Agricultural science in the Soviet Union in 1945-1965

2020 ◽  
pp. 156-170
Author(s):  
Yuliya S. Tsench
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Engineering Science ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Design Work ◽  
Agricultural Engineering

The law on the five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR for 1946-50 provided for a significant increase in the volume of agricultural machinery. It was necessary to introduce into agricultural production new high-performance tractors, self-propelled combines, mounted machines with hydraulic control, specialized machines for technical, tilled, forage crops. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the achievements of agricultural engineering science in the USSR in 1945-1965. (Materials and methods) Author studied the history of agricultural engineering science development in the USSR in the post-war period on the basis of archival materials and scientific literature. The sources have shown that the creation of new agricultural machinery required the development of research methods, new more effective technologies for design work and the consolidation of efforts of agricultural engineering science, testers and manufacturers of equipment. (Results and discussion) The article presents an analysis of the development of scientific research and technical developments aimed at improving agricultural technologies and agricultural machinery, and intensifying agricultural production. Author have found regional specialized research institutes, specialized design bureaus, and zonal machine-testing stations were established during the period under review. The article notes that the Department of Mechanization of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been significantly strengthened. A crucial role in the development of agricultural engineering science played the leading research institutions in the country, the All-Union Scientific and Research Institute of Mechanization of Agriculture, All-Union Institute of Electrification of Agriculture, All-Union Scientific and Research Technological Institute of Repair and Operation of Machine and Tractor Park, Research Tractor Institute and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Agricultural Universities - Moscow, Azov-black sea, Chelyabinsk, Kharkiv institutes of agricultural mechanization, Rostov and Kirovograd institutes of agricultural engineering. (Conclusions) Thanks to the efforts of academic and university scientists, designers and testers, the latest agricultural machines and equipment were created, the introduction of which made it possible to fully meet the country's needs for food and agricultural raw materials.

AGROENGINEERING SCIENCE IN THE USSR IN 1920-1941

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (142) ◽  
pp. 178-192
Author(s):  
Yuliya S. Tsench ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Engineering Science ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Agricultural Machines

In tsarist Russia, there was no single organizational structure for agricultural science. The Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, funding individual researchers, stations, as well as higher educational institutions where scientific research was conducted, led the scientific work. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the stages of development of agricultural engineering science in the USSR in the period 1920-1941. (Materials and methods) Studied archival materials and research literature on this topic. The article shows the need to create an All-Russian Institute of Agriculture. The Scientific and Automotive Laboratory was organized, which later became the base for research institutes – the Scientific Automotive Institute, later renamed the Research Automotive and Tractor Institute, working in the field of automotive industry, tractor construction, automotive engines, technology and organization of automobile and tractor production. The article formulates the most important tasks of the formation of agroengineering science at the initial stage. (Results and discussion) In 1920-1941, specialized agricultural engineering research and training institutes were established, which took an active part in the formation of the Soviet tractor and automobile industry and the training of qualified personnel. The most important thing for the development of agricultural science was the formation of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V. I. Lenin by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of May 25, 1929. (Conclusions) In the pre-war period, a strong foundation of agricultural engineering science was laid. The first laws and regulations on the mechanization of agriculture and agricultural engineering were adopted. The first research institutes in the field of agricultural mechanization and agricultural engineering were organized. The first domestic tractors, grain harvesters and the most important agricultural machines were developed and put into production. The foundations of the theory were formed, the first fundamental scientific works and textbooks on agricultural machines, the processes of mechanization and electrification of agriculture were published.

AGROENGINEERING SCIENCE IN THE USSR IN 1920-1941

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (142) ◽  
pp. 178-192
Author(s):  
Yuliya Tsench ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Engineering Science ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Agricultural Machines

