scholarly journals Comparison of Water Capture Efficiency through Two Irrigation Techniques of Three Common Greenhouse Soilless Substrate Components

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Schulker ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
William C. Fonteno ◽  
Joshua L. Heitman ◽  
Joseph P. Albano
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Capture Efficiency ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Component Selection ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss ◽  
Soilless Substrate

Substrate wettability is an important factor in determining effective and efficient irrigation techniques for container-grown crops. Reduced substrate wettability can lead to lower substrate water capture, excessive leaching and poor plant growth. This research examined substrate water capture using surface and subirrigation under three initial moisture contents (IMC). Sphagnum peat moss, coconut coir, and pine bark were tested at IMCs of 67% 50%, and 33%. Substrate water capture was influenced by both IMC and irrigation technique. Surface irrigation increased the water capture of coir and peat, regardless of IMC, whereas IMC influenced pine bark water capture more than irrigation method. Surface-irrigated coir at or above 50% IMC provided the greatest water capture across all treatments. The first irrigation had the highest capture rate compared to all other events combined. Container capacities of pine bark and coir were unaffected by IMC and irrigation type, but the CC of peat was less by ~ 40% volumetrically under low IMC conditions. Coir, had the greatest ability to capture water, followed by pine bark and peat, respectively. Moisture content, irrigation type and component selection all influence the water capture efficiency of a container substrate.

scholarly journals Plant growth response of subirrigated salvia 'Vista Red' to increasing water levels at two substrates

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhuanito S Ferrarezi ◽  
Marc W van Iersel ◽  
Roberto Testezlaf
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss

ABSTRACT: Subirrigation applies water and nutrients to the bottom of pots without wetting leaves, improving water use and reducing disease spread compared to overhead irrigation systems. However, water levels applied within the benches are often higher than required to promote capillary action, applying more water than needed and wasting pumping energy. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different water levels on plant growth of subirrigated salvia (Salvia splendens) 'Vista Red' in two substrates. Five water levels (0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 cm) and two substrates {pine bark: sphagnum peat moss and peat: perlite (both 75%: 25% v/v)} were tested, with four replications. Substrate moisture was monitored by capacitance-type sensors connected to a multiplexer and data logger. Volumetric water content (VWC) was higher in peat: perlite (0.34 to 0.75 m3/m3) than pine bark: sphagnum peat moss (0.21 to 0.60 m3/m3) at all water levels. Higher water levels increased VWC in both substrates. The leaf chlorophyll index was 4% lower at the 6.0 cm compared to the other treatments in peat: perlite (p<0.0001). Stomatal conductance decreased overtime; but increased with the increase in water levels in peat: perlite (p<0.0001). Different water levels had no effect on leaf area, net photosynthesis, number of branches and leaves, and shoot dry weight (p>0.05), an indication that the different water levels do not affect the plant growth. However, shoot plant height increased 13% in pine bark: sphagnum peat moss (p=0.0096) and 17% in peat: perlite (p=0.0335) as water levels increased. Water levels of 1.5 cm and higher can be recommended for pine bark: sphagnum peat moss or peat: perlite in subirrigation, applying water according to plant needs, optimizing plant growth and reducing the nutrient solution pumping costs compared to systems that apply higher water levels.

scholarly journals Use of Processed Biofuel Crops for Nursery Substrates

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Altland
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Compost ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss ◽  
Biofuel Crops ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Container Capacity

Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) bark availability has decreased, causing shortages in inventory and increased prices for pine bark substrates. One potential alternative to pine bark is the use of biofuel or biomass crops that can be grown locally, harvested, and processed into a suitable substrate. The objective of this research was to assess the suitability of several biofuel crops as alternatives to pine bark in nursery substrates using annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus) as a model crop. Across two experiments, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), willow (Salix spp.), corn (Zea mays) stover, and giant miscanthus (Miscanthus ×giganteus) were processed through a hammermill equipped with a 0.95 cm (0.375 in) screen. Pine bark was used as a control. Substrate materials were used either alone, amended with 20% (v/v) sphagnum peat moss, or amended with 20% (v/v) sphagnum peat moss and 10% (v/v) municipal solid waste compost. Biofuel-based substrates tended to have greater air space and less container capacity than pine bark substrate. Amending with peat moss, or peat moss and municipal solid waste compost reduced air space and increased container capacity of all substrates. Substrate pH of biofuel-based substrates was higher than pine bark substrates, and was neutral to slightly alkaline. Amending with peat moss reduced pH of biofuel substrates to levels considered more ideal for annual vinca growth. Foliar calcium, magnesium, and iron levels were low across all treatments, although visual foliar deficiency symptoms were not apparent. Shoot growth was greatest in switchgrass and pine bark substrates. Plant growth differed among biofuel and pine bark substrates; however, all plants were considered marketable at the conclusion of the experiment. Modification of chemical and physical properties for each substrate type will be necessary.

