scholarly journals Disease Severity, Resistance Analysis, and Expression Profiling of Pathogenesis-Related Protein Genes after the Inoculation of Fusarium equiseti in Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2124
Author(s):  
Hakim Manghwar ◽  
Amjad Hussain ◽  
Qurban Ali ◽  
Muhammad Hamzah Saleem ◽  
Muyassar H. Abualreesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Fusarium Equiseti ◽  
Resistance Analysis ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is an important cereal crop, grown throughout the temperate and in some tropical and sub-tropical zones, at higher elevations. Several biotic and abiotic factors influence the production of wheat. In the present study, two wheat varieties have been subjected to disease severity and resistance analysis against Fusarium equiseti. Disease severity analysis revealed Shafaq-2006 to be more resistant than Sahar-2006. Both varieties were further subjected to the expression analysis of six important defense-related genes by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. This analysis revealed that PR-1, TLP, Chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase genes were highly expressed in Shafaq-2006 and possibly play a significant role in its defense mechanism. In addition, biochemical and physiochemical parameters were also studied to further explore the difference between resistant and susceptible varieties. With total proline and protein contents, sugar and chlorophyll contents also increased significantly in resistant variety. Likewise, higher relative water content, total plant length, and the high root–shoot ratio was observed in resistant plants, compared to susceptible wheat plants. These increases in chemical and physiological parameters might be related to the activation of the defense mechanism due to the higher expression of PR genes in the resistant wheat variety. These genes can further be employed for cloning into wheat and other transgenic crops to develop resistance against F. equiseti.

scholarly journals Model of integrated resistant variety spring wheat for soil-climatic conditions of the Kurgan region

2021 ◽  
Vol 845 (1) ◽  
pp. 012059
Author(s):  
VV Evseev ◽  
I N Mikolaychik ◽  
L A Morozova
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Research Institute

Abstract In the conditions of resource-saving or “zero” soil cultivation, when a mass of plant residues remains on the surface of the field, the phytosanitary situation for many leaf diseases of wheat, the primary infection of which hibernates on straw, as well as root rot, has become extremely aggravated. The complication of the phytosanitary situation, especially concerning septoria and pyrenoforosis, was also facilitated by the predominantly chemical strategy of plant protection. In this situation, the selection of wheat varieties for complex resistance to leading pathogens and unfavorable environmental factors acquires relevance. The introduction of new resistant varieties into the agroecosystem allows for a change in biological diversity, expansion of the ecological niche of antagonists, and the prevalence of the stabilizing type of natural selection in pathogen populations. In this regard, the work aimed to develop a conceptual model (idiotype) of a complex resistant wheat variety to the main pathogens with traits that are responsible for optimizing the relationship of plants with pests. The main objectives of the study were to identify the immunogenetic mechanisms of local spring wheat varieties that reduce the biotic potential of harmful organisms. and restraining the rate of their adaptive population variability; development of a conceptual model of a comprehensively resistant variety and methods for selecting resistant forms of plants. For the first time, an assessment of all immunogenetic barriers can effectively and long-term protect plants from the effects of infectious and non-infectious agents. unfavorable abiotic environmental factors, as well as the analysis of the information available in the scientific literature on the mechanisms and parameters of plant resistance, a conceptual model of a variety of soft spring wheat, was developed for the conditions of the Southern Trans-Urals with resistance to a complex of phytopathogenic fungi and moisture deficit. resistance should be focused primarily on pyramiding a block of resistance genes (polygenes) with the use of appropriate techniques, on the formation of complex resistance to stressors of different childbirth. Such models have no analogs since research in this direction in regional research institutes (Kurgan Research Institute of Agriculture, Chelyabinsk Research Institute of Agriculture, etc.) has not previously been carried out.