In tsarist Russia, there was no single organizational structure for agricultural science. The Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, funding individual researchers, stations, as well as higher educational institutions where scientific research was conducted, led the scientific work. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the stages of development of agricultural engineering science in the USSR in the period 1920-1941. (Materials and methods) Studied archival materials and research literature on this topic. The article shows the need to create an All-Russian Institute of Agriculture. The Scientific and Automotive Laboratory was organized, which later became the base for research institutes - the Scientific Automotive Institute, later renamed the Research Automotive and Tractor Institute, working in the field of automotive industry, tractor construction, automotive engines, technology and organization of automobile and tractor production. The article formulates the most important tasks of the formation of agroengineering science at the initial stage. (Results and discussion) In 1920-1941, specialized agricultural engineering research and training institutes were established, which took an active part in the formation of the Soviet tractor and automobile industry and the training of qualified personnel. The most important thing for the development of agricultural science was the formation of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V. I. Lenin by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of May 25, 1929. (Conclusions) In the pre-war period, a strong foundation of agricultural engineering science was laid. The first laws and regulations on the mechanization of agriculture and agricultural engineering were adopted. The first research institutes in the field of agricultural mechanization and agricultural engineering were organized. The first domestic tractors, grain harvesters and the most important agricultural machines were developed and put into production. The foundations of the theory were formed, the first fundamental scientific works and textbooks on agricultural machines, the processes of mechanization and electrification of agriculture were published.

Analysis of ways to adapt automotive diesel engines to work on gas fuel

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
E. V. Ovchinnikov ◽  
S. Yu. Coziness ◽  
K. S. Dmitriev ◽  
A. S. Ovcharenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
State Program ◽  
Gas Fuel ◽  
The Russian Federation

Many targeted state measures, including the State program for agricultural development and regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food for the period 2013–2020. (extended by the Ministry of agriculture of the Russian Federation until 2025) and The strategy for the development of agricultural machinery for the period up to 2030, provide for comprehensive equipping of agricultural production as a whole and its individual segments, including livestock and poultry, with modern high-performance machinery and equipment.

Major factors, influencing on the engineering service of the russian agro-industrial complex

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
V. I. Ignatov ◽  
V. S. Gerasimov ◽  
D. V. Andreeva
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range

To date, scientists have formulated the structure of the agro-industrial complex (APC) of Russia, which is adhered to by most researchers. This structure is interpreted as a model of four spheres. The fi rst is a collection of industries specializing in agricultural production. This also includes construction in the agricultural sector and its logistics. The second area is agricultural production itself, and the third is the industries associated with the storage, sale, processing, etc. The Russian APC also includes activities that have not entered any of the spheres. This is, for example, special agricultural science, management, training, etc. Determining the trend of the development of the engineering and technical system of the Russian APC, both in the pre-perestroika period, and at present, considering the domestic and foreign experience. Agricultural machinery is the locomotive of the agricultural sector, the improvement of which determines the structure of agricultural producers. Its constant development and application for agricultural work ultimately determines not only the technology of agricultural work, but also the social way of the rural population. It was the improvement of agricultural machinery that served to stratify the social situation of the peasantry, which was originally the owners of small plots of land. In recent years, the main direction of the development of technology is to increase its capacity and productivity, in the calculation of processing large areas, which does not always coincide with the needs of farmers. Despite the progress, a large part of agricultural producers works in very limited areas, which often aff ects the priority demand for the equipment of the previous generation. As a result of the research, the following basic principles of the key areas of the Agricultural Sector can be formulated: agriculture is an economic sector aimed at providing food (food, raw materials) and is a donor for other sectors of the economy, a source of replenishment of national income for solving the urgent problems of the country. At present, the eff ectiveness of Russia’s APC is signifi cantly lower than in the leading countries and it is important not only to analyze the existing problems, but also to consider options for changing the current situation; the main engine of agricultural development is agricultural machinery, which forms the potential of agricultural production. This capacity depends on the level of technical support for the industry with machines and equipment for agricultural work of a wide range. Consideration and analysis of the possibility of raising this level considering the national specifi cs of Russia and international experience of industrial development, including agricultural engineering, is also a very important task (Conclusions) according to the authors, TST is an integral and important element of agricultural engineering, and, therefore, the core element of the Agricultural Sector. Analysis of this element, considering past experience, as well as new domestic and foreign developments, will justify the direction of modernization of the TST taking into account the national mentality.

Domestic agricultural engineering education in the 1970 s-2000 s

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya S. Tsench
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
The Creation

