scholarly journals Genotype and Planting Date Influence on Establishment and Growth of Bassia prostrata (L) A.J. Scott in a Semiarid Subtropical Dry Winter Region

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Leonard Lauriault ◽  
Blair L. Waldron
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Irrigation Requirement ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Kochia ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growers in semiarid subtropical regions seek forage crops having a lower irrigation requirement. Perennial forage kochia (Bassia prostrata (L) A.J. Scott (syn. Kochia prostrata)) can potentially fill this need. The New Mexico State University’s Agricultural Science Center at Tucumcari evaluated four genotypes of B. prostrata (subspecies virescens ”Immigrant” and “Pustinny-select” and subsp. grisea “Snowstorm” and “KZ-6X”) that were direct-seeded in March and May of 2014 under irrigation in semiarid continental precipitation conditions, in three randomized complete blocks. Canopy cover was rated in 2016 and 2018 and biomass production was measured in 2018. Snowstorm did not establish on either date. Canopy cover remained unchanged across years. Immigrant established the greatest canopy cover for the March seeding and Pustinny-select had greater canopy cover for the May seeding. The May seeding tended (p < 0.10) to have greater biomass production than the March seeding (12,357 and 8909 kg ha−1, respectively, SEM = 2454). Irrigation or adequate precipitation to maintain soil moisture and weed control are critical to B. prostrata establishment by direct seeding, especially in dry winter regions. Further research is necessary to determine the potential of this species as an alternative to alfalfa in semiarid, subtropical, and continental precipitation regions.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Pearl Millet and Sorghum–Sudangrass Pastures during the Frost-Prone Autumn for Growing Beef Cattle in Semiarid Region

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Leonard M. Lauriault ◽  
Leah H. Schmitz ◽  
Shad H. Cox ◽  
Eric J. Scholljegerdes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Sorghum Sudangrass

Sorghum–sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) provide adequate nutritive value for growing beef cattle; however, unlike pearl millet, sorghum–sudangrass produces hydrocyanic acid (which is toxic to livestock) when frosted. Forage yield, nutritive value, and weight gain of growing cattle grazing sorghum–sudangrass and pearl millet were compared during the frost-prone autumns of 2013 and 2014, at New Mexico State University’s Rex E. Kirksey Agricultural Science Center in Tucumcari, NM USA, in randomized complete block designs each year with two replicates. No differences existed between pearl millet and sorghum–sudangrass forage yield, although there was a year–forage interaction for fiber-based nutritive value components because of maturity differences across years between the forages when freeze-killed. Pearl millet allowed for extending grazing of available forage for an additional 14 and 24 d in 2013 and 2014, respectively, compared to sorghum–sudangrass during the frost-prone autumn periods. During that period, when sorghum forages produce potentially toxic levels of hydrocyanic acid, animals grazing pearl millet accumulated an additional average of 94.9 kg live-weight gain ha−1 (p < 0.001). These factors afford producers an opportunity to increase returns on the similar investments of establishing and managing warm-season annual forage crops each year, and allow more time to stockpile cool-season perennial and annual forages for winter and early spring grazing, or to reduce hay feeding.

scholarly journals Relationship between Relative Maturity and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids in Northwest New Mexico for the 2003–2019 Period

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Koffi Djaman ◽  
Curtis Owen ◽  
Margaret M. West ◽  
Samuel Allen ◽  
Komlan Koudahe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Climate Conditions

The highly variable weather under changing climate conditions affects the establishment and the cutoff of crop growing season and exposes crops to failure if producers choose non-adapted relative maturity that matches the characteristics of the crop growing season. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maize hybrid relative maturity and the grain yield and determine the relative maturity range that will sustain maize production in northwest New Mexico (NM). Different relative maturity maize hybrids were grown at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington ((Latitude 36.69° North, Longitude 108.31° West, elevation 1720 m) from 2003 to 2019 under sprinkler irrigation. A total of 343 hybrids were grouped as early and full season hybrids according to their relative maturity that ranged from 93 to 119 and 64 hybrids with unknown relative maturity. The crops were grown under optimal management condition with no stress of any kind. The results showed non-significant increase in grain yield in early season hybrids and non-significant decrease in grain yield with relative maturity in full season hybrids. The relative maturity range of 100–110 obtained reasonable high grain yields and could be considered under the northwestern New Mexico climatic conditions. However, more research should target the evaluation of different planting date coupled with plant population density to determine the planting window for the early season and full season hybrids for the production optimization and sustainability.

scholarly journals Individual and Combined Effects of Planting Date, Seeding Rate, Relative Maturity, and Row Spacing on Soybean Yield

