scholarly journals Sulfur Uptake from Fertilizer Fortified with Sulfate and Elemental S in Three Contrasting Climatic Zones

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1035
Author(s):  
Fien Degryse ◽  
Roslyn Baird ◽  
Rodrigo C. da Silva ◽  
Christopher B. Holzapfel ◽  
Claudinei Kappes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
First Year ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Cumulative Recovery

Field trials with labeled fertilizers can be used to provide information on fertilizer efficiency, residual value, and nutrient fate. We assessed the uptake from elemental S (ES) and sulfate S (SO4-S) in S-fortified monoammonium phosphate fertilizers by various crops at three sites in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada. The S sources were labeled with 34S, and the 34S abundance in the plant tissue was analyzed at an early stage and at maturity over two consecutive years. At the sites in Argentina and Canada, the recovery of ES in the crop was smaller than that of SO4-S in the first year, while the opposite was true in the second year. At the Brazilian site, the recovery of ES was similar to that of SO4-S in the first year, but higher in the second year. In the Argentina and Canada sites, the cumulative recovery of SO4-S was >65% and that of ES was 20−25%. In the Brazilian site, the cumulative recovery of SO4-S was 9% and that of ES 16%. The higher recovery of ES than of SO4-S in the Brazilian site was attributed to leaching of added SO4-S and relatively fast oxidation of ES due to the warm climate. These results suggest that ES may be more suitable than SO4-S as a fertilizer S source in warm humid climates, while inclusion of SO4-S in the fertilizer is recommended in colder climates as slow oxidation limits the initial availability of ES.

scholarly journals Long-term fate of fertilizer sulfate- and elemental S in co-granulated fertilizers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fien Degryse ◽  
Roslyn Baird ◽  
Ivan Andelkovic ◽  
Michael J. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
First Year ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Organic S ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizer ◽  
S Uptake ◽  
S Cycling

AbstractIn previous studies, we assessed sulfur (S) uptake by crops from elemental S (ES) and sulfate-S (SO4-S) in S-fortified monoammonium phosphate fertilizers over two years. The recovery by the crop ranged from 16 to 28% for ES and from 9 to 86% for SO4-S. Here, we used a model which takes into account organic S cycling, SO4-S leaching and ES oxidation to explain the observed recoveries. Higher recoveries of ES than SO4-S in two of the four sites could be explained by partial leaching of SO4-S and relatively fast oxidation of ES, due to a warm climate and high S-oxidizing soils. The same model was used for longer-term (5-year) predictions, and a sensitivity analysis was carried out. The size of the labile soil S pool and total S uptake strongly affected the recovery of both SO4-S and ES. Predicted recoveries after 5 years were over threefold higher for a small than for a large labile organic S pool and for a high-uptake than for a low-uptake scenario. Leaching mainly affected SO4-S, with predicted recoveries halved under a high-leaching scenario. Slow oxidation resulted in recoveries in the first year being fourfold lower for ES than for SO4-S or even lower in case of a long lag-time. However, it is predicted that total recoveries of ES will eventually reach those of SO4-S or exceed them if there is SO4-S leaching. Our model demonstrates that long-term trials are needed to evaluate the true effectiveness of a slow-release fertilizer source such as ES.

Shot-hole borer (Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh.) of tea in Ceylon II.—The effect of chemical control on the yield and manurial response of tea

1968 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-641
Author(s):  
J. E. Cranham ◽  
P. Kanapathapillai ◽  
A. Kathiravetpillai
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
First Year ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
The Third ◽  
Prolonged Effect ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
Effect On Yield

