scholarly journals Teosinte (Dioon mejiae) Flour: Nutritional and Physicochemical Characterization of the Seed Flour of the Living Fossil in Honduras

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
José-Miguel Bastias-Montes ◽  
Laura-Elena Flores-Varela ◽  
Onán-Alonso Reyes-Calderón ◽  
Carla Vidal-San-Martín ◽  
Ociel Muñoz-Fariña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Living Fossil ◽  
Physicochemical Composition ◽  
Seed Flour

Teosinte (Dioon mejiae) is a dioecious tree native to Honduras, whose seeds are used to make flour for the preparation of traditional foods and beverages. The objective was to evaluate the nutritional and physicochemical composition of teosinte flour for the first time. Using diverse techniques, teosinte flour was found to be a high-calorie food rich in total carbohydrates and mainly composed of starch, with an amylopectin:amylose ratio of 2:1 and a concentration of resistant starch greater than 50%. Its proteins were similar to other cereals in which the essential amino acids glutamic acid, leucine, and especially lysine were the most important. Some 75% of its total dietary fiber was insoluble. The fatty acid profile was characterized by a high unsaturated fatty acid content in which oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) predominated. As for minerals, teosinte flour had higher iron content, lower sodium concentration, and similar zinc, calcium, and phosphorus content to other cereal flours. We highlight that teosinte flour has nutrients and qualities that convert it into flour with excellent nutritional abilities and health benefits; it is also a very good industrial and technological alternative to be mixed mainly with types of flour from other sources.

scholarly journals Nutritional Analysis and Quality Evaluation in Muscle of Crucifix Crab Charybdis feriatus From Three Wild Populations

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-xue Lu ◽  
Yang-yang Gong ◽  
Yan-qing Huang ◽  
Hong-yu Ma ◽  
Xiong Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Nutritional Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference

<p>Three wild populations of crucifix crab<em> Charybdis feriatus</em> were sampled and muscle was analyzed for proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition, aimed to quantify and compare the nutritional quality from three different locations in China. Results showed that crude protein content in muscle of female crucifix crab<em> C. feriatus</em> from Zhoushan (ZS) and Xiapu (XP) (84.84%-88.35%) were significantly higher than that of crucifix crab<em> C. feriatus</em> from Qionghai (QH) (74.33%), while there was no significant difference in terms of crude fat content (3.82%-4.07%). The highest content of ash was found in muscle of crucifix crab<em> C. feriatus</em> from QH (5.36%). The muscle of crucifix crab<em> C. feriatus</em> from ZS and XP had significantly higher contents of total amino acids, essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and delicious amino acids than those of QH group (<em>P </em>&lt; 0.05). The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content in the muscle of crucifix crab<em> C. feriatus </em>from three wild populations showed significant difference (<em>P </em>&lt; 0.05). The ZS group had highest content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (33.64%) and total content of EPA and DHA (22.85%) as well, followed by XP and QH group (<em>P </em>&lt; 0.05). Overall, the differences in chemical composition in muscle of <em>C. feriatus </em>from different locations<em> </em>could be attributed to environmental variables and maturation stage.</p>

A comprehensive study on the improvement of oxidation stability and NOx emission levels by antioxidant addition to biodiesel blends in a light-duty diesel engine

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (27) ◽  
pp. 22436-22446 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Rashed ◽  
H. H. Masjuki ◽  
M. A. Kalam ◽  
Abdullah Alabdulkarem ◽  
H. K. Imdadul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
High Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Biodiesel Feedstock ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Moringa oleifera oil, a non-edible biodiesel feedstock with high unsaturated fatty acid content, was used in this study.