Drought tolerance in cereals in terms of water retention, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szilvia Bencze ◽  
Zsuzsanna Bamberger ◽  
Tibor Janda ◽  
Krisztina Balla ◽  
Zoltán Bedő ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Wheat Varieties

AbstractExperiments were carried out on three bread wheat varieties, one barley and one durum wheat variety grown in pots in the phytotron and subjected to water withdrawal for 7 days during grain-filling. Leaf water loss, net assimilation rate and transpiration showed marked differences, allowing the genotypes to be ranked. Although the most resistant variety had the highest activity for ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), which did not rise further in response to drought and the most susceptible variety had the lowest values, which increased to the greatest extent under drought, the level of sensitivity could not be predicted for all the genotypes from the enzyme activity values alone. The largest increases were recorded for the APX, CAT and GR activities. In most genotypes the GR activity was correlated with that of GST, CAT and APX. Changes in the enzyme activities were observed after a decline in transpiration and photosynthesis. The range of soil moisture values over which the antioxidant enzyme activity levels remained relatively unchanged was a better indication of tolerance to drought than either basic or stress-induced activity levels.

Identification of Two New Loci for Adult Plant Resistance to Leaf Rust and Stripe Rust in the Chinese Wheat Variety ‘Neimai 836’

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwei Zhou ◽  
Ravi P. Singh ◽  
Yong Ren ◽  
Bin Bai ◽  
Zhikang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Snp Array ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Wheat Varieties

The characterization of leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina) and stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) resistance genes is the basis for breeding resistant wheat varieties and managing epidemics of these diseases in wheat. A cross between the susceptible wheat variety ‘Apav#1’ and resistant variety ‘Neimai 836’ was used to develop a mapping population containing 148 F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Leaf rust phenotyping was done in field trials at Ciudad Obregón, Mexico in 2017 and 2018, and stripe rust data were generated at Toluca, Mexico in 2017 and in Mianyang, Ezhou, and Gansu, China in 2019. Inclusive complete interval mapping (ICIM) was used to create a genetic map and identify significant resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) with 2,350 polymorphic markers from a 15K wheat single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and simple-sequence repeats (SSRs). The pleiotropic multi-pathogen resistance gene Lr46/Yr29 and four QTL were identified, including two new loci, QLr.hzau-3BL and QYr.hzau-5AL, which explained 3-16% of the phenotypic variation in resistance to leaf rust and 7-14% of that to stripe rust. The flanking SNP markers for the two loci were converted to Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers and used to genotype a collection of 153 wheat lines, indicating the Chinese origin of the loci. Our results suggest that Neimai 836, which has been used as a parent for many wheat varieties in China, could be a useful source of high level resistance to both leaf rust and stripe rust.

scholarly journals Zinc phosphate protects tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Quaglia ◽  
Marika Bocchini ◽  
Benedetta Orfei ◽  
Roberto D’Amato ◽  
Franco Famiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Zinc Phosphate ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
Plant Defence Responses

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether zinc phosphate treatments of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) can attenuate bacterial speck disease severity through reduction of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) growth in planta and induce morphological and biochemical plant defence responses. Tomato plants were treated with 10 ppm (25.90 µM) zinc phosphate and then spray inoculated with strain DAPP-PG 215, race 0 of Pst. Disease symptoms were recorded as chlorosis and/or necrosis per leaf (%) and as numbers of necrotic spots. Soil treatments with zinc phosphate protected susceptible tomato plants against Pst, with reductions in both disease severity and pathogen growth in planta. The reduction of Pst growth in planta combined with significantly higher zinc levels in zinc-phosphate-treated plants indicated direct antimicrobial toxicity of this microelement, as also confirmed by in vitro assays. Morphological (i.e. callose apposition) and biochemical (i.e., expression of salicylic-acid-dependent pathogenesis-related protein PR1b1 gene) defence responses were induced by the zinc phosphate treatment, as demonstrated by histochemical and qPCR analyses, respectively. In conclusion, soil treatments with zinc phosphate can protect tomato plants against Pst attacks through direct antimicrobial activity and induction of morphological and biochemical plant defence responses.