In 1960–65, six field trials were carried out on tea estates in Ceylon to assess the effect on yield, and on the response of the crop to fertilizer, of dieldrin sprays applied after pruning to control shot-hole borer (Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh.). Periodic sampling was carried out to assess the numbers of borers and their galleries. Yields were recorded by weekly or fortnightly weighings of the green leaf plucked, over pruning cycles of two to four years.The pattern of the yield increases on the sprayed plots was related to the difference in attack between the sprayed and unsprayed plots. Increases were, in general, small in the first year and much larger in the second year, reaching peak values of 32–58 per cent. (on the yields of successive three-monthly periods recorded) in the late second year, and declining thereafter through the third year as the difference in attack declined. Over the first two years there were marked yield increases in eight of the nine pruning cycles, and these ranged from 11·7 per cent, to 26·3 per cent. There was significant regression (P<0·001) of the percentage increase in yield on the maximum difference in gallery counts. Yield increases in the third year of pruning cycles were also considerable and the results evidence a prolonged effect of the heavy borer attack occurring in the second year.In one trial there was a significant interaction between the effects of dieldrin spraying and of nitrogen supplied. Control of the borer greatly improved the crop response to nitrogen. Nitrogen application increased the yield but resulted also in a proportionately larger loss of crop from borer attack. There was a small but significant increase in the number of borer galleries on the plots receiving nitrogen.The evidence on the size and pattern of crop losses caused by the borer suggests that these occur both from shoot breakages and from the direct effect of galleries on the growth of stems.The significance of the results in relation to estate practice, and the economics of spraying, are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Empathy variation of undergraduate medical students after early clinical contact: a cross-sectional study in China

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e035690
Author(s):  
Xiong Ye ◽  
Haiying Guo ◽  
Zhou Xu ◽  
Hui Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
First Year ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Year

ObjectivesEmpathy education is very important for medical students. There is little research on the influence of early clinical practice on the development of empathy and other aspects of professionalism in medical students. The aim of this study was to compare the self-reported empathy levels of first-year and second-year undergraduate medical students before and after their early clinical contact curriculum.SettingThe study was conducted at the Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.ParticipantsA total of 257 undergraduate medical students participated in the study. The 154 first-year students were studying in 10 community-based teaching hospitals, and the 103 second-year students were studying in 3 university-affiliated hospitals.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary measures: the Jefferson Scale of Empathy—Student version (JSE-S) was compared between students of different sexes and in different academic years before their early clinical contact course. Secondary measures: comparisons were made after they finished the curriculum 3 weeks later.ResultsA total of 219 of 257 students responded (85.21% response rate), and 214 answers could be analysed (135 first-year and 79 second-year students; 120 female and 94 male individuals). No significant differences in the empathy scores before early clinical contact were observed between students of different sexes and in different academic years. After early clinical contact, the mean JSE-S score of the participants was significantly higher than the mean score at the beginning of the curriculum.ConclusionsEmpathy-focused training during early clinical contact can improve the empathetic capacity of undergraduate medical students. Fostering empathetic attitudes among undergraduate medical students is necessary for the early stage of their medical education. Further research is needed on the long-term effects of empathy-focused education in entry-level medical students.

scholarly journals Planting-hole Amendments Modify Growth and Fruiting of Apples on Replant Sites

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
J. Beulah ◽  
E.J. Hogue ◽  
R. Utkhede
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Replant Problem ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Cu Nutrition

The effects of various nonfumigant planting-hole treatments on growth and yield of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees were measured during the first 3 years after planting. Eight orchards diagnosed as having a replant problem were monitored. First-year shoot growth, the number of blossoms in the second year (inmost orchards), and first-year trunk cross-sectional area increment (TCAI) in 50% of test orchards were increased by monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer+ peat, MAP+ mancozeb, or MAP + peat + a bacterial antagonist. By the end of year 3, TCAI generally was not affected by treatments, but treatments resulted in more blossoms by the third season in two of seven orchards that blossomed in the second season. Cumulative yield after 3 years increased significantly in only three orchards, with the best treatment, MAP+ peat, resulting in cost recovery in only one orchard. Inadequate K or Cu nutrition may have reduced growth in some of the orchards, which were characterized by a wide range in yields, independent of planting-hole treatment.

scholarly journals Further Experiments on the Fertilization of a Sea Loch (Loch Craiglin). The Effect of Different Plant Nutrients on the Phytoplankton

1948 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Marshall ◽  
A. P. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
First Year ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Bottom Mud ◽  
Normal Quantity ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Special Points ◽  
Very High ◽  
Great Growth

