Particulate Matter Accumulation on Apples and Plums: Roads Do Not Represent the Greatest Threat

Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid and liquid substances of organic and inorganic character suspended in air. Plants are used as biological filters of air. However, PM can be deposited on their edible parts, with a negative effect on people’s health. The aim of this study was to document the PM accumulation on apples and plums harvested from orchards located alongside roads with differing amounts of traffic. Plums accumulated more PM than apples. The deposition of PM on apples increased during fruit development and was highest at harvest. The impact of road type, traffic intensity, and distance from the road on PM accumulation on fruit was small. The least PM was adsorbed by apples harvested from an orchard located close to a road with the highest traffic, while in the case of plums, no effect of the road on PM deposition was recorded. The amount of PM accumulated on fruits depended on the species (fruit morphology, harvest period), activities undertaken in the orchard (early pruning exposes fruits to PM, ecological preparations increase fruit viscosity), and sources of pollution other than the roads located close to the orchard. Washing fruits with water removed half of the accumulated PM.

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Assessment of the impact of the traffic situation in urban area on the amount of volatile organic compounds getting into the cabin of the car on the road

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201910000073 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 100 ◽

pp. 00073

Author(s):

Maria Skrętowicz ◽

Joanna Świeściak

Keyword(s):

Volatile Organic Compounds ◽

Urban Area ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Traffic Situation ◽

Traffic Intensity ◽

The Road ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

On The Road ◽

Time Of Travel ◽

The Impact

In the paper the levels of concentrations of volatile organic compounds getting into car cabin during the driving have been measured. Three series of the tests have been performed. Each series has been carried out in different road situation in terms of traffic intensity. For the tests exploited passenger car, Subaru Impreza was used. Before every series the background measurements was carried out and directly after that, the correct the correct tests were performed. Inside the cabin 14 different organic compounds have been identified. To analyse the change of the concentrations levels between the correct and background test have been calculated. The results indicate that the longer time of travel caused that the driver and passengers are more exposed to highest concentrations of VOCs.

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Metabolic Response of RAW 264.7 Macrophages to Exposure to Crude Particulate Matter and a Reduced Content of Organic Matter

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics9090205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 205

Author(s):

Monika Jankowska-Kieltyka ◽

Adam Roman ◽

Magdalena Mikrut ◽

Marta Kowalska ◽

Rudi van Eldik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Potential Health ◽

Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Impact

Exposure to air pollution from various airborne particulate matter (PM) is regarded as a potential health risk. Airborne PM penetrates the lungs, where it is taken up by macrophages, what results in macrophage activation and can potentially lead to negative consequences for the organism. In the present study, we assessed the effects of direct exposure of RAW 264.7 macrophages to crude PM (NIST1648a) and to a reduced content of organic matter (LAp120) for up to 72 h on selected parameters of metabolic activity. These included cell viability and apoptosis, metabolic activity and cell number, ROS synthesis, nitric oxide (NO) release, and oxidative burst. The results indicated that both NIST1648a and LAp120 negatively influenced the parameters of cell viability and metabolic activity due to increased ROS synthesis. The negative effect of PM was concentration-dependent; i.e., it was the most pronounced for the highest concentration applied. The impact of PM also depended on the time of exposure, so at respective time points, PM induced different effects. There were also differences in the impact of NIST1648a and LAp120 on almost all parameters tested. The negative effect of LAp120 was more pronounced, what appeared to be associated with an increased content of metals.

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Dispersion Characteristics of PM10 Particles Identified by Numerical Simulation in the Vicinity of Roads Passing through Various Types of Urban Areas

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11050454 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 454 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiri Pospisil ◽

Jiri Huzlik ◽

Roman Licbinsky ◽

Michal Spilacek

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Mass Concentration ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Control Volume ◽

Road Transport ◽

Air Velocity ◽

The Road ◽

Wind Speeds ◽

The Impact

The dispersion of particulate matter emitted by road transport to the vicinity of roads is predominantly influenced by the character of the air velocity field. The air flow depends on factors such as the speed and direction of the blowing wind, the movement of cars, and the geometries of the buildings around a road. Numerical modeling based on the control volume method was used in this study to describe the relevant processes closely. Detailed air velocity fields were identified in the vicinity of a straight road surrounded by various patterns of built-up urban land. The evaluation of the results was generalized to exponential expressions, affecting the decrease of the mass concentration of fine particles with the increasing distance from the road. The obtained characteristics of the mass concentration fields express the impact of the building geometries and configurations on the dispersion of particulate matter into the environment. These characteristics are presented for two wind speeds, namely, 2 m·s−1 and 4 m·s−1. Furthermore, the characteristics are introduced in relation to three wind directions: perpendicularly, obliquely, and in parallel to the road. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with those obtained via the in-situ measurements, for verification of the validity of the linear emission source calculation.

