scholarly journals How Does Water-Stressed Corn Respond to Potassium Nutrition? A Shoot-Root Scale Approach Study under Controlled Conditions

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Jordan-Meille ◽  
Elsa Martineau ◽  
Yoran Bornot ◽  
José Lavres ◽  
Cassio Abreu-Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Plant Transpiration ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Stomatal Functioning

Potassium (K) is generally considered as being closely linked to plant water dynamics. Consequently, reinforcing K nutrition, which theoretically favors root growth and specific surface, extends leaf lifespan, and regulates stomatal functioning, is often used to tackle water stress. We designed a greenhouse pot-scale device to test these interactions on corn (Zea mays L.), and to analyze their links to plant transpiration. Three levels of K nutrition were combined with two water-supply treatments. Shoot and root development and growth were continuously measured during a 60-day-long experiment. Individual plant transpiration was measured by weighing pots and by calculating water mass balances. The results showed that, although K deficiency symptoms resembled those caused by water shortage, there was no advantage to over-fertilizing water-stressed plants. K failed to decrease either the transpiration per unit leaf surface or to improve water use efficiency. The link between K nutrition and plant transpiration appears solely attributable to the effect of K on leaf area. We conclude that K over-fertilization could ultimately jeopardize crops by enhancing early-stage water transpiration to the detriment of later developmental stages.

scholarly journals Influence of Parenting Styles and Developmental Stages on Identity Formation among Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Rezvan ◽  
H. M. Ramakrishne Gowda ◽  
Lancy D’Souza
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Authoritarian Parenting ◽  
Significant Difference

Paternal attitudes, beliefs and behaviors that appear as family pattern or parenting styles play a key role in personality development and stabilizing the identity of adolescents. The present study assesses parenting styles and identity formation status of adolescents studying in and around Mysore city. A total of 400 adolescents (200 early and 200 late adolescents) were randomly selected covering Mysore city and nearby rural areas, of which equal number among were male and female adolescents and also equal number of them were from urban and rural areas. They were provided with Parental authority questionnaire (PAQ) developed by Buri (1991) and Aspects of Identity Questionnaire – IV (AIQ – IV) developed by Sampson (1978). PAQ measured perceived parenting styles. The AIQ scale measured personal, Relational Social and Collective areas of identity formation. The collected data were, coded and analyzed using SPSS software. The data was analyzed by Two-way ANOVA to find significant difference if any, in the developmental stages, area of living as well as gender of the participants. Results revealed that, adolescents with authoritarian Parenting styles had higher personal identity formation than adolescents with permissive and authoritarian parenting styles. Developmental stage showed significant influence on all components of identity-Personal, Relational, Social and Collective, where in early stage adolescents had higher identity than adolescents at later stage. In general, this study showed that the developmental stages had considerable effect on the collective identity formation in both early and late adolescents.

scholarly journals Plant Developmental Stage Drives the Differentiation in Ecological Role of Plant Bacterial and Fungal Microbiomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Xiong ◽  
Brajesh K. Singh ◽  
Ji-Zheng He ◽  
Yan-Lai Han ◽  
Pei-Pei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Ecological Role

Abstract BackgroundPlants live with diverse microbial communities which profoundly affect multiple facets of host performance such as nutrition acquisition, disease suppression and productivity, but if and how host development impacts the assembly, functions and microbial interactions of crop microbiomes are poorly understood. Here we examined both bacterial and fungal communities across soils (rhizosphere and bulk soil), plant epiphytic and endophytic niches (phylloplane, rhizoplane, leaf and root endosphere), and plastic leaf of fake plant (representing environment-originating microbes) at three developmental stages of maize at two contrasting sites, and further explored the potential function of phylloplane microbiomes based on metagenomics.ResultsOur results suggested that plant developmental stage had a much stronger influence on the microbial diversity, composition and interkingdom networks in plant compartment niches than in soils, with the strongest effect in the phylloplane. Air (represented by fake plants) was an important source of phylloplane microbiomes which were co-shaped by both plant development and seasonal environmental factors. Further, we demonstrated that bacterial and fungal communities in plant compartment niches exhibited contrasting response to host developmental stages, with higher alpha diversity and stronger deterministic assembly within bacterial microbiomes at the early stage but a similar pattern within mycobiomes at the late stage. Moreover, we found that bacterial taxa played a more important role in microbial interkingdom network and crop yield prediction at the early stage, while fungal taxa did so at the late stage. Metagenomic analyses further indicated that phylloplane microbiomes possessed higher functional diversity and functional genes involved in nutrient provision and disease resistance at the early stage than the late stage. ConclusionsOur results suggest that host developmental stage profoundly influences plant microbiome assembly and functions, and the bacterial and fungal microbiomes take a differentiated ecological role at different plant development stages. This study provides empirical evidence for host exerting strong effect on plant microbiomes by deterministic selection to meet the physiological requirement of plant developmental stages. These findings have implications for the development of future tools to manipulate microbiome for sustainable increase in primary productivity.