Loch Craiglin cannot be considered as merely an isolated basin of Loch Sween. Its shallowness, the great growth of vegetation round the shore and the fluctuations in salinity make it atypical. On the more complete isolation of the loch with the making of the dam, these conditions led to a lack of circulation, a consequent development of hydrogen sulphide in the deep water and very high pH values near the surface. One could not therefore expect the plankton to be very similar to that in the outside loch (see, however, Marshall, 1947). Unfortunately there are no records of seasonal variation before fertilization was begun. In spite of these drawbacks Loch Craiglin was a convenient and manageable area for small-scale experiments on fertilization.The experiments may be divided into two groups, those which were not followed up in detail and those in which the plankton and hydrographic results were followed from day to day. The former, made during the earlier stages of the work, are mainly described in the previous papers and led to the conclusion that the richness in phytoplankton of Loch Craiglin in 1943 was probably caused to a large extent by fertilization. Those of the second group, described above, were made to test special points and different fertilizers. Two experiments made during the summer of 1944 had apparently no effect on the phytoplankton but a third in which a very large excess of fertilizer (ten times the normal quantity) was added, gave a good increase after an initial lag. At that time the attached algae were abundant and their needs apparently had to be satisfied before any nutrients could be used by the phytoplankton.The remaining experiments, which were therefore made during the winter, showed that commercial ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and monoammonium phosphate could replace the sodium nitrate and superphosphate used hitherto. Two further experiments in the following spring using ammonium chloride and urea did not, however, prove effective. All the salts used had been found in laboratory tests by Miss F. A. Stanbury to be suitable for diatom growth, and the reason for the failure of these two in the loch is unknown.The utilization of the nutrients was extremely rapid even in winter but it is probable that their disappearance is not entirely caused by the phytoplankton or bottom-living algae but partly by adsorption on the bottom mud or by suspended matter. On one occasion it may have been caused by a serious fall in loch level.The zooplankton which during the first year of fertilizations was richer in Loch Craiglin than in the outside loch diminished in the second year and remained poor thereafter in spite of, or perhaps because of, the intensive fertilizations. The dense phytoplankton and other vegetation raised the pH at times to levels dangerous to animal life.

Waste stream utilisation for sustainable viticulture

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Agnew ◽  
D.C. Mundy ◽  
T.M. Spiers ◽  
M.M. Greven
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Site Variation ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Field trials were established at four vineyards in January 1999 to evaluate the effects of four mulch mixtures on different soil and plant parameters. Mulches were made from wine industry and other commercially available plant and animal wastes. Soil, grape petioles, grape leaves and grape juice were analysed over three seasons. The mulches applied released considerable quantities of nutrients, which were available for use by the grapevines. Generally, the type of mulch used had little impact on the parameters that were measured and the greatest differences occurred between non-mulched and mulch treatments. Soil pH showed an increase at three of the four sites after application of mulch. Soil phosphorus increased moderately at one site and substantially at the other three sites in the first year and soil potassium levels increased dramatically at all sites in the first year. After the application of mulches in 1999 the petiole nitrate levels increased dramatically at all sites, however there were no differences in the second year. In the third year petiole nitrate levels were again high indicating that the differences between years was probably largely attributable to differences in rainfall received among the three seasons. Petiole potassium levels also increased after the application of mulch, however the increase was nowhere near as large as the increase in soil potassium. The use of mulch increased leaf nitrogen and potassium levels but not phosphorus levels. The use of mulch did increase juice potassium, however there was greater seasonal and site variation than variation due to the effect of mulch.

Phosphorus nutrition of large-seeded chickpea cv. Macarena (Cicer arietinum) in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
IT Riley
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
First Year ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Year ◽  
A Site

The phosphorus (P) nutrition of largeseeded chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cv. Macarena grown on Cununurra clay in the Ord River Irrigation Area was studied in field trials and by sampling commercial crops. Response to applied and residual P on a previously uncropped site (site 1) was examined over 2 growing seasons and to applied P on a site with a history of cropping (site 2) in 1 season. At site 1, yield increased with application of up to 50 kg P/ha in the first year and 100 kg P/ha in the second year. There was no significant response in the second year to the P applied in the previous season, probably because of rapid fixation of P in Cununurra clay. At site 2, with a residual soil P level of 24 �g/g (HCO3), no growth response to applied P was observed. The survey of commercial crops included determination of P in soil, foliage, and seed, and the recording of phosphatic fertilisers applied. The data indicate that excessive P fertiliser is applied to many chickpea crops, with only a few crops being inadequately supplied.

scholarly journals Results of economically valuable indicators of varieties of children's hornous in the selection nursery in the conditions of the Smolensk region

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vasil'evna Ivanova ◽  
Olga Vasil'evna Kurdakova
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
First Year ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Loamy Soil ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Second Year

