scholarly journals Slight Shading Stress at Seedling Stage Does not Reduce Lignin Biosynthesis or Affect Lodging Resistance of Soybean Stems

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingxiao Wen ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Sajad Hussain ◽  
Shan Wang ◽  
Xiaowen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Limiting

Shade is widespread in agricultural production and affects lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance of crops. We explored the effects of shade intensity on lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance at the physiological and molecular levels in two soybean cultivars (Nandou12 and E93) with different shade tolerance under four progressively severe shade treatments, S0–S3 (S0: no shade, S1: slight shade, S2: moderate shade, S3: heavy shade). Our results showed no significant difference in breaking strength of the two cultivars under S1 and S0 treatments, with no prominent decrease in the lodging resistance index. The activity of lignin biosynthesis rate-limiting enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), which were considerably related to the two lodging resistance indexes above, was not significantly decreased by slight shade, while 4-coumaric acid ligase (4CL) activity was increased. Most genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were not significantly down-regulated by slight shade (S1) compared to S0, while p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), 4-coumaric acid ligase (4CL) and laccase (LAC) genes were upregulated. Under heavy shade (S3), enzyme activity and gene expression associated with lignin synthesis in both soybean cultivars were strongly inhibited; moreover, stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance were remarkably decreased compared with those under S0. These physiological and molecular changes suggested that applicable shade levels do not significantly affect the mechanical strength and lodging resistance of soybean stem. Exploiting the lodging resistance potential of existing soybean cultivars was an effective and efficient way to address yield reduction caused by lodging in intercropped soybeans.

scholarly journals Effects of Multiple Planting Densities on Lignin Metabolism and Lodging Resistance of the Strip Intercropped Soybean Stem

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Cheng ◽  
Ali Raza ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Mei Xu ◽  
Junji Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Index ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
System A ◽  
Lignin Metabolism

The shading of maize and self-shading are the key factors affecting the stem lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance of soybean at middle and later growth stages in the strip intercropping system. A study was designed to explore the regulation mechanism of lignin metabolism and different planting densities; PD1, PD2, and PD3 were used having a total number of 17 plants m−2, 20 plants m−2, and 25 plants m−2, respectively, on the lodging resistance of strip intercropped soybean stem. Our results depicted that the lower planting density (PD1) appropriately promoted the leaf photosynthesis activities (Pn), increase the activity of lignin-related enzymes and the accumulation of carbohydrates in stems, and eventually enhanced the lodging resistance of the strip intercropped soybean stem. Correlation analysis also showed that the lodging resistance index of soybean stem was significantly correlated with the available light for soybean canopy and Pn strip intercropped soybean stem characteristics and activities of enzymes related to lignin synthesis among the different planting densities. The findings of our research will be useful in future studies to understand the relationship between different light environment, planting densities, and lodging resistance of intercropped soybean and also guide the optimum planting density in maize–soybean intercropping system.

Integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data reveals critical metabolic pathways involved in polyphenol biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum under chilling stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peilu Zhou ◽  
Qiyao Li ◽  
Guangliang Liu ◽  
Na Xu ◽  
Yinju Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Key Steps

Chilling stress increases the amount of polyphenols, especially lignin, which protects tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. k326) from chilling stress. To clarify the molecular biosynthesis mechanism of the key representative compounds, specifically lignin, RNA sequencing and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry technologies were used to construct transcriptomic and metabolomic libraries from the leaves of tobacco plants subjected to normal (25°C) and chilling (4°C) temperature treatments. Transcriptomic libraries from the different samples were sequenced, generating more than 40million raw reads. Among nine samples, metabolomic analysis identified a total of 97 encoding enzymes that function in the key steps of pathways related to polyphenol biosynthesis, where 42 metabolites were also located. An integrated analysis of metabolic and transcriptomic data revealed that most of the intermediate metabolites and enzymes related to lignin biosynthesis were synthesised in the leaves under chilling stress, which suggests that the biosynthesis of lignin plays an important role in the response of tobacco leaves to cold temperatures. In addition, the cold insensitivity of chalcone synthase genes might be considered to be an important rate-limiting factor in the process of precursor substance flow to flavonoid biosynthesis under chilling stress. Furthermore, the upregulated expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) under chilling stress is the key to an increase in lignin synthesis. This study provides a hypothetical basis for the screening of new active metabolites and the metabolic engineering of polyphenols in tobacco.

scholarly journals The Effect of Glycomacropeptide versus Amino Acids on Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Variability over 24 Hours in Children with PKU: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Daly ◽  
Sharon Evans ◽  
Satnam Chahal ◽  
Saikat Santra ◽  
Alex Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Target Range ◽  
Blood Spots ◽  
Meal Plan ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rate Limiting