Morpho-structural and physiological response of container-grown Sangiovese and Montepulciano cvv. (Vitis vinifera) to re-watering after a pre-veraison limiting water deficit

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Palliotti ◽  
Sergio Tombesi ◽  
Tommaso Frioni ◽  
Franco Famiani ◽  
Oriana Silvestroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Use Efficiency

A better physiological and productive performance of cv. Montepulciano versus cv. Sangiovese under well-watered conditions has been recently assessed. The objective of this study was to verify that this behaviour is maintained when a pre-veraison deficit irrigation (vines held at 40% pot capacity from fruit-set to veraison) followed by re-watering (pot capacity reported at 90%). Single leaf assimilation rate and stomatal conductance, diurnal and seasonal whole-canopy net CO2 exchange (NCER) and water use efficiency were always higher in Sangiovese under deficit irrigation. Due to water shortage Montepulciano displayed a more compact growing habit due to decreased shoot and internode length. Sangiovese showed excellent recovery upon re-watering as NCER resulted to be higher than the pre-stress period; however, this might also relate to early and severe basal leaf yellowing and shedding. Early deficit irrigation affected xylem characteristics of Montepulciano more than in Sangiovese; vessel density increased (37 vs 29%, respectively, compared with well-watered vines) and the hydraulic conductance decreased more (–13 vs –3% respectively) compared with well-watered vines. Yield components and technological maturity were similar in the two cultivars, whereas Montepulciano grapes had lower anthocyanins and phenolics. Higher physiological and productive efficiency under non-limiting water conditions showed by Montepulciano compared with Sangiovese was basically reversed when both cultivars were subjected to an early deficit irrigation.

scholarly journals The impact of the water rights system on smallholder irrigators' willingness to pay for water in Limpopo province, South Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
STIJN SPEELMAN ◽  
STEFANO FAROLFI ◽  
AYMEN FRIJA ◽  
MARIJKE D'HAESE ◽  
LUC D'HAESE
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTWater rights are currently receiving increased attention from scholars and policymakers due to the growing understanding that ill-defined water rights impair efficient use. In South Africa, smallholder irrigation faces problems of low water use efficiency and cost recovery of government investments. This study uses contingent ranking to analyse the willingness to pay (WTP) of smallholder irrigators for changes in the water rights system. The results indicate that smallholders are prepared to pay considerably higher water prices if these are connected to improvements in the water rights system. By segmenting the population it was also shown that the importance attached to water rights dimensions varies in each segment. While lower institutional trust and lower income levels lead to a lower WTP for transferability, experiencing water shortage increases this WTP. Such information is valuable in guiding policy makers in the future design of water rights.

The Spermatozoon of Actinia Equina L. Var. Mesembryanthemum

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. U. Larkman ◽  
M. A. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Parent Female

Actinia equina var. mesembryanthemum, the beadlet anemone (Stephenson, 1935), is a very common and widely distributed littoral anthozoan, whose sexual reproduction shows several interesting characteristics. Adult sea anemones of both sexes brood planulae and more advanced developmental stages within the gastrovascular cavity, although earlier embryonic stages are rarely found brooded in this way. Chia & Rostron (1970) suggest that embryos are expelled from the parent female anemone at an early stage and pass through a free-living phase before re-entering anemones of either sex for brooding. However, recent work (Cain, 1974) suggests that juvenile anemones are genetically related to the adult anemones in which they are brooded, and also the distribution of genetic material during sexual reproduction appears to be abnormal (Carter & Thorp, 1979). In an attempt to achieve a better understanding of the unusual sexual reproduction of this species, an ultrastructural investigation of gametogenesis was undertaken. This paper describes the fine structure of the spermatozoon within the testis.