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
Peder K. Schmitz ◽  
Hans J. Kandel
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering

Planting date (PD), seeding rate (SR), relative maturity (RM) of cultivars, and row spacing (RS) are primary management factors affecting soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield. The individual and synergistic effects of PD, SR, RM, and RS on seed yield and agronomic characteristics in North Dakota were herein investigated. Early and late PD, early and late RM cultivars, two SR (408,000 and 457,000 seed ha−1), and two RS (30.5 and 61 cm) were evaluated in four total environments in 2019 and 2020. Maximizing green canopy cover prior to the beginning of flowering improved seed yield. Individual factors of early PD and narrow RS resulted in yield increase of 311 and 266 kg ha−1, respectively. The combined factors of early PD, late RM, high SR, and narrow RS improved yield by 26% and provided a $350 ha−1 partial profit over conventional practices. Canopy cover and yield had relatively weak relationships with r2 of 0.36, 0.23, 0.14, and 0.21 at the two trifoliolate, four trifoliolate, beginning of flowering, and beginning of pod formation soybean growth stages, respectively. Producers in the most northern soybean region of the USA should combine early planting, optimum RM cultivars, 457,000 seed ha−1 SR, and 31 cm RS to improve yield and profit compared to current management practices.

Haploid Culture and Double Haploid Induction in Medicago sativa L. cv. XinJiangDaYe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
Rina Wu ◽  
Fang Tang ◽  
Cuiping Gao ◽  
Xia Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Double Haploid ◽  
Haploid Plant ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Cultivation Methods ◽  
Haploid Plants

Background: Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa), a perennial cross-pollinated plant, is one of the most important forage crops in the world with commercial value and ecological significance. However, due to the complexity of its genome, varietal improvement is difficult. Therefore, generating genetically homozygous materials have greater significance for breeding. In the current study, we aimed to identify the best tissue culture conditions to obtain haploid plants and double haploid plants.Methods: In this study, the haploid plants of alfalfa were obtained by combining tissue culture regeneration system with Flow cytometry. Different concentrations of colchicine were applied to the haploid plants using solid and liquid cultivation methods to determine the optimum conditions to obtain double haploid plants of Medicago Sativa L. cv. ‘XinJiangDaYe’. Result: Among the two colchicine cultivation methods tested, the doubling rate of regenerated plants obtained by liquid cultivation method was higher and the leaves developed under this system have the best doubling effect among the three explants tested. Optimal doubling conditions for alfalfa haploid (Medicago Sativa L. cv. ‘XinJiangDaYe’) were identified. The double haploid plant material generated from the current study could serve as a genetic resource for developing the hybrid combinations and for analyzing genetic linkage in alfalfa improvement programs.

Late-Season Interference of Spurred Anoda in Chile Peppers

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Competitive Effect ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Red Peppers ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Chile Peppers

Broadleaf weeds, including spurred anoda, emerge after direct-seeded chile peppers are thinned. Field experiments were conducted in 1989, 1990, and 1991 to determine the effect of spurred anoda density on green and red pepper yield, quality, and ease of hand harvest. Spurred anoda was established immediately after peppers were thinned at initial densities of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 plants 9 m−1row. The 1991 experiment also evaluated the influence of delayed pepper thinning and concurrent spurred anoda establishment on the competitive effect of spurred anoda. Spurred anoda were beginning to flower at green harvest and senescing at red harvest regardless of planting date. Spurred anoda were taller and accumulated more biomass when planted at a pepper thinning stage of 10 cm compared to 20 cm. Spurred anoda that emerged after thinning peppers reduced yield and ease of harvest of green and red peppers but not the quality of green peppers. Yield reduction at the highest spurred anoda density was 31 to 49% and 12 to 27% when peppers were thinned at 10 or 20 cm, respectively. Yield reduction was smaller when peppers were thinned at 20 cm tall than 10 cm tall and appeared to be associated with reduced spurred anoda biomass. Time required to hand harvest 1 kg of green or red peppers increased as spurred anoda density increased when peppers were thinned at 10 cm.

scholarly journals Use of Senna uniflora as Organic Fertilizer in the Production of Lettuce in the Brazilian Semiarid

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Paulo César Ferreira Linhares ◽  
Roberto Pequeno de Sousa ◽  
Janilson Pinheiro de Assis ◽  
Eudes de Almeida Cardoso ◽  
Joaquim Odilon Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Brazilian Semiarid ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Semi Arid Region