Lipids and calcium uptake of sperm in relation to cold shock and preservation: a review

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
IG White
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Calcium Uptake ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Calcium Flux ◽  
High Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Ram Sperm

When sperm of the ram, bull, boar and stallion are cold-shocked by rapid cooling to near freezing point, motility and metabolic activity are irreversibly depressed and the acrosome and plasma membrane disrupted. Ram sperm become susceptible to cold shock in the proximal corpus region of the epididymis when the cytoplasmic droplet has moved backwards to the distal portion of the sperm midpiece. The membrane constituents phospholipids and cholesterol are important in cold shock which causes loss of lipid from sperm. The susceptibility of sperm to cold shock is linked with a high ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids in the phospholipids and a low cholesterol content. The high unsaturated fatty acid content of sperm also makes them susceptible to damage from peroxidation which adversely affects motility, metabolism, ultrastructure and fertility. Hydroxynonenal, a product of fatty acid peroxidation, depresses the motility and oxygen uptake of ram sperm in vitro and may react with the -SH groups of the axonemal microtubules. High calcium concentrations in the external medium may decrease the motility and metabolism of sperm and 'calcium intoxication' may be a factor in cold shock. Lowering the environmental temperature increases calcium uptake by sperm and the effect is aggravated if the rate of cooling is rapid. Phospholipids, particularly those in egg yolk, protect sperm to some extent from cold shock and also prevent increased calcium flux into the sperm. Suggestions are made for increasing the life span of sperm during preservation and microencapsulation by adding agents that may stabilize membranes, counter peroxidation and decrease calcium uptake.

scholarly journals Morinda citrifolia: Amino Acid and Lipid Content of the Noni Fruit at Various Stages of Maturity

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Golden ◽  
C. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Ripe Stage ◽  
Green Stage

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the amino acid and fatty acid content of Morinda citrifolia (Noni). The amino acid content both free and total was determined at the mature green, mature ripe and fermented stage of the fruit. Most of the essential amino acids were detected as free amino acids (unhydrolysed sample) at the various stages of ripening, with threonine showing the highest value (3.95±0.81 mg/100g) at the fermented stage and histidine showing the lowest value (0.05±0.02 mg/100g) at the mature green stage. The essential amino acids with the exception of tryptophan (destroyed by acid hydrolysis) were also detected as total amino acids (hydrolyzed sample) albeit at much higher concentrations. Leucine showed the highest value (94.21±18.85 mg/100g) at the mature ripe stage, whereas methionine the lowest value (2.80±1.02 mg/100g) at the mature green stage. The fatty acid content of the Noni fruit  was also determined at the green, ripe and fermented stages of ripening; with the short chain caprylic acid (80.69±3.09 mg/100g) showing the highest value at the ripe stage. Significantly the essential fatty acids linolenic (8.60±0.21 mg/100g) and linoleic (50.57±0.72 mg/100g) were highest at the green stage. Also present in significant quantities were palmitic acid (44.27±0.35 mg/100g) and stearic acid (4.78±0.45 mg/100g) at the green stage. The amount of fatty acids decreased significantly at the fermented stage. Of the fatty acids detected at the fermented stage 79% of them were below 1.00 mg/100g fresh weight of the fruit. Keywords:  Noni fruit; Amino acids; Fatty acids; HPLC. © 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.8130 J. Sci. Res. 4 (2), 467-476 (2012)

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals an Efficient Mechanism of α-Linolenic Acid in Tree Peony Seeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyu Zhang ◽  
Rui Yu ◽  
Daoyang Sun ◽  
Md Rahman ◽  
Lihang Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
High Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Tree Peony ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Genes

Tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) species are woody oil crops with high unsaturated fatty acid content, including α-linolenic acid (ALA/18:3; >40% of the total fatty acid). Comparative transcriptome analyses were carried out to uncover the underlying mechanisms responsible for high and low ALA content in the developing seeds of P. rockii and P. lutea, respectively. Expression analysis of acyl lipid metabolism genes revealed upregulation of select genes involved in plastidial fatty acid synthesis, acyl editing, desaturation, and triacylglycerol assembly in seeds of P. rockii relative to P. lutea. Also, in association with ALA content in seeds, transcript levels for fatty acid desaturases (SAD, FAD2, and FAD3), which encode enzymes necessary for polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis, were higher in P. rockii compared to P. lutea. Furthermore, the overexpression of PrFAD2 and PrFAD3 in Arabidopsis increased linoleic and ALA content, respectively, and modulated the final ratio 18:2/18:3 in the seed oil. In conclusion, we identified the key steps and validated the necessary desaturases that contribute to efficient ALA synthesis in a woody oil crop. Together, these results will aid to increase essential fatty acid content in seeds of tree peonies and other crops of agronomic interest.

scholarly journals Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly and HazelOmics Database Construction Provides Insights Into Unsaturated Fatty Acid Synthesis and Cold Resistance in Hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Liu ◽  
Heng Wei ◽  
Xingzheng Zhang ◽  
Hongli He ◽  
Yunqing Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
High Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Chromosome Level

Corylus heterophylla (2n = 22) is the most widely distributed, unique, and economically important nut species in China. Chromosome-level genomes of C. avellana, C. heterophylla, and C. mandshurica have been published in 2021, but a satisfactory hazelnut genome database is absent. Northeast China is the main distribution and cultivation area of C. heterophylla, and the mechanism underlying the adaptation of C. heterophylla to extremely low temperature in this area remains unclear. Using single-molecule real-time sequencing and the chromosomal conformational capture (Hi-C) assisted genome assembly strategy, we obtained a high-quality chromosome-scale genome sequence of C. heterophylla, with a total length of 343 Mb and scaffold N50 of 32.88 Mb. A total of 94.72% of the test genes from the assembled genome could be aligned to the Embryophyta_odb9 database. In total, 22,319 protein-coding genes were predicted, and 21,056 (94.34%) were annotated in the assembled genome. A HazelOmics online database (HOD) containing the assembled genome, gene-coding sequences, protein sequences, and various types of annotation information was constructed. This database has a user-friendly and straightforward interface. In total, 439 contracted genes and 3,810 expanded genes were identified through genome evolution analysis, and 17 expanded genes were significantly enriched in the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (ko01040). Transcriptome analysis results showed that FAD (Cor0058010.1), SAD (Cor0141290.1), and KAT (Cor0122500.1) with high expression abundance were upregulated at the ovule maturity stage. We deduced that the expansion of these genes may promote high unsaturated fatty acid content in the kernels and improve the adaptability of C. heterophylla to the cold climate of Northeast China. The reference genome and database will be beneficial for future molecular breeding and gene function studies in this nut species, as well as for evolutionary research on species of the order Fagales.

scholarly journals Effect of kinematic viscosity variation with blended-oil biodiesel on engine performance and exhaust emission in a power tiller engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 946-959
Author(s):  
Duk Gam Woo ◽  
Tae Han Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Ultrasonic Irradiation ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
High Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Blend Ratio

The optimum conditions for producing biodiesel by combining beef tallow, a waste resource with high saturated fatty acid content, and soybean oil, which has high unsaturated fatty acid content, were investigated. Furthermore, the kinematic viscosity reduction effects of biodiesel by using heating and ultrasonic irradiation were verified, and their impacts on engine performance and exhaust emissions were evaluated. The result shows that the optimum production conditions are a blend ratio of TASO3 (soybean oil to tallow blend ratio of 7:3) and a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1. Kinematic viscosity reduction experiment results showed that the kinematic viscosity reduction effects of ultrasonic irradiation and heating were similar, but the heating device is considered more effective because it is simpler and cheaper than the ultrasonic device. Experiment results on output performance and exhaust performance showed that the engine performance and exhaust performance of the fuel with reduced kinematic viscosity were higher than those of the untreated fuel. However, the output of biodiesel was lower than those of conventional diesel (CD) due to the low calorific value of biodiesel; the NOx and CO2 emissions of biodiesel were higher than those of CD, but the CO and HC emissions of biodiesel were lower.

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