Introduction: In phenylketonuria (PKU), evidence suggests that casein glycomacropeptide supplemented with rate-limiting amino acids (CGMP-AA) is associated with better protein utilisation and less blood phenylalanine (Phe) variability. Aim: To study the impact of CGMP-AA on blood Phe variability using 3 different dietary regimens in children with PKU. Methods: This was a 6-week randomised controlled cross-over study comparing CGMP-AA vs. Phe-free l-amino acids (l-AA) assessing blood Phe and tyrosine (Tyr) variability over 24 h in 19 children (7 boys) with PKU, with a median age of 10 years (6–16). Subjects were randomised to 3 dietary regimens: (1) R1, CGMP-AA and usual dietary Phe (CGMP + Phe); (2) R2, CGMP-AA − Phe content of CGMP-AA from usual diet (CGMP − Phe); and (3) R3, l-AA and usual dietary Phe. Each regimen was administered for 14 days. Over the last 48 h on days 13 and 14, blood spots were collected every 4 h at 08 h, 12 h, 16 h, 20 h, 24 h, and 04 h. Isocaloric intake and the same meal plan and protein substitute dosage at standardised times were maintained when blood spots were collected. Results: Eighteen children completed the study. Median Phe concentrations over 24 h for each group were (range) R1, 290 (30–580), R2, 220 (10–670), R3, 165 (10–640) μmol/L. R1 vs. R2 and R1 vs. R3 p < 0.0001; R2 vs. R3 p = 0.0009. There was a significant difference in median Phe at each time point between R1 vs. R2, p = 0.0027 and R1 vs. R3, p < 0.0001, but not between any time points for R2 vs. R3. Tyr was significantly higher in both R1 and R2 [70 (20–240 μmol/L] compared to R3 [60 (10–200) μmol/L]. In children < 12 years, blood Phe remained in the target range (120–360 μmol/L), over 24 h, for 75% of the time in R1, 72% in R2 and 64% in R3; for children aged ≥ 12 years, blood Phe was in target range (120–600 μmol/L) in R1 and R2 for 100% of the time, but 64% in R3. Conclusions: The residual Phe in CGMP-AA increased blood Phe concentration in children. CGMP-AA appears to give less blood Phe variability compared to l-AA, but this effect may be masked by the increased blood Phe concentrations associated with its Phe contribution. Reducing dietary Phe intake to compensate for CGMP-AA Phe content may help.

scholarly journals Doppler Flow Velocity Indices (RI, PI, S/D & PSV) of Fetal Middle Cerebral Artery in Normal Pregnancies: Correlation with Gestational Age of 20 to 40 Weeks

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
Md Abu Taher ◽  
Nuzhat Tasmin ◽  
AS Mohiuddin ◽  
Md Mohit Ul Alam ◽  
Md Mofazzal Sharif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Peak Systolic Velocity ◽  
Doppler Flow ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Doppler Indices

This observational type of descriptive study was carried out in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, BIRDEM selecting 70 Bangladeshi pregnant babies with the aim to find out the normogram of foetal middle cerebral artery Doppler flow velocity indices and correlation between Doppler flow velocity indices [Resistance Index (RI), Pulsatility Index (PI), Systolic/Diastolic ratio (S/D) & Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV)] of foetal middle cerebral artery and gestational age in normal pregnancies of 20 to 40 weeks. It was observed that RI, PI and S/D were decreased with the advance of gestational age but PSV was increases with the advance of gestational age. Statistical analyses showed there were significant difference between mean PSV, RI and PI before and after 25 weeks of gestation. No significant difference was found between mean S/D before and after 25 weeks of gestation. It was observed from Correlation analysis between Doppler indices with independent gestational age that all the Doppler indices of foetal middle cerebra artery was positively correlated with the whole gestation period. The statistical analysis showed only PSV and RI were significantly correlated with the gestational age. Simple regression analysis between dependent Doppler index with independent gestational age before and after 25 weeks revealed that all the Doppler indices had positive relationship with the corresponding gestational age but relationship between PSV and PI (before 25 weeks) with their corresponding gestational ages were only statistically significant.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v2i2.12306 Birdem Med J 2012; 2(2) 77-80

Denudations as paracellular routes for alphafetoprotein and creatinine across the human syncytiotrophoblast

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. R677-R683 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Brownbill ◽  
D. Mahendran ◽  
D. Owen ◽  
P. Swanson ◽  
K. L. Thornburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Paracellular Diffusion ◽  
Hydrophilic Solutes ◽  
Combined Data