scholarly journals Influence of Substrate Physical Properties on Container Weed Germination

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
James E. Altland ◽  
Jennifer K. Boldt
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss ◽  
Bulk Substrate ◽  
Influence Of Substrate ◽  
Water Holding

Abstract Container nursery substrates in the central and eastern U.S. are composed primarily of pine bark with lesser percentages of other amendments, including sphagnum peatmoss. Peatmoss is often amended from 0% to 40% (by vol.) to increase the water holding capacity of the substrate. The objective of this research was to determine how a pine bark substrate amended with sphagnum peatmoss affects creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata L.) germination in containers with or without applications of pendimethalin herbicide. Increasing percentage of peatmoss increased the water holding capacity of the substrate; however, water availability on the substrate surface where weed seed germinate and establish was the same in all substrates. Substrates with varying levels of sphagnum peatmoss only slightly affected weed germination. While sphagnum peat moss can be used to increase the water holding characteristics of a substrate, changes in bulk substrate physical properties will not affect herbicide performance or weed germination on the substrate surface. Index words: Herbicide, irrigation, substrate, porosity, weed control. Chemicals used in this study: pendimethalin (Pendulum 2G). Species used in this study: creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata L.) (OXACO).

scholarly journals Effect of Pre-plant Phosphate Charge and Leaching on Phosphorus Longevity in Soilless Substrate1

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Amy J. Compton Horner ◽  
Carl E. Niedziela ◽  
Paul V. Nelson ◽  
David A. Dickey
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Target Level ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss ◽  
Soilless Substrate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hybrida Plant

Abstract There is little information addressing the impact of quantity of pre-plant phosphate charge in soilless substrate and leaching during production on soluble phosphate longevity when post-plant phosphate is omitted. Two experiments were conducted growing Petunia ×hybrida ‘Primetime White' seedling crops over a 42-d period in a sphagnum peat moss-perlite substrate. Phosphate-phosphorus (P) charge levels of 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, and 0.18 kg.m−3 (0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 lbs·yd−3, respectively) and 0, 20, and 50% leaching were tested. The first experiment was conducted in winter (late November through December) and the second in spring (mid-March through April). The minimum-targeted, soluble-bulk-solution phosphate-P level of 3 mg.L−1 (ppm) was achieved for 41 d in the winter with a phosphate-P charge of 0.06 kg.m−3 (0.10 lbs·yd−3) and 20% leaching. Longevity for this treatment was 4 d less in the spring. At 0% leaching, the soluble-bulk-solution phosphate-P level was above the minimum target level of 3 mg.L−1 (ppm) for the entire 42-d period in both seasons. Increasing the leaching from 20 to 50% resulted in a loss of longevity by 4 d in the winter and 6 d in the spring. Index words: soilless media, bedding plants, floriculture, Petunia ×hybrida, plant nutrition. Species used in this study: petunia (Petunia ×hybrid var. multiflora Vilm.).

The Smoulder Stream of Cigarettes / Zur Kenntnis des Glimmstromes von Cigaretten

1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Seehofer ◽  
W. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Cigarette Paper ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe phenomenon of the smoulder stream flowing through the cigarette during smouldering and during the puff intervals is demonstrated for the first time and its dependence upon physical conditions is examined. The volume of the smoulder stream can amount up to 180 ml per cigarette. Increasing draw resistance of the cigarette and augmenting moisture content of the tobacco as well as perforation of the cigarette paper have a decreasing effect on volume and velocity of the smoulder stream. The porosity of the cigarette paper has no perceptible influence. The spatial position of the cigarette affects volume and velocity of the smoulder stream. The influence exercised by the smoulder stream on the yields of total condensate, nicotine, phenols, aldehydes, and acroleine when the cigarette tip is open during the puff intervals is determined. When the moisture contents of the tobacco were extremely high, yield decreases reaching 50 % could be observed.