scholarly journals The Effects of Plant Breeders’ Rights on Wheat Productivity and Varietal Improvement in South African Agriculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3378
Author(s):  
Charity Ruramai Nhemachena ◽  
Johann F. Kirsten ◽  
Binganidzo Muchara
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
South African ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Varietal Improvement ◽  
African Agriculture ◽  
Protection Index ◽  
Plant Breeders Rights

The strengthening of the intellectual property rights (IPRs) for plant varieties provide incentives for breeding companies to invest more resources in plant breeding. The main objective of this paper was to analyze the effects of strengthening the wheat variety intellectual protection on wheat productivity and the release of new varieties. The strength of IPR systems was measured using an intellectual property (IP) protection index, and plant breeders’ rights (PBRs) granted for wheat varieties. The empirical analyses were based on correlation and multiple regression analyses. The results showed that strengthening IPR systems in South Africa contribute to improving wheat productivity and increasing the number of wheat varieties released. Furthermore, although the robust coefficients of the other IPR variables are positive, they are statistically insignificant for all scenarios. There is a need for more incentives beyond granting PBRs and strengthening of IPR systems to be provided in the whole wheat sector to stimulate increased investments and the release of new varieties.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis of Blueberry Leaves as Affected by Septoria Leaf Spot and Abiotic Leaf Damage

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Roloff ◽  
H. Scherm ◽  
M. W. van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Virtual Lesion ◽  
Septoria Leaf Spot

Leaf spots caused by fungal pathogens or abiotic factors can be prevalent on southern blueberries after harvest during the summer and fall, yet little is known about how they affect physiological processes that determine yield potential for the following year. In this study, we measured CO2 assimilation and leaf conductance on field-grown blueberry plants affected by Septoria leaf spot (caused by Septoria albopunctata) or by edema-like abiotic leaf blotching. Net assimilation rate (NAR) on healthy leaves varied between 6.9 and 12.4 μmol m-2 s-1 across cultivars and measurement dates. Infection by S. albopunctata had a significant negative effect on photosynthesis, with NAR decreasing exponentially as disease severity increased (R2 ≥0.726, P < 0.0001). NAR was reduced by approximately one-half at 20% disease severity, and values approached zero for leaves with >50% necrotic leaf area. There was a positive, linear correlation between NAR and leaf conductance (R2 ≥ 0.622, P < 0.0001), suggesting that the disease may have reduced photosynthesis via decreased CO2 diffusion into affected leaves. Estimates of virtual lesion size associated with infection by S. albopunctata ranged from 2.8 to 3.1, indicating that the leaf area in which photosynthesis was impaired was about three times as large as the area covered by necrosis. For leaves afflicted by edema-like damage, there also was a significant negative relationship between NAR and affected leaf area, but the scatter about the regression was more pronounced than in the NAR-disease severity relationships for S. albopunctata (R2 = 0.548, P < 0.0001). No significant correlation was observed between leaf conductance and affected area on these leaves (P = 0.145), and the virtual lesion size associated with abiotic damage was significantly smaller than that caused by S. albopunctata. Adequate carbohydrate supply during the fall is critical for optimal flower bud set in blueberry; therefore, these results document the potential for marked yield losses due to biotic and abiotic leaf spots.

scholarly journals Socio-economic assessment of wheat variety Shatabdi in some selected areas of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
M Elahi Baksh ◽  
Md Jahangir Kabir ◽  
Kalpona Kispatta
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Farmer Selection ◽  
Yield Difference

 The survey was conducted in two villages under Dinajpur and Thakurgaon Districts during March 2004 to assess the socioeconomic aspects of Shatabdi wheat variety adoption at farm level. Stratified random sampling technique was followed for farmer selection. All categories of farmers expected wheat varieties having high yielding potentialities with less disease and pest infestation, more heat tolerant, and bold grain with golden colour. New wheat variety Shatabdi is able to meet the maximum expected characters. Old variety Kanchan was more disease susceptible and new one was free from disease. A significant yield difference was found between new and old verities (Shatabdi yielded 3l% to 43% higher compared to Kanchan over the locations and farmers group). Gross margin (return over variable cost) of Shatabdi also higher compared to Kanchan. By cultivating new variety, farmers earned additional gross margin of Tk. 6446 to Tk. 8353 per hectare in Jagdal and Tk. 6097 to Tk. 9314 per hectare in Daulatpur over Kanchan. Cent percent farmers over the locations said that their income was increased by cultivating Shatabdi compared to old variety Kanchan. The non-adopter farmers wanted new variety seeds. All groups of farmers wanted training/video show for up-dating their technical know how. Key Words: New vs old varieties; profitability level; farmers' adoption. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i2.5792Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(2): 215-226, June 2009