We tested two hypotheses: 1) that fibrin-containing fibrinoid-filled denudations of the syncytiotrophoblast may provide a route for paracellular diffusion and 2) that placentas from women who had elevated maternal serum alphafetoprotein (MSAFP) in midgestation had raised permeability to AFP and greater denudation than in normal pregnancy. We measured AFP and creatinine clearance across term placental cotyledons from the above groups and used light microscope morphometric analysis to determine the volume density of fibrin-containing fibrinoid deposits. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of AFP and creatinine clearance or volume density of fibrin-containing fibrinoid deposits. The combined data showed a significant ( P < 0.05) positive correlation between creatinine clearance, but not AFP clearance, and volume density of fibrin-containing fibrinoid. We conclude that syncytiotrophoblast denudations, with associated fibrinoid, do provide a route for diffusion of small hydrophilic solutes, but that other anatomic features of the placenta are rate limiting for transfer of AFP and similarly sized molecules.

scholarly journals Atributos físicos de um Gleissolo mantido sob dois sistemas de criação: Bovino e Ovinocaprino, localizado no sul do estado do Tocantins.

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-315
Author(s):  
Melquezedeque do Vale Nunes ◽  
Saulo de Oliveira Lima ◽  
Eduardo Andrea Lemus Erasmo ◽  
Deyvid Rocha Brito ◽  
Valdilene Coutinho Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Variable Density ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Southern State ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physical Attributes

The excessive animal trampling, together with the lack of conservation practices and adequate soil becomes compacted this, having a significant increase in density, caused by loads or pressures applied in this soil. The Tocantins state is characterized by livestock, particularly cattle, however, there are producers who create small animals such as ovinocaprinos. In literature there are few reports on the effect of trampling on the physical characteristics of an gleysol. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two systems for livestock, Cattle and ovinocaprino on the physical attributes of an gleysol, located in the southern state of Tocantins. For it was rated the macro and micro-porosity, density and penetration resistance of both systems, separated by compartments. As a result there was a significant difference for the variable density, macro-and micro-porosity and mechanical strength, and it varied depending on the depth of the soil profile.

scholarly journals Relation between Fetal Renal Artery Doppler ‎Indices and Non-PROM Oligohydramnios in ‎Third Trimester of Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Asmaa Ibrahim Laag ◽  
Nareman Mahmoud Elhamamy ◽  
Amr‏ ‏Mohamed Tawfek Elbadry ◽  
Atef Hammad Teama
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Pulsatility Index ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Normal Amount ◽  
Amniotic Fluid Index ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Artery Flow

Background: Amniotic fluid is the liquid which surround the fetus after the first few weeks of gestation. Amniotic fluid is derived mostly from the fetus and has many functions that are essential for normal growth and development. The aim of this work is to study the relation between fetal renal artery flow velocity waveforms and amniotic fluid volume in normal pregnancies and those complicated by oligohydramnios. Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out on 40pregnant women (10) of them were with normal amount of amniotic fluid (group I), while (30) of them suffered from oligohydramnios (group II).By using color doppler ultrasound imaging, the fetal renal circulation can be assessed. Intermittent assessment of renal artery flow velocity waveforms during the early stages of pregnancy may help in predicting changes in amniotic fluid dynamics. Results: There was a non-significant difference between cases with normal amount of amniotic fluid and cases with oligohydramnios in Gestational age, Maternal age, fetal femur length, bi parietal diameter, abdominal circumference and Fetal weight. There were increased values of fetal renal artery Resistance index (RI) and Pulsatility index (PI) in cases of oligohydramnios than cases with normal amount of amniotic fluid. There was no correlation between Peak systolic velocity (PSV) and Amniotic fluid index (AFI). There was a significant difference in End diastolic velocity (EDV) between cases with normal amount of amniotic fluid and cases with oligohydramnios. Also, there was a significant difference in Systolic diastolic ratio (S/D) and Amniotic fluid index (AFI) between cases with normal amount of amniotic fluid and cases with oligohydramnios. Conclusions: There is a relation between renal artery flow velocity waveforms and oligohydramnios using Pulsed wave Doppler Ultrasonography. There are higher values of renal artery Resistance index and Pulsatility index in cases of oligohydramnios more than cases with normal amount of amniotic fluid.