By the mid-1960s, the growth rate of agricultural production in the USSR had declined. The possibilities of involving new lands in economic turnover were exhausted. It was necessary to find new approaches to solving problems in agriculture, including the training of highly qualified specialists. (The research purpose) The research purpose is in considering the development of domestic agricultural engineering education during the 1970 -2000 s. (Materials and methods) The article shows that the materials of the Plenums of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1965-1985 marked the beginning of a new stage of agrarian reforms. It was found that providing the agricultural sector with qualified specialists becomes a crucial condition for increasing agricultural production. (Results and discussion) The article notes the leading role of the creation of educational and experimental farms and the introduction of production practices in improving the professional training of specialists for agriculture. They emphasized the creation of a new discipline - mechanized agricultural technology. It has been identified the need to train more mechanical and electrical engineers for agricultural enterprises. It was found that agriculture needs specialists of a wide profile, technological engineers who are able to work independently in the field of engineering and technical policy of agricultural enterprises of various profiles and different forms of ownership. (Conclusions) The Soviet Union created a coherent system of Agroengineering institutes that successfully solved the problem of training engineers for the rapidly developing mechanized and electrified agriculture. The zonal location of the institutes provided training for specialists adapted to the production and technological problems of a particular region. The current development of the country differs significantly from the experience of one in the past. However, personnel issues, including the issues of personnel support for agricultural production in the system of higher professional education, remain relevant due to the rapid development and complexity of technical equipment for modern agricultural production, the introduction of digital information technologies, automation and robotics.

Relationship and features of functioning of agricultural production and agricultural engineering at the regional level in the conditions of the covid-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
А.В. Федотов ◽  
А.Ю. Пилюгин
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Agricultural Equipment ◽  
External Conditions

В статье рассматриваются проблемы развития рынка сельскохозяйственной продукции и сельскохозяйственной техники в условиях экономического кризиса вызванного пандемии covid-19. Рынок характеризуется, как со стороны спроса, так и предложения. Глобальное закрытие границ и приостановка бизнеса по многим направлениям, вносит значительные изменения в устоявшиеся движения товарных ресурсов. Производится необходимый анализ мер влияния данных проблем на отрасль сельского хозяйства, проводится оценка перспектив и возможностей выхода из затруднительных внешних условий. Рассматриваются меры поддержки Российских производителей сельскохозяйственной техники. The article examines the development of the market for agricultural products and agricultural machinery in the economic crisis caused by the covid-19 pandemic. The market is characterized by both supply and demand. Global border closures and business suspensions in many areas are making significant changes to established movements of commodity resources. The necessary analysis of the measures of impact of these problems on the agricultural sector is carried out, the prospects and opportunities for getting out of difficult external conditions are being evaluated. Measures to support Russian agricultural equipment manufacturers are being considered.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS JUSTIFYING THE NEED TO CREATE A SYSTEM OF "AGRICULTURAL RECYCLING" IN THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (142) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Valeriy Gerasimov ◽  
◽  
Vladimir Ignatov ◽  
Zoya Mishina ◽  
Dar’ya Andreeva
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Recycling System ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Creation

The article outlines the main factors that characterize the rationale for the formation of the "Agricultural Recycling" system with the participation of manufacturing plants, engineering enterprises of the agro-industrial complex and other interested organizations and structures. The most important reason for the formation of the "Agricultural Recycling" system is the need to return to the production and operational sphere of secondary resources in the amount of at least 90-95 percent. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in justifying the optimal solution for the creation of a resource-saving eco-oriented system "Agricultural Recycling". (Materials and methods) The article describes the possibility of forming a system of "Agricultural Recycling" in the Russian agro-industrial complex in the next 2-3 years. Decommissioned agricultural machinery and equipment, as well as their components, are partially disposed (ferrous and non-ferrous metals, tires, batteries, etc.), but the main part of the components of the machines becomes waste, which is placed in landfills, which creates many economic and environmental problems. (Results and discussion) The article presents the main factors justifying the need for the formation of the "Agricultural Recycling" system. One of the most important conditions for the creation of this system, in addition to financial aspects (recycling fee), is the active participation in this project of agricultural machinery manufacturers, agricultural engineering enterprises and other interested organizations and structures, which will allow us to activate the process of reviving production capacities in the agricultural complex for the collection and processing of recycled agricultural machinery, as well as its components. (Conclusions) In Russia, to date, despite the regulatory, legislative and economic framework formed in recent years in the state format, a unified system for the disposal of decommissioned equipment has not been created.

