectedly, the DPA predominantly appeared along with gas tracer breakthroughs, suggesting its favorable compatibility with the gas phase. We suspect the presence of some gas components rendered the medium more acidic, which likely protonates DPA molecules, thereby alters its hydrophilicity. A wealth of information could be gathered from the field tests. First, all tracers survived not only the harsh reservoir conditions but also the irregular WAG injections. Their successful detection from the producers suggested robustness of these materials for reservoir applications. Second, the breakthrough curves of the BSPPDA tracers using optical detection method were very similar to those of FBA tracers detected by GC-MS, substantiating the competency of our in-house materials and detection methods to the present commercial offerings. Finally, even though DPA has passed prior lab tests as a good water tracer, its high solubility to gas phase warrants further investigation. This paper summarizes key results from two field trials of the novel barcoded advanced tracers, of which both the tracer materials and detection methods are new to the industry. Importantly, the two co- injected advanced tracers showed opposite correlations to the gas tracers, highlighting the complex physicochemical interactions in reservoir conditions. Nevertheless, the information collected from the field trials is invaluable in enabling further design and utilization of the advanced tracers in fulfilling their wonderful promises.

Download Full-text

Why is lived experience important for market stewardship? A proposed framework for why and how lived experience should be included in stewarding disability markets

Evidence & Policy A Journal of Research Debate and Practice ◽

10.1332/174426421x16142714946996 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ariella Meltzer ◽

Helen Dickinson ◽

Eleanor Malbon ◽

Gemma Carey

Keyword(s):

Lived Experience ◽

Knowledge Production ◽

Policy Research ◽

Market Forces ◽

Research Knowledge ◽

Key Points ◽

People With Disability ◽

And Control ◽

Insight Into ◽

Inputs And Outputs

Background: Many countries use market forces to drive reform across disability supports and services. Over the last few decades, many countries have individualised budgets and devolved these to people with disability, so that they can purchase their own choice of supports from an available market of services.Key points for discussion: Such individualised, market-based schemes aim to extend choice and control to people with disability, but this is only achievable if the market operates effectively. Market stewardship has therefore become an important function of government in guiding markets and ensuring they operate effectively.The type of evidence that governments tend to draw on in market stewardship is typically limited to inputs and outputs and has less insight into the outcomes services do or do not achieve. While this is a typical approach to market stewardship, we argue it is problematic and that a greater focus on outcomes is necessary.Conclusions and implications: To include a focus on outcomes, we argue that market stewards need to take account of the lived experience of people with disability. We present a framework for doing this, drawing on precedents where people with disability have contributed lived experience evidence within other policy, research, knowledge production and advocacy contexts.With the lived experience evidence of people with disability included, market stewardship will be better able to take account of outcomes as they play out in the lives of those using the market and, ultimately, achieve greater choice and control for people with disability. Key messages <ul><li>Market stewardship is key to guiding quasi-markets, including in the disability sector;</li> <li>Evidence guiding market stewardship is often about inputs and outputs only;</li> <li>It would be beneficial to also include lived experience evidence from people with disability;</li> <li>We propose a framework for the inclusion of lived experience evidence in market stewardship.</li></ul>

Download Full-text

Features of Water Function Zoning of the Surface Water in Sichuan Province

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.730.221 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 730 ◽

pp. 221-229

Author(s):

Rui Kun Cai ◽

Fu Quan Ni ◽

Yu Deng

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Production Management ◽

Sichuan Province ◽

Wastewater Discharge ◽

Agricultural Wastewater ◽

Key Points ◽

Water Quality Deterioration

In this study, based on the water function zoning and the related analyses on the current situations and tendency of the pollutions on water environments in Sichuan province, concluded that the primary cause responsible for the deterioration of water resources is the discharge of agriculture wastewater, and the strengthening of agricultural production management as well as the reduction of the agricultural wastewater discharge are the key points to alleviate the water-quality deterioration.

