scholarly journals Reduced Vegetative Growth Increases Grain Yield in Spring Wheat Genotypes in the Dryland Farming Region of North-West China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 663
Author(s):  
Tao Feng ◽  
Yue Xi ◽  
Yong-He Zhu ◽  
Ning Chai ◽  
Xin-Tan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike

To understand the co-evolution in yield-related traits with the breeding, selection, and introduction of genotypes for increased grain yield, field experiments were carried out at two sites in the western area of the Loess Plateau in China that differed in hydrothermal conditions. Sixteen genotypes of spring wheat introduced and grown over the past 120 years were compared in terms of their yield and yield-related traits. As the grain yield increased, the spike number per unit area and the grain number per spike increased linearly, but the 1000-kernel weight was not correlated with grain yield. In the more recent genotypes, anthesis was initiated significantly earlier, although the length of the period from anthesis to maturity remained unchanged. Water use and the Effective Use of Water (EUW) for aboveground biomass before anthesis and the contribution of pre-anthesis aboveground biomass to grain yield all decreased as grain yield increased. Soil water content at anthesis was negatively correlated with aboveground biomass at anthesis, but positively correlated with grain yield. Conclusively, breeding in spring wheat over the past century has increased the yield of new genotypes by (1) increasing the number of grains per unit area; (2) shortening the period of vegetative growth; (3) decreasing EUW and the soil water use before anthesis; thereby (4) retaining more soil water and increasing biomass accumulation after anthesis. Future spring wheat breeding for this dryland region should determine whether the time for grain filling from anthesis to maturity can be extended to enable greater use of environmental resources and higher yields.

A drought experiment using mobile shelters: the effect of drought on barley yield, water use and nutrient uptake

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Day ◽  
B. J. Legg ◽  
B. K. French ◽  
A. E. Johnston ◽  
D. W. Lawlor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Effects Of Drought

SummaryAutomatic mobile shelters were used to keep rain off a barley crop in a drought experiment. The treatments ranged from no water during the growing season to regular weekly irrigation. This paper reports the effect of drought on the harvest yield and its components, on water use and nutrient uptake.Drought caused large decreases in yield, and affected each component of the grain yield. The magnitude of each component varied by up to 25% between treatments, and much of the variation could be accounted for by linear regression against the mean soil water deficit in one of three periods. For the number of grains per ear, the relevant period included tillering and ear formation; for the number of ears per unit ground area, the period included stem extension and tiller death; for grain mass, the period included grain filling.The harvest yields were linearly related to water use, with no indication of a critical period of drought sensitivity. The relation of grain yield to the maximum potential soil water deficit did show that a prolonged early drought had an exceptionally large effect on both yield and water use.Two unsheltered irrigation experiments, also on barley, were made in the same year on a nearby site. The effects of drought on yield in these experiments were in good agreement with the effects observed on the mobile shelter site.When fully irrigated, the small plots under the mobile shelters used water 11% faster than larger areas of crop, because of advection. The maximum depth from which water was extracted was unaffected by the drought treatment. When 50% of the available soil water had been used the uptake rate decreased, but the maximum depth of uptake continued to increase.Measurements of crop nutrients at harvest showed that nitrogen uptake was large, because of site history, and that phosphate uptake was decreased by drought to such an extent that phosphate shortage may have limited yield.

Yield and water use of paired-row versus equidistant-row seeded spring wheat in a semiarid environment

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Cutforth ◽  
F. Selles
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Semiarid Environment ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Days To Maturity

A field study was carried out to determine the effects of seed row configuration on days to maturity, water use and grain yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Leader’) grown in a semiarid environment. From 1986 to 1989, Leader spring wheat was seeded at Swift Current, Saskatchewan in north-south equidistant-rows (25-cm row spacing) and paired-rows (two rows 10 cm apart with 50 cm between the centre of each paired row). Seed and fertilizer were applied at recommended rates for the Brown soil zone. There were no significant differences (P > 0.10) in grain yield, water use or days to maturity between equidistant-row and paired-row seeding. The data suggest that under the environmental conditions of the Brown soil zone paired-row seeding may have no agronomic advantage over equidistant-row seeding.Key words: Paired-row seeding, water use, grain yield, spring wheat

scholarly journals Impact of Recent Climate Change on Water-Use Efficiency Strategies of Larix sibirica in the Altai-Sayan Mountain Range