scholarly journals Genotypic variability for salt stress tolerance among wild and cultivated wheat germplasms at an early development stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-380
Author(s):  
Imen Klay ◽  
Leila Riahi ◽  
Hajer Slim Amara ◽  
Abderrazak Daaloul
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
The Common ◽  
Photosynthetic Traits

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the variability of salt tolerance potentials among nine wheat genotypes representing wild and cultivated species namely Triticum turgidum subsp. durum, Triticum aestivum and Aegilops geniculata. Ionomic and photosynthetic traits were used for the screening of the studied samples when faced with four salinity levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) under green house conditions at the seedling stage. The investigated genotypes exhibited different levels of salt stress tolerance. Ionomic and photosynthetic traits underline the distinctiveness of the common wheat varieties which highlighted particular performances under salt stress conditions and showed higher tolerance potentials among the studied genotypes. Interestingly, the Vaga variety showed more ability to maintain higher K+/Na+ ratios and Pq coefficients compared with the control conditions and stable Fv/F0 and Fv/Fm ratios. Stable behaviour was exhibited by wild Aegilops accessions while durum wheat varieties have been shown to be more sensitive to salt stress. Further investigations were required for the common wheat variety Vaga, which could be useful for successful breeding and biotechnological improvement strategies concerning wheat species.

scholarly journals Germplasm Evaluation of Tomato for Resistance to the Emerging Wilt Pathogen Fusarium Equiseti

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Asma Akbar ◽  
Shaukat Hussain ◽  
Gul Shad Ali
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Fusarium Equiseti ◽  
Tomato Variety ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Genetic Pool

Fusarium wilt caused by different Fusarium species is a devastating disease causes heavy loss to tomato plantation worldwide. In this study 13 tomato varieties were screened against F. equiseti to explore the resistance potential of the varieties against the disease. Out of 13 varieties only 2 varieties Roma and Hybrid showed resistance to the disease, while the other 69% were highly susceptible. Based on cluster analysis for genetic diversity it was reported that susceptible varieties are only 8% genetically different and share same genetic pool. We reported that the wild species of tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium (Sp- 2093) showed complete immunity and were remain unaffected having 25% genetic difference with other varieties tested. Thus wild tomato species may provide the source of resistance required to develop resistant variety against the emerging wilt pathogen F. equiseti. The data regarding virluence structure and resisatnt variety that is presented in this study will suport more focused efforts in the management of tomato wilt caused by Fusarium species and that resistant features of wild tomato variety Sp-2093, could be accumulated with other desirable characteristics of different germplasm in one cultivar, which will reduce the chances for new virulent species to evolve.

The effects of wheat variety, dietary heat treatment and enzyme inclusion on digestibility parameters for growing pigs

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 165-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. Lewis ◽  
M.E.E. McCann ◽  
H. Schulze ◽  
J. McEvoy ◽  
K.J McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Soyabean Meal

Thermal processing is carried out on commercial diets primarily to kill bacteria and reduce mould growth, although additional benefits have been shown such as an inactivation of trypsin inhibitors present in soyabean meal (McNaughton and Reece, 1980). However, heat treatment if too severe can produce negative effects, such as reduced apparent digestibility and increased viscosity of gut contents in broilers, an effect reversed by the addition of enzymes (McCracken et al, 1993). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of heat treatment during diet preparation on ileal and overall apparent digestibility of diets for growing pigs, made from two wheat varieties of different in vitro viscosity (8.8 vs 20.8 cps) with and without the addition of feed enzyme.

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