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Laboratory Comparison of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors to Measure Transient Events of Pollution

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20082219 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 2219 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Florentin Michel Jacques Bulot ◽

Hugo Savill Russell ◽

Mohsen Rezaei ◽

Matthew Stanley Johnson ◽

Steven James Johnston Ossont ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Low Cost ◽

Airborne Particulate Matter ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Additional Information ◽

Sources Of Pollution ◽

Premature Deaths ◽

The Impact

Airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure has been identified as a key environmental risk factor, associated especially with diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular system and with almost 9 million premature deaths per year. Low-cost optical sensors for PM measurement are desirable for monitoring exposure closer to the personal level and particularly suited for developing spatiotemporally dense city sensor networks. However, questions remain over the accuracy and reliability of the data they produce, particularly regarding the influence of environmental parameters such as humidity and temperature, and with varying PM sources and concentration profiles. In this study, eight units each of five different models of commercially available low-cost optical PM sensors (40 individual sensors in total) were tested under controlled laboratory conditions, against higher-grade instruments for: lower limit of detection, response time, responses to sharp pollution spikes lasting <1 min , and the impact of differing humidity and PM source. All sensors detected the spikes generated with a varied range of performances depending on the model and presenting different sensitivity mainly to sources of pollution and to size distributions with a lesser impact of humidity. The sensitivity to particle size distribution indicates that the sensors may provide additional information to PM mass concentrations. It is concluded that improved performance in field monitoring campaigns, including tracking sources of pollution, could be achieved by using a combination of some of the different models to take advantage of the additional information made available by their differential response.

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A Methodology for Evaluating Driving Styles in Various Road Conditions

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14123570 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3570

Author(s):

Rafał S. Jurecki ◽

Tomasz L. Stańczyk

Keyword(s):

Detailed Analysis ◽

Urban Traffic ◽

Lateral Acceleration ◽

Urban Road ◽

The Road ◽

Road Type ◽

Movement Parameters ◽

The Impact ◽

The Given ◽

Vehicle Movement

For many institutions, it is important to evaluate a given driving technique as safe or unsafe based on measurable vehicle movement parameters. The paper constitutes a part of studies aimed at establishing a method of parameter-based evaluation of drivers in various road conditions, in other words, to create a so-called ‘driver profile’. The tests were carried out on a 650 km route, on four varying road types. Longitudinal and lateral acceleration values are used to evaluate the driving style. An analysis is presented of the impact of the type and shape of road on acceleration values. The results demonstrate that the same driver, when driving the same vehicle on an expressway, an inter-urban road or in urban traffic, will move with various acceleration values. A detailed analysis of acceleration values and distributions was conducted. Interesting conclusions were drawn after excluding the so-called ‘smooth driving’ sections, by acceleration ranges of −0.5 to 0.5 m/s2 from the analysis. This allowed for the evaluation of the structure of other longitudinal and lateral acceleration values. After this modification, the distributions showed specificity for the given road type, thereby allowing the road type used by the vehicle’s driver to be recognized based solely on the distribution.

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THE IMPACT OF NOISE POLLUTION OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE TERRITORIES OF PRESCHOOL INSTITUTIONS OF THE RESORT CITY OF PYATIGORSK

Akustika ◽

10.36336/akustika201932100 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 100-104

Author(s):

Pavel Sidyakin ◽

Catherine Belaya ◽

Dmitry Shchitov

Keyword(s):

Road Network ◽

Noise Pollution ◽

The Road ◽

Sources Of Pollution ◽

Traffic Loads ◽

Modern Cities ◽

The Social ◽

Acoustic Impact ◽

Favorable Conditions ◽

The Impact

The question of the acoustic impact of the road network on the formation of noise pollution near the social facilities of Pyatigorsk is very acute today. The historical development of the resort city did not provide for high traffic loads, as well as intensive sources of pollution typical of modern cities. Therefore, today it is required to analyze the noise loads and, if necessary, to organize the work aimed at restoring favorable conditions in resort cities.

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The Transnational Women's Rights Movement and the World Economy

Sociology of Development ◽

10.1525/sod.2020.6.2.145 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 145-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Heidi E. Rademacher

Keyword(s):

Women's Rights ◽

Small Body ◽

World System ◽

World Society ◽

Women’S Rights ◽

Social Movement Organizations ◽

Global Movement ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Society Perspective ◽

The Impact

Promoting the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was a key objective of the transnational women's movement of the 1980s and 1990s. Yet, few studies examine what factors contribute to ratification. The small body of literature on this topic comes from a world-society perspective, which suggests that CEDAW represented a global shift toward women's rights and that ratification increased as international NGOs proliferated. However, this framing fails to consider whether diffusion varies in a stratified world-system. I combine world-society and world-systems approaches, adding to the literature by examining the impact of women's and human rights transnational social movement organizations on CEDAW ratification at varied world-system positions. The findings illustrate the complex strengths and limitations of a global movement, with such organizations having a negative effect on ratification among core nations, a positive effect in the semiperiphery, and no effect among periphery nations. This suggests that the impact of mobilization was neither a universal application of global scripts nor simply representative of the broad domination of core nations, but a complex and diverse result of civil society actors embedded in a politically stratified world.