REMOVAL OF ZINC (II) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ROMANIAN SPHAGNUM PEAT MOSS

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelica Kicsi ◽  
Doina Bilba ◽  
Matei Macoveanu
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss

Developing a Linearization Method to Determine Optimum Blending for Surimi with Varied Moisture Contents Using Linear Programming

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeon W. Park ◽  
Jae W. Park ◽  
Won B. Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Linearization Method ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Critical Moisture

AbstractNovel algorithm to determine the least cost formulation of a surimi blend was developed using linear programming (LP). Texture properties and the unit cost of surimi blend at the target moisture content were used as constraint functions and the objective function, respectively. The mathematical models to describe the moisture content dependence of the ring tensile properties were developed using critical moisture content, and the model parameters were used for the least cost LP (LCLP) model. The LCLP model successfully predicted the quality of surimi blend. Sensitivity analysis was used to obtain an additional information when the perturbations of design variables are provided. A standard procedure to determine the least cost formulation for blending surimi with varied moisture contents was systematically developed.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Softening Characteristics of Sandstone and Mudstone in Relation to Moisture Content

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui-chen Li ◽  
Chong-chong Qi ◽  
Yuan-tian Sun ◽  
Xiao-lin Tang ◽  
Bao-quan Hou
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Surface Porosity ◽  
Shear Tests ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Dynamic Finite Element ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Underground Roadway ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of fluid-solid coupling during immersion is an important topic of investigation in rock engineering. Two rock types, sandstone and mudstone, are selected in this work to study the correlation between the softening characteristics of the rocks and moisture content. This is achieved through detailed studies using scanning electron microscopy, shear tests, and evaluation of rock index properties during exposure to different moisture contents. An underground roadway excavation is simulated by dynamic finite element modeling to analyze the effect of moisture content on the stability of the roadway. The results show that moisture content has a significant effect on shear properties reduction of both sandstone and mudstone, which must thus be considered in mining or excavation processes. Specifically, it is found that the number, area, and diameter of micropores, as well as surface porosity, increase with increasing moisture content. Additionally, stress concentration is negatively correlated with moisture content, while the influenced area and vertical displacement are positively correlated with moisture content. These findings may provide useful input for the design of underground roadways.

Effect of Bromus inermis Leyss Planting on Dynamic Changes of Soil Moisture Contents on the Bare Slope

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 1648-1652
Author(s):  
Tie Jun Sun ◽  
Baderihu Tajilake
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Biological Characters ◽  
Underground Biomass

Experiment was executed to plant eco-grass of Bromus inermis Leyss on 15°bare slopes, and study effect of biological characters on dynamics of soil moisture contents. The results indicated that vegetation restored quickly on the bare slope after the eco-grass planted. There were 2473.4 kg/hm2 of overground biomass and 1744.1kg/hm2 of underground biomass, and 70% of underground biomass was in 0-10cm layer of soil. Meanwhile, there was a regulatory mechanism of soil moisture content for Bromus inermis Leyss. When rainfall was enough, soil moisture content in 0-80 cm layer could reach to the most of 26.83% quickly this year. Next it could decline near to the first value of 19.81% after rainfall stopped, and keep a dynamic balance between 19.48% and 19.96%. Moreover, the regulatory mechanism realized though underground biomass, and was clearer with underground biomass increasing, especially in the 0-40cm layer of soil.

Effects of processing on peat moss microflora

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvon Cormier ◽  
Anne Mériaux ◽  
Gilles Brochu
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss ◽  
Large Numbers

We studied the microflora of Quebec sphagnum peat moss samples taken from five different locations in a peat moss processing plant: soil, drying stacks, sedimented dust (walls and floor), and in bagged peat moss. Large numbers of microorganisms were found; the predominant ones were of the genus Monocillium (up to 112 × 106 colonies/g of dry peat) and the genus Penicillium (320 × 104 colonies/g dry weight). These moulds were more abundant in the processed peat moss than in the peat soil (e.g., Monocillium: soil, 138 × 103; processed peat, 112 × 106). Aspergillus spp. were absent in all five sample sites. We conclude that Quebec peat moss contains large quantities of microorganisms and that moulds become more concentrated during the processing of the peat from the soil to the final product.

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