The use of plant resources available on the farm, and of great relevance to the family farmers of the Northeastern semi-arid region, Brazil. The experiment was carried in the experimental area of the agricultural science center, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-&aacute;rido (UFERSA), Mossor&oacute;, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating use of Senna uniflora as organic fertilizer in the production of lettuce in the Brazilian semiarid, from October 2014 to February 2015. The experimental design of randomized complete blocks with the treatments arranged in 4 &times; 4 factorial scheme, with three replicates. The first factor consisted of amounts S. uniflora (0, 1.8, 3.6, and 5.4 kg m-2 of dry matter) with four incorporation times into the soil (0; 28; 56 and 84 days before transplanting lettuce). The transplanted lettuce cultivar went was the &ldquo;Elba&rdquo;. The evaluated characteristics were the following: plant height, diameter plant, number of leaves per plant, green mass production and dry mass production. The best agronomic efficiency was obtained with soil incorporation of 5.4 kg m-2 in the incorporation period of 56 days after transplanting, with phytomass production of 235.2 g plant-1. S. uniflora becomes a viable option to be used as an organic fertilizer in lettuce production.

scholarly journals The production and water extraction of lucerne and ryegrass under different irrigation frequencies on a shallow soil.

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
A.J. Michel ◽  
H.E. Brown ◽  
E.I. Teixeira ◽  
E.D. Meenken ◽  
S. Maley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
First Year ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Shallow Soil ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Abstract A field experiment was conducted on a shallow soil (low plant available water holding capacity) at Lincoln (Canterbury, New Zealand) to compare the biomass production of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) under four different irrigation frequencies: (T1) replacing water use (WU) twice a week (replicating centre pivot rewetting frequencies); (T2) replacing WU fortnightly (replicating travelling irrigator); (T3) replacing WU every 3 weeks (replicating border dyke); (T4) nil irrigation (rain fed only). Soil water content was measured hourly at 0-30 cm depth and fortnightly at 0-150 cm depth. Plots were sown in March 2011 and defoliated on eight (ryegrass) and five to six (lucerne) occasions each season between September 2011 and May 2014. Annual biomass production during the first year was highest for ryegrass under each treatment because the lucerne crops were still establishing. During the second and third year of experimentation ryegrass yielded higher or similar to lucerne under the irrigated treatments (T1, T2 and T3). This was attributed to a decline in lucerne stands due to weed pressure. It is important to note that the ryegrass crop has received 250-700 kg N/ha per year depending on the irrigation treatment. Under dry conditions (T4) ryegrass yielded more than lucerne in both year 2 and 3. This result contrasts the literature and is attributed to the greater capacity of ryegrass to grow in cooler season and the stony sub-soil meaning lucerne received no summer yield advantage from its deep tap root. Key words: Medicago sativa L., Lolium perenne, biomass, water extraction, irrigation frequency

Agricultural science in the Soviet Union in 1945-1965

2020 ◽  
pp. 156-170
Author(s):  
Yuliya S. Tsench
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Engineering Science ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Design Work ◽  
Agricultural Engineering

The law on the five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR for 1946-50 provided for a significant increase in the volume of agricultural machinery. It was necessary to introduce into agricultural production new high-performance tractors, self-propelled combines, mounted machines with hydraulic control, specialized machines for technical, tilled, forage crops. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the achievements of agricultural engineering science in the USSR in 1945-1965. (Materials and methods) Author studied the history of agricultural engineering science development in the USSR in the post-war period on the basis of archival materials and scientific literature. The sources have shown that the creation of new agricultural machinery required the development of research methods, new more effective technologies for design work and the consolidation of efforts of agricultural engineering science, testers and manufacturers of equipment. (Results and discussion) The article presents an analysis of the development of scientific research and technical developments aimed at improving agricultural technologies and agricultural machinery, and intensifying agricultural production. Author have found regional specialized research institutes, specialized design bureaus, and zonal machine-testing stations were established during the period under review. The article notes that the Department of Mechanization of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been significantly strengthened. A crucial role in the development of agricultural engineering science played the leading research institutions in the country, the All-Union Scientific and Research Institute of Mechanization of Agriculture, All-Union Institute of Electrification of Agriculture, All-Union Scientific and Research Technological Institute of Repair and Operation of Machine and Tractor Park, Research Tractor Institute and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Agricultural Universities - Moscow, Azov-black sea, Chelyabinsk, Kharkiv institutes of agricultural mechanization, Rostov and Kirovograd institutes of agricultural engineering. (Conclusions) Thanks to the efforts of academic and university scientists, designers and testers, the latest agricultural machines and equipment were created, the introduction of which made it possible to fully meet the country's needs for food and agricultural raw materials.

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