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1103
Author(s):  
Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova) ◽  
Marina V. Fonti ◽  
Rolf T. W. Siegwolf ◽  
Matthias Saurer ◽  
Vladimir S. Myglan
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Larix Sibirica ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
The Impact

A strong increase in the mean annual air temperature during the past 50 years by up to 0.54 °C was recorded in the Altai region (45°–52° N; 84°–99° E) compared to the global value of 0.07 °C over the period 1901–2008. The impact of the climatic changes on the hydrology are complex in these mountainous forest ecosystems and not fully understood. We aim to reveal differences in the intrinsic water-use efficiencies (iWUE) strategy by larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) derived from stable carbon isotopes at contrasting sites, ranging from the steppe (Ersin, Chadan) to high-elevation (Mongun, Koksu) sites of the Altai over the past century. The iWUE trends increased rapidly for all study sites except Chadan, where a decreasing trend after 2010 has been observed. This decline can be related to increased amount of precipitation compared to increased drought at the other sites. In general, the iWUE is increased up to 14% (1985–2019 compared to 1919–1984), which is lower compared to other studies across the globe likely due to harsh climatic conditions. Vapor pressure deficit and maximal air temperature are impacting Siberian larch significantly and affecting their iWUE differently at the high-elevated and steppe sites of the Altai over the past century.

Zero-tillage influence on canola, field pea and wheat in a dry subhumid region: Agronomic and physiological responses

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Borstlap ◽  
Martin H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Soil Water Extraction

Field trials were conducted over 4 site-years in southern Manitoba to compare the response of Katepwa wheat, Westar canola and Victoria field pea to zero tillage (ZT). The experimental design was a split plot with tillage system as the mainplot (ZT vs. conventional tillage (CT)) and crop species as the subplot. All crops received protection from insect, weed and disease pests. Tillage system had only a limited impact on crop dry matter accumulation or grain quality. Where differences were observed, crop performance was enhanced under ZT. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) was either reduced or unaffected by ZT, while ET efficiency (ETE: kg ha−1 mm−1 ET) was either increased or unchanged by the shift from CT to ZT. Higher ETE under ZT was attributed to less soil water evaporation. Significant tillage system × crop species (T × S) interactions for growth parameters, ET and ETE indicated that field pea often benefitted more than wheat or canola from ZT. A significant T × S interaction at one of the four sites indicated that water extraction between 30 and 90 cm was higher for pea and canola in the ZT compared with CT treatment, while soil water extraction by wheat was reduced under ZT. At a second site, lower ET for all three crops under ZT was attributed to reduced water use between 90 and 130 cm. Despite some effects of ZT on crop growth and water use, no significant tillage, T × S, or site × tillage interactions were observed for grain yield. It was concluded that under the conditions of this study (i.e. precipitation and temperature conditions close to the long-term average), Westar canola, Victoria field pea and Katepwa wheat were, for the most part, equally suited to ZT production. Key words: Soil water extraction, evapotranspiration efficiency, crop quality, grain yield, canopy development

Advances in precision agriculture in south-eastern Australia. III. Interactions between soil properties and water use help explain spatial variability of crop production in the Victorian Mallee

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 870 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Armstrong ◽  
J. Fitzpatrick ◽  
M. A. Rab ◽  
M. Abuzar ◽  
P. D. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Management Zones ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation

A major barrier to the adoption of precision agriculture in dryland cropping systems is our current inability to reliably predict spatial patterns of grain yield for future crops for a specific paddock. An experiment was undertaken to develop a better understanding of how edaphic and climatic factors interact to influence the spatial variation in the growth, water use, and grain yield of different crops in a single paddock so as to improve predictions of the likely spatial pattern of grain yields in future crops. Changes in a range of crop and soil properties were monitored over 3 consecutive seasons (barley in 2005 and 2007 and lentils in 2006) in the southern section of a 167-ha paddock in the Mallee region of Victoria, which had been classified into 3 different yield (low, moderate, and high) and seasonal variability (stable and variable) zones using normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and historic yield maps. The different management zones reflected marked differences in a range of soil properties including both texture in the topsoil and potential chemical-physical constraints in the subsoil (SSCs) to root growth and water use. Dry matter production, grain yield, and quality differed significantly between the yield zones but the relative difference between zones was reduced when supplementary irrigation was applied to barley in 2005, suggesting that some other factor, e.g. nitrogen (N), may have become limiting in that year. There was a strong relationship between crop growth and the use of soil water and nitrate across the management zones, with most water use by the crop occurring in the pre-anthesis/flowering period, but the nature of this relationship appeared to vary with year and/or crop type. In 2006, lentil yield was strongly related to crop establishment, which varied with soil texture and differences in plant-available water. In 2007 the presence of soil water following a good break to the season permitted root growth into the subsoil where there was evidence that SSCs may have adversely affected crop growth. Because of potential residual effects of one crop on another, e.g. through differential N supply and use, we conclude that the utility of the NDVI methodology for developing zone management maps could be improved by using historical records and data for a range of crop types rather than pooling data from a range of seasons.

Comparative forage yield, water use, and water use efficiency of alfalfa, crested wheatgrass and spring wheat in a semiarid climate in southern Saskatchewan

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Jefferson ◽  
Herb W. Cutforth
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Use Efficiency

Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L. Gaertn.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are introduced forage species used for hay and grazing by cattle across western Canada. These species are well adapted to the semiarid region but their long-term responses to water stress have not been previously compared. Two alfalfa cultivars with contrasting root morphology (tap-rooted vs. creeping-rooted) and two crested wheatgrass (CWG) cultivars with different ploidy level (diploid vs. tetraploid) were compared with continuously cropped spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for 6 yr at a semiarid location in western Canada. Soil water depletion, forage yield, water use efficiency, leaf water potential, osmotic potential and turgor were compared. There were no consistent differences between cultivars within alfalfa or CWG for variables measured. However, these two species exhibit different water stress response strategies. Leaf water potential of CWG was lower during midday stress period than that of alfalfa or wheat. Alfalfa apparently had greater capacity to osmotically adjust to avoid midday water stress and maintain higher turgor. Soil water use patterns changed as the stands aged. In the initial years of the trial, forage crops used soil water from upper layers of the profile. In later years, soil water was depleted down to 3 m by alfalfa and to 2 m by crested wheatgrass. Alfalfa was able to deplete soil water to lower concentrations than crested wheatgrass or wheat. Soil water depletion by wheat during the non-active growth season (after harvest to fall freeze-up) was much less than for CWG or alfalfa as expected for annual vs. perennial crops. As a result, more soil water was available to wheat during its active growth period. In the last 3 yr, the three species depleted all available soil water. Forage yield responses also changed over time. In the initial 3 yr, crested wheatgrass yielded as much as or more than alfalfa. For the last 3 yr of the experiment, alfalfa yielded more forage than crested wheatgrass. Forage crops deplete much more soil water during periods of aboveground growth dormancy than wheat. Water use efficiency of crested wheatgrass declined with stand age compared with fertilized continuous spring wheat. Alfalfa exhibited deep soil water extraction and apparent osmotic adjustment in response to water stress while CWG exhibited tolerance of low water potential during stress. Key words: forage yield, soil water, water potential, water use, water use efficiency, drought

Influence of row spacing on water use and yield of rain-fed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a no-till system with stubble retention

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. L. Kleemann ◽  
G. S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Use Efficiency