Download Full-text

Fertility of inseminations with two sperm concentrations in oestrus-synchronized cattle

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100016901 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 163-168

Author(s):

L. J. Boyd ◽

G. F. Smith ◽

P. D. P. Wood ◽

J. Craven ◽

D. R. Melrose ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Trials ◽

Return Rate ◽

Breeding Period ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Dairy Heifers ◽

Melengestrol Acetate ◽

Beef Herds ◽

Live Sperm ◽

And Control

SUMMARYTwo field trials were conducted to evaluate oestrus synchronization under farm conditions and to determine if increased sperm numbers per insemination would enhance fertility at the first synchronized oestrus. One hundred and seventy-seven previously unmated British Friesian females in 6 dairy herds and 236 suckler cows in 9 beef herds were used. Treated animals received 1·0 mg melengestrol acetate (MGA) daily for 14 days. Treated and control animals were inseminated with either 15 or 60 million sperm per first insemination.Oestrus was synchronized in 94% of the treated dairy heifers and 66% of the treated suckler cows. Oestrus detection by herdsmen appeared to be much less precise in suckler herds than in the dairy herds.First inseminations were given during a 21-day breeding period (commencing at withdrawal of MGA) to 97% of treated and 79% of control dairy heifers (P<0·01), and to 77% of the treated and 69% of the control suckler cows (P>0·05). On an average, first inseminations were given 10 days earlier to treated heifers and 7 days earlier to treated suckler cows than to their control counterparts. The 45-day non-return rate to first inseminations was 81% for control and 41% for treated dairy heifers (P< 0·001) and 69% for control and 46% for treated suckler cows (P>0·05).Oestrus-synchronized animals required significantly more services than control animals during a 30-day breeding period. However, there was no difference between treated and control animals in the non-return rate to one or more services given during the prescribed 30-day breeding period.Insemination with 15 or 60 million live sperm had no effect on the non-return rate of treated or control animals.

Download Full-text

Recent Developments in Plasmonic Sensors of Phenol and Its Derivatives

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112210519 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 10519

Author(s):

Nguyễn Hoàng Ly ◽

Sang Jun Son ◽

Ho Hyun Kim ◽

Sang-Woo Joo

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Noble Metals ◽

Raw Material ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Localized Surface Plasmon ◽

Trace Detection ◽

Toxic Response ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Analytical Tools

Many scientists are increasingly interested in on-site detection methods of phenol and its derivatives because these substances have been universally used as a significant raw material in the industrial manufacturing of various chemicals of antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants, and so on. The contamination of phenolic compounds in the natural environment is a toxic response that induces harsh impacts on plants, animals, and human health. This mini-review updates recent developments and trends of novel plasmonic resonance nanomaterials, which are assisted by various optical sensors, including colorimetric, fluorescence, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. These advanced and powerful analytical tools exhibit potential application for ultrahigh sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid detection of phenol and its derivatives. In this report, we mainly emphasize the recent progress and novel trends in the optical sensors of phenolic compounds. The applications of Raman technologies based on pure noble metals, hybrid nanomaterials, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are presented, in which the remaining establishments and challenges are discussed and summarized to inspire the future improvement of scientific optical sensors into easy-to-operate effective platforms for the rapid and trace detection of phenol and its derivatives.

Download Full-text

RESEARCH ON REMOTE OPERATING SYSTEM OF PICKING ROBOT BASED ON BIG DATA AND WIFI

INMATEH Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.35633/inmateh-64-44 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 447-456

Author(s):

Beibei Sun

Keyword(s):

Operating System ◽

Big Data ◽

Remote Monitoring ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Recognition System ◽

Main Mode ◽

Agricultural Robots ◽

Remote Monitoring System ◽

Modern Agriculture ◽

And Control

Agricultural mechanization has become the main mode of agricultural production and represents the development direction of modern agriculture. The amount of data generated in the agricultural production process is extremely huge, so it is necessary to introduce the concept and analysis method of big data. Combining agricultural robots with big data can improve the performance and application effect of robots. This paper combines big data, WLAN technology and robot technology to realize man-machine remote cooperation platform. This gives full play to the advantages that people are good at object recognition and robots are good at execution, and improves the fruit picking efficiency. The target fruit positioning and recognition system aided by machine vision is adopted to realize the accurate positioning of the fruit to be picked. Design of LFM control signal fitting based on big data clustering. In order to verify the feasibility of the scheme, taking the tomato picking robot as an example, the communication error and control accuracy using big data and WIFI (Wireless Fidelity) technology were tested, and the positioning and navigation efficiency with and without remote monitoring system was compared. Test results show that using big data and WIFI remote monitoring technology can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of positioning and navigation of remote operating system, which is of great significance for the design of automatic control system of picking robot.

Download Full-text