scholarly journals Endotrophin as a novel marker in PCOS and its relation with other adipokines and metabolic parameters: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204201882110496
Author(s):  
Gurhan Guney ◽  
Mine Islimye Taskin ◽  
Ozgur Baykan ◽  
Ertan Adali ◽  
Selin Gul Tezcan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome is known to be the most common hormonal disorder in women of reproductive age. Current evidence shows that regulatory proteins secreted from the adipose tissue called adipokines may have a role in polycystic ovary syndrome. We planned to investigate the role of endotrophin that has never been researched in polycystic ovary syndrome before and its correlation with other metabolic parameters and adipokines such as adiponectin and ghrelin in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: Forty-three women ( n: 43) with polycystic ovary syndrome and 43 ( n: 43) women as a control group were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Serum levels of endotrophin, adiponectin, and ghrelin levels were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol levels, luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio, total testosterone, and triglyceride levels were measured. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index, body mass index, Ferriman Gallwey Score, and waist-to-hip ratio were also evaluated. Results: Total testosterone, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio, and triglyceride levels were higher in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( p < 0.01). No difference was detected between the groups in terms of body mass index, Ferriman Gallwey Score, waist-to-hip ratio, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein levels ( p > 0.05). We did not observe any significant difference in adiponectin and ghrelin levels between the groups ( p > 0.05). Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome had significantly higher endotrophin levels ( p < 0.01). According to our regression analyses [area under the curve: 0.973 (0.935–1.000), 95% confidence interval, 95.2% sensitivity, and 100% specificity], it was shown that endotrophin greater than 92 ng/ml and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance greater than 2.5 might be good predictors for polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis. Conclusion: We demonstrated that endotrophin level is higher in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and may have predicted polycystic ovary syndrome with increased homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index. There was no significant difference in adiponectin and ghrelin levels in the polycystic ovary syndrome group. Endotrophin may have a role in polycystic ovary syndrome etiology rather than other adipokines.

scholarly journals Application of Gamma Induced Mutation in Breeding Potato for Bacterial Wilt Disease Resistance

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Emmy Chepkoech ◽  
Miriam Kinyua ◽  
Julius Ochuodho ◽  
Oliver Kiplagat ◽  
Souleymane Bado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Significant Difference

Aims: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in Kenya has not been achieved in its full potential due to susceptibility of potato varieties to pest and diseases among others. Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in potato is regarded as an important disease contributing to significant yield reduction. The disease is considered more difficult to control in field crop production using universal control measure due to pathogen’s properties as a soil-borne bacterium, broad host range and the genetic variation level within the strains. The objective was to screen potato mutants at M1V4 mutant populations for resistance against bacterial wilt using pathogenicity test. Study Design: The experimental design used was an alpha lattice with twenty three blocks each having seven plots with three replications each. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS statistical package, version 9.1 and mean separation done using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) whenever there were significant differences. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Kenya Agricultural Livestock and Research Organization (KALRO), Kabete station for one season (December 2015 to April 2016). Methodology: One hundred and sixty three mutants developed from three commercial varieties (Asante 72, Mpya 43 and Sherekea 47) were evaluated. Results: The reactions of potato mutants to bacterial wilt varied from variety to variety and mutants to mutants. None of the Asante, Mpya and Sherekea mutants used was found to be resistant to bacterial wilt though Asante mutant populations showed better response. There was significant difference in some traits such as DTOW, AUDPC and PSTTN across the three potato mutant populations. Conclusion: The variation within the potato mutants and response to bacterial wilt resistance levels could be attributed to different dose rates and the reaction of each variety to the mutagen used. Since mutation is random its effects are enormous.

Comparison of Uterine Artery Blood Flow Parameters in Women with Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding, Fibroids and Healthy Controls

BMUS Bulletin ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpani P Lakhani ◽  
Paul Hardiman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Endometrial Biopsy ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Prospective Clinical Study ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective To assess uterine vascular resistance in women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) and to compare parameters of blood flow in women with menorrhagia due to uterine fibroids and healthy controls Design Longitudinal, prospective clinical study. Materials and methods Premenopausal women referred to the gynaecology department with a subjective complaint of menorrhagia. The subjects were 24 women with DUB (mean age 38.8 years; normal ultrasound, hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy), 16 women (mean age 42.8 years) with at least one fibroid greater than 2.0cm on ultrasound examination and 18 healthy controls (mean age 37.3 years; no evidence of menstrual irregularity). None was taking any hormonal contraception or other medication which could influence vascular resistance. Ultrasound examination was performed using an ALOKA SSD 650 with a 5MHz transvaginal probe. Scans were performed on day 4 or 5 of menstrual cycle using pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Uterine vascular resistance was assessed on both sides using pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI). Results No significant difference in the PI or RI values was observed in women with DUB as compared to age matched healthy controls. Both PI and RI were significantly lower in women with menorrhagia associated with fibroids when compared with healthy controls. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated significant alteration in uterine vascular resistance in women with fibroids compared to women with DUB.

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