A 3-year field study was undertaken to investigate the effect of row spacing on vegetative growth, grain yield and water-use efficiency of wheat. All 3 years of the study experienced 21–51% below-average rainfall for the growing season. Widening row spacing led to reduced biomass and tillers on per plant basis which could be related to the reduction in light interception by the wheat canopy in the wide rows which in turn could have reduced assimilate production. Reduction in vegetative growth in 54-cm rows translated into a significant reduction in grain yield which was strongly associated (r2 = 0.71) with the loss of spike density. The pattern of crop water use (evapotranspiration, ET) during the growing season was very similar for the three row-spacing treatments. However, there was some evidence for slightly lower ET (~5%) in 54-cm rows in two growing seasons. More importantly, there was no evidence for increased ET during the post-anthesis phase in wide rows as has been speculated by some researchers. Over the 3 years of the study, grain yield declined by 5–8% as row spacing increased from 18 to 36 cm and by a further 12–20% as row spacing increased from 36 to 54 cm. There was a consistent decline in water-use efficiency for grain (WUEG) with increasing row spacing over the 3 years. WUEG declined by 6–11% as crop spacing increased from 18 to 36 cm and declined further by 12–15% as row spacing increased to 54 cm. Lower light interception at wider row spacing could have reduced assimilate production by wheat as well as increased soil evaporation due to lower shading of the soil surface in more open canopies. Growers adopting wider row spacing on these relatively heavy textured soils are likely to experience some reduction in grain yield and WUEG. However, some growers may be prepared to accept a small yield penalty from intermediate row spacing as a trade-off for increased stubble retention and soil health.

scholarly journals Effect of Canopy Structure on Water Use of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) During Post-Anthesis Stage

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
Özgür Tatar ◽  
Uğur Çakaloğullari ◽  
Gülden Deniz Ateş Atasoy ◽  
Deniz Iştipliler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Soil Water Status ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Spike Number

AbstractWheat, being the main crop in Mediterranean type environments, is grown during winter under rainfed conditions and its yield potential is mostly affected by the amount and distribution of rain. This study is conducted at experimental fields of Ege University, Department of Field Crops in Izmir-Bornova which is characterized as Mediterranean type climate conditions during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing season. Totally 9 canopy structures were generated by different row and line distances. Plant height, total dry weight, tiller number, harvest index, spike number, grain number per spike, thousand grain weight and grain yield were determined after harvest time while digital leaf area index and soil moisture contents were monitoring during specific growth periods to evaluate changes in soil water status by different canopy closer. Increasing in sowing density by different row and in-line distance reduced tiller and spike number per plant. On the other hand, grain number per spike and thousand grain weights were significantly affected by in-line distance instead of row distance. Higher grain yield were obtained from 20x1 cm treatments. Canopy cover speed determined using with digital imaging was not remarkable correlated (r=0.06) with soil moisture content during post-anthesis stage of wheat when higher rain amount is recorded in 2012. However, there was a significant negative correlation (r=0.51) between canopy cover speed and soil water status during post-anthesis stage when the rain amount is limited in 2013. We may suggest that rapid canopy cover lead to negative effect on soil water status via higher transpiration if the rain is limited during post-anthesis stage of wheat.

scholarly journals Growth, Yield, and Water Use Responses of Peach to Repeated Root Pruning in a Sub-humid Climate

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-546
Author(s):  
D.M. Glenn ◽  
S.S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Root Pruning

The objectives of this 7-year study were to determine the effect of repeated root pruning and irrigation on peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) tree growth and soil water use. Root pruning began in the year of planting. Peach trees trained to a freestanding “Y” were root-pruned at flowering for 4 years (1985 to 1988) and subsequently at flowering and monthly through July for 3 years (1989 to 1991). Irrigation was withheld or applied the full season or only during stage 3 of fruit growth on root-pruned and non-root-pruned trees. Root pruning limited soil water availability throughout most of the growing season when irrigation was withheld; however, when irrigation was applied, there was no difference in soil water availability. The root length density of peach roots was greatest in the 0 to 30-cm depth, was promoted by irrigation, and was reduced by root pruning in the 0 to 90-cm root zone. Full-season irrigation increased vegetative growth over the nonirrigated treatments. Root pruning had no effect on vegetative growth measured as fresh pruned material. The treatments had no effect on leaf nutrient content, except that root pruning reduced Zn in five consecutive years. Fruit yield was reduced 1 in 5 years by root pruning, and full-season irrigation reduced yield in 3 of 5 years. Repeated root pruning restricted the lateral spread of the root zone and the use of soil resources, yet on the deep soil of this site, restricting the lateral extent of the root zone did not reduce vegetative tree growth.

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