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ANALISIS PENGARUH PEMBANGUNAN JALAN LAYANG JANTI TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN TATA RUANG KAWASAN JANTI STUDI KASUS : KAWASAN JANTI, DESA CATURTUNGGAL, KABUPATEN SLEMAN, D. I. YOGYAKARTA

Jurnal Arsitektur KOMPOSISI ◽

10.24002/jars.v10i4.1089 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 255

Author(s):

Jeky El Boru

Keyword(s):

Road Network ◽

Open Space ◽

Qualitative Description ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Open Spaces ◽

The Road ◽

Before And After ◽

Linkage Method ◽

The Impact ◽

Parking Place

Abstract: This research aims to analyze the impact of Janti Flyover Construction toward the growth of layout at Janti Urban Area, including structured space, open space, and linkage. Method used for data collecting are observation, air photograph monitoring, and interview, whereas the analysis method is qualitative description, which is the superimposed method of two layers, that are the layout condition before and after flyover construction. The result shows that the impact of Janti Flyover construction can be seen on building mass (solid), the increasing number of open spaces, including the road network, parking place, and park, whereas the relation between spaces, visually and structurally, can be seen on the growth of buildings which have new shapes and styles, therefore the performance of the overall building does not have a proportional shape. Considering Janti Street at the collective relation, its role is getting stronger as the main frame road network.Keywords: Flyover construction, layout changing, Janti AreaAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pembangunan Jalan Layang Janti terhadap perkembangan tata ruang Kawasan Janti, meliputi ruang terbangun, ruang terbuka, serta hubungan antar ruang (“linkage”). Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, pengamatan foto udara, dan wawancara; sedangkan metode analisis melalui deskripsi secara kualitatif yang berupa “superimposed method” dari dua lapisan kondisi lahan, yakni kondisi tata ruang sebelum dan sesudah pembangunan jalan layang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh pembangunan Jalan Layang Janti terdapat pada massa bangunan (“solid”), pertambahan ruang terbuka yang berupa jaringan jalan, parkir, dan taman; sedangkan pada hubungan antar ruang ̶ secara visual dan struktural ̶ yakni tumbuhnya bangunan dengan bentuk dan gaya baru, sehingga bentuk tampilan bangunan secara keseluruhan tidak proporsional. Pada hubungan kolektif, Jalan Janti semakin kuat perannya sebagai kerangka utama jaringan jalan.Kata kunci : Pembangunan jalan layang, tata ruang, Kawasan Janti

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The Impact of Competitive Quasi-Market on Service Delivery in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria

GIS Business ◽

10.26643/gis.v14i4.5120 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 85-98

Author(s):

Idoko Peter

Keyword(s):

Service Delivery ◽

A Priori ◽

Least Square ◽

Secondary Source ◽

State University ◽

Ordinary Least Square ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This research the impact of competitive quasi market on service delivery in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria. Both primary and secondary source of data and information were used for the study and questionnaire was used to extract information from the purposively selected respondents. The population for this study is one hundred and seventy three (173) administrative staff of Benue State University selected at random. The statistical tools employed was the classical ordinary least square (OLS) and the probability value of the estimates was used to tests hypotheses of the study. The result of the study indicates that a positive relationship exist between Competitive quasi marketing in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria (CQM) and Transparency in the service delivery (TRSP) and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05). Competitive quasi marketing (CQM) has a negative effect on Observe Competence in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria (OBCP) and the relationship is not statistically significant (p>0.05). Competitive quasi marketing (CQM) has a positive effect on Innovation in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria (INVO) and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05) and in line with a priori expectation. This means that a unit increases in Competitive quasi marketing (CQM) will result to a corresponding increase in innovation in Benue State University, Makurdi Nigeria (INVO) by a margin of 22.5%. It was concluded that government monopoly in the provision of certain types of services has greatly affected the quality of service experience in the institution. It was recommended among others that the stakeholders in the market has to be transparent so that the system will be productive to serve the society effectively

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TSUNAMI ACEH 2004 SEBAGAI DASAR PENATAAN RUANG KOTA MEULABOH

Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia ◽

10.29122/jsti.v13i2.887 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Wisyanto Wisyanto

Keyword(s):

Coastal Area ◽

Building Damage ◽

Tsunami Hazard ◽

The Road ◽

Tsunami Disaster ◽

Landuse Planning ◽

The Future ◽

Tsunami Mitigation ◽

Potential Losses ◽

The Impact

Tsunami which was generated by the 2004 Aceh eartquake has beenhaunting our life. The building damage due to the tsunami could be seenthroughout Meulaboh Coastal Area. Appearing of the physical loss wasclose to our fault. It was caused by the use dan plan of the land withoutconsidering a tsunami disaster threat. Learning from that event, we haveconducted a research on the pattern of damage that caused by the 2004tsunami. Based on the analysis of tsunami hazard intensity and thepattern of building damage, it has been made a landuse planning whichbased on tsunami mitigation for Meulaboh. Tsunami mitigation-based ofMeulaboh landuse planning was made by intergrating some aspects, suchas tsunami protection using pandanus greenbelt, embankment along withhigh plants and also arranging the direction of roads and setting of building forming a rhombus-shaped. The rhombus-shaped of setting of the road and building would reduce the impact of tsunamic wave. It is expected that these all comprehensive landuse planning will minimize potential losses in the future .

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