scholarly journals Temporospatial Flavonoids Metabolism Variation in Ginkgo biloba Leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Guo ◽  
Tongli Wang ◽  
Fang-Fang Fu ◽  
Yousry A. El-Kassaby ◽  
Guibin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Flavonoids Biosynthesis ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is a high-value medicinal tree species characterized by its flavonoids beneficial effects that are abundant in leaves. We performed a temporospatial comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome dynamics analyses of clonally propagated Ginkgo plants at four developmental stages (time: May to August) across three different environments (space) to unravel leaves flavonoids biosynthesis variation. Principal component analysis revealed clear gene expression separation across samples from different environments and leaf-developmental stages. We found that flavonoid-related metabolism was more active in the early stage of leaf development, and the content of total flavonoid glycosides and the expression of some genes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway peaked in May. We also constructed a co-expression regulation network and identified eight GbMYBs and combining with other TF genes (3 GbERFs, 1 GbbHLH, and 1 GbTrihelix) positively regulated the expression of multiple structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. We found that part of these GbTFs (Gb_11316, Gb_32143, and Gb_00128) expressions was negatively correlated with mean minimum temperature and mean relative humidity, while positively correlated with sunshine duration. This study increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flavonoids biosynthesis in Ginkgo leaves and provided insight into the proper production and management of Ginkgo commercial plantations.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes involved in 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ) biosynthesis in Impatiens balsamina L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Chee Foong ◽  
Jian Yi Chai ◽  
Anthony Siong Hock Ho ◽  
Brandon Pei Hui Yeo ◽  
Yang Mooi Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Quinone Oxidoreductase ◽  
Impatiens Balsamina ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Pcr Method

Abstract Impatiens balsamina L. is a tropical ornamental and traditional medicinal herb rich in natural compounds, especially 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ) which is a bioactive compound with tested anticancer activities. Characterization of key genes involved in the shikimate and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate (DHNA) pathways responsible for MNQ biosynthesis and their expression profiles in I. balsamina will facilitate adoption of genetic/metabolic engineering or synthetic biology approaches to further increase production for pre-commercialization. In this study, HPLC analysis showed that MNQ was present in significantly higher quantities in the capsule pericarps throughout three developmental stages (early-, mature- and postbreaker stages) whilst its immediate precursor, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (lawsone) was mainly detected in mature leaves. Transcriptomes of I. balsamina derived from leaf, flower, and three capsule developmental stages were generated, totalling 59.643 Gb of raw reads that were assembled into 94,659 unigenes (595,828 transcripts). A total of 73.96% of unigenes were functionally annotated against seven public databases and 50,786 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Expression profiles of 20 selected genes from four major secondary metabolism pathways were studied and validated using qRT-PCR method. Majority of the DHNA pathway genes were found to be significantly upregulated in early stage capsule compared to flower and leaf, suggesting tissue-specific synthesis of MNQ. Correlation analysis identified 11 candidate unigenes related to three enzymes (NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, UDP-glycosyltransferases and S-adenosylmethionine-dependent O-methyltransferase) important in the final steps of MNQ biosynthesis based on genes expression profiles consistent with MNQ content. This study provides the first molecular insight into the dynamics of MNQ biosynthesis and accumulation across different tissues of I. balsamina and serves as a valuable resource to facilitate further manipulation to increase production of MNQ.

Morphology, developmental stages and quality parameters of in vitro-produced equine embryos

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine M. Carnevale ◽  
Elizabeth S. Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Limited Information

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is used to produce equine embryos invitro. The speed of embryo development invitro is roughly equivalent to what has been described for embryos produced invivo. Morphological evaluations of ICSI-produced embryos are complicated by the presence of debris and the dark nature of equine embryo cytoplasm. Morulas and early blastocysts produced invitro appear similar to those produced invivo. However, with expansion of the blastocyst, distinct differences are observed compared with uterine embryos. In culture, embryos do not undergo full expansion and thinning of the zona pellucida (ZP) or capsule formation. Cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) are dispersed, in contrast with the differentiated trophoblast and ICM observed in embryos collected from uteri. As blastocysts expand invitro, embryo cells often escape the ZP as organised or disorganised extrusions of cells, probably through the hole incurred during ICSI. Quality assessment of invitro-produced early stage equine embryos is in its infancy, because limited information is available regarding the relationship between morphology and developmental competence. Early embryo development invivo is reviewed in this paper, with comparisons made to embryo development invitro and clinical assessments from a laboratory performing commercial ICSI for >15 years.

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