Improving the organization of technical services in agriculture

10.12737/6295 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-236
Author(s):  
Кондрашова ◽  
Elena Kondrashova ◽  
Афоничев ◽  
Dmitriy Afonichev ◽  
Аксенов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Service Center ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Calculation Algorithm ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Specialized Service ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Rational Organization ◽  
Technical Services

To ensure high performance of the agricultural machinery and equipment it is necessary to improve the system of technical service in agriculture through the creation of specialized service centers. Features of agricultural production are such that machinery and equipment implementing its processes are distributed throughout the agricultural enterprises, and mobile machines and units that form the basis of machine-tractor fleet, change their place of deployment as work progresses in certain areas. This situation complicates the maintenance (M) and current repairs (CR) of agricultural machinery and equipment, as their delivery of their service centers or check out of service technician with the necessary tools, equipment and materials directly to the operation of machines and equipment, or temporary storage sites are required. The result is more expensive M and CR and increased losses from downtime, of course these additional costs and losses must be minimized by the rational organization of processes of M and CR. Analytical dependences are got to determine the costs of the M or CR, taking into accounts the embodiment of losses from downtime of serviced machines and the method of its delivery to the service center. Selecting embodiment of M or CR is carried out on a minimum of these costs, for which the algorithm is proposed, comprising determining the costs of the options under consideration to perform M or TP and compare them to avoid irrational choices. These analytical dependence and calculation algorithm contribute to the improvement of the organization of technical services in agriculture.

FROM GOELRO TO ELECTRO-ROBOTIZATION OF AGRICULTURE ACCORDING. ON THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AGROENGINEERING CENTER VIM

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (141) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
VALENTIN KRAUSP ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Automation Systems

For almost 100 years that have passed from GOELRO to the ECO-1VK project (Electro-Robotic organic plants of the 1st modification of Valentin Krausp), new theoretical positions are developed, practical solutions made under the guidance of the founders of scientific schools, including the author of this article, are found and patented, and subsequent scientific and technical, technological and complex interdisciplinary solutions for electrification, automation and electrobotization of agricultural conveyor machine technologies are shown. (Research purpose). The research purpose is in analyzing the time stages of development and implementation of industrial technologies in agricultural production. (Materials and methods). The research materials are historical documents, archives, and scientific works of famous scientists who laid the foundations for the development of electrification, automation, and robotics in the agro-industrial complex. (Results and discussion). Author analyzed the stages of development and implementation of electrification, automation and robotization of agricultural production. The article describes each stage, notes their advantages and features. The article presents the final stage of creating conveyor technologies for food production in the full "field-shop" cycle, in which the main role is played by electric robotics and intellectualization of production and processing of organic waste into fertilizer. (Conclusions) The article highlights the history of the development of agricultural science and the author's youth scientific school. International cooperation through CMEA has allowed us to reach the international level in the automation of dairy farming. It also allowed the developing of mathematical optimizations of technologies for dairy farms and fattening of young farm animals. Research has been conducted and have been developed integrated automation systems with automated control systems for farms in dairy farming. The author's developed model design of ECO-1VK modular plant of 1st modification, which comprehensively solved all the problems: social by creating agricultural cities that provides youth in urban life; brought a new generation of youth: cyber-zoo-technologists, veterinarians, engineers, managers. The ecological cleanliness of feed production fields is ensured; animals are kept in natural conditions without the use of antibiotics; milk and meat are processed into organic food.

scholarly journals HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF SAFE CONSUMPTION OF GRAPES TREATED WITH COMBINED FUNGICIDE VINKEA, WG

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
S.T. Omelchuk ◽  
A.I. Syrota
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Exponential Dependence ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Active Substances

Relevance. Combined fungicide Vinkea, WG of systemic-local and contact action, is developed to protect grapes from fungal diseases in agro-industrial complex. It contains two active substances: folpet and a new active substance, benthiavalicarb isopropyl. Objective: hygienic assessment of the safe consumption of grapes and products of its processing, after the treatment of grapes with combined fungicide Vinkea, WG, containing benthiavalicarb isopropyl and folpet as active substances, in order to preserve the health of consumers of these products. Materials and methods. Statistical, full-scale hygienic experiment gas-liquid and high-performance liquid chromatography methods were used. Results. The findings allowed establishing that the fungicide Vinkea, WG active substances residues’ dynamics in grapes and its derived products, when treated in the maximum application rates, abides by exponential dependence. Benthiavalicarb isopropyl is pertained to low hazard substances and folpet – to moderately hazard substances by persistency in grapes. The values of benthiavalicarb isopropyl and folpet maximum allowable (residue) levels in grapes and products of its processing were substantiated. Conclusion. In the real conditions of agricultural production in Ukraine, using existing agrotechnical and agricultural machinery and following the established hygienic regulations, fungicide Vinkea, WG application in vineyards does not pose a danger to the consumers of viticulture products.

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