The article presents the results of a test of new varietal species of baby eagles in a breeding nursery in 2018 - 2019. The options for the first and second year of use were evaluated. The purpose of these studies was to identify the most valuable economic traits of new highly productive varieties for use in further work. Weather and climatic conditions were generally favorable for the wintering and development of plants of horned calves in the spring and summer. During field trials, it was found that in terms of green mass yields in the total over two years of use, the E-25 variant stood out (+ 30.5% to Smolensky 1 standard). Over the entire period of testing, he showed a high and stable increase. It was slightly lower with the E-49 varietomer (+ 24.2%), which showed higher yields in the first year of use than in the second. They also stood out by the yield of air-dry matter (+ 21.4% and + 31.45%, respectively). Such productivity of the plant of horned lamb was shown in the conditions of sowing on slightly acidic loamy soil with a low content of humus, mobile potassium and a high content of phosphorus.

scholarly journals Impact of planting timing on seed yields and productive longevity of eastern goat rue (Galega orientales Lam)

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012019
Author(s):  
V N Zolotarev
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
First Year ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Fodder Crop ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Seed Yields

Abstract Eastern goat’s rue (Galega orientales Lam.) has a complex of economically useful features, which makes it a priority introduced fodder crop in different soil and climatic zones. The initial stages of ontogenesis determine the development of plants and the amount of seed yield of goat’s rue for the next year. In the first year, goat’s rue plants develop slowly, which requires its early sowing. It was found that the highest fullness of sprouts in the range of 50-61% was noted when goat’s rue was sown in the period from May 25 to June 5. Moisture conditions of vegetation seasons have a decisive influence on growth and development of plants in the year of sowing and their preservation during the overwintering period. The highest yield of seeds in the 1st year of using was when sowing goat’s rue from the beginning of May to the middle of the first decade of June which provided accumulation of the sum of effective air temperatures 1409,5-1125,00C and amount of precipitation within the range 373,9-335,7 mm from shoots to the end of vegetation in the year of sowing and 1208,30C with 274,9 mm of precipitation in the second year before harvesting. The highest seed yields in the range of 466-560 kg/ha yieldwere obtained from goat’s rue crops of May and June sowing dates. The influence of sowing dates on seed yields was evident during the first two years. In subsequent years, the value of seed yield is leveled.

scholarly journals Hydro-priming Effects on Seed Germination and Field Performance of Faba Bean in Spring Sowing

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Damalas ◽  
D. Koutroubas ◽  
Fotiadis
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vigor Index ◽  
Germination Speed ◽  
Second Year

Seed priming has been used to advance germination and stand in several crops, but relevant research on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is scarce. Laboratory and field trials were carried out for two years to study the effect of hydro-priming on faba bean germination and field performance in spring sowing. In laboratory trials, the effects of hydro-priming for 0, 8, 16, 24, 36, and 48 h on final germination percentage, germination speed, Timson’s germination index, mean germination time, mean daily germination, synchronization index, and seedling vigor index were studied. All hydro-priming treatments improved germination parameters of faba bean seeds, except for final germination percentage and mean daily germination compared with non-primed seeds. Averaged over priming duration treatments, hydro-priming improved germination speed by 16.2%, germination synchrony by 20.7%, and seedling vigor index by 13.4%. All hydro-priming durations improved germination synchrony, while hydro-priming for 8, 16, and 24 h provided the highest values of germination speed (2.56, 2.58, and 2.37 seeds day−1, respectively). Hydro-priming for 8 and 16 h provided the lowest values of mean germination time (5.81 and 5.96 days, respectively). In field trials, hydro-priming periods of 0, 8, 16, and 24 h were compared. On average, seed hydro-priming did not affect significantly seedling emergence 14 days after sowing in the first year, but significantly improved seedling emergence by 34.4% in the second year. No significant effect of seed hydro-priming was noted in the number of plants at 28 and 35 days after sowing. Seed priming for 8 h resulted in higher fresh weight at anthesis by 22.3% and 8.6% in the first and the second year, respectively, than the non-primed control. Similarly, seed priming for 8 h provided higher seed yield by 12.0% in the first year and by 5.9% in the second year compared with non-primed control. Overall, seed hydro-priming accelerated faba bean germination and seedling emergence, but the magnitude of the response was associated with the environment and was more evident under limited soil moisture after sowing, whereas the beneficial effect of priming was masked when rainfall followed sowing. Similarly, the beneficial effect of priming on seed yield was more pronounced with limited soil moisture after anthesis.

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