Pathogenicity of Cordyceps javanica (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) to Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Adults, with Ultrastructural Observations on the Fungal Infection Process

Entomopathogenic fungi are proposed biological control agents against the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri). We quantified the pathogenicity of Cordyceps javanica strain Apopka 97 strain (Cja Apopka 97) (blastospores and conidia) against D. citri using the spray technique. We also used light and scanning electron microscopy to observe the Cja Apopka 97, infection process against D. citri adults at different stages pre- and post-mortem. Our findings demonstrated that psyllid mortality in the blastospore treatment ranged from 8 to 25% within 24–48 h of exposure, compared to 0% in the conidial and control treatments. However, psyllid mortality rate had reached 100% by 7 days after exposure at a concentration of 107 spores/mL, under both fungal treatments compared to the controls (0%). SEM and light microscopy revealed several stages in in the Cja Apopka 97 infection process of D. citri, including spore adherence and germ tube formation within 24 h post-inoculation, penetration pegs and mycelia growth on wings after 72 h, rupturing of cuticle after 96 h and mycelial mass colonizing host body after 144 h. Our study findings provide basic information on the interaction of entomopathogenic fungi with D. citri which will assist in the understanding of the infection process and the potential roles of entomopathogenic fungi in its management.

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PSIX-1 Altering dietary fiber components mitigates severity of Brachyspira hyodysentariae challenge

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.336 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 190-191

Author(s):

Emma T Helm ◽

Nicholas Gabler ◽

Eric R Burrough

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Potato Starch ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Pig Performance ◽

Swine Herds ◽

And Control

Abstract Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) has recently become more prevalent in swine herds, renewing research interest regarding dietary mitigation strategies. It has been reported that insoluble dietary fiber such as DDGS influences Bhyo colonization leading to more rapid disease development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if replacement of insoluble (20% DDGS) with soluble and highly fermentable [sugar beet pulp (BP) and resistant potato starch (RS)] fiber would reduce Bhyo disease expression. At total of 38 pigs (40.9 ± 5.0 kg BW) were selected, confirmed negative for Bhyo, and allocated to dietary treatment groups (13 pigs/trt): 1) Control consisting of 20% DDGS, no BP or RS (0%), 2) 10% DDGS, 5% BP and 5% RS (5%), or 3) 0% DDGS, 10% BP, 10% RS (10%). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Diets were fed for 14 days pre-challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0, all pigs were inoculated with Bhyo. Pigs and feeders were weighed weekly for 28 dpi. Overall, ADG was greater in both 5% (0.85 kg/d) and 10% (1.18 kg/d) pigs compared with 0% pigs (0.63 kg/d; P=0.004). The 10% pigs (2.46 kg/d) had greater ADFI compared with the 0% pigs (1.84 kg/d; P=0.024), 5% pigs being intermediate (2.20 kg/d). The 10% pigs also had greater G:F compared with both the 0% and 5% pigs (P< 0.001). In terms of clinical disease presentation, 11/13 0% pigs developed clinical SD compared with 6/13 5% pigs and only 2/13 10% pigs (P=0.002). In conclusion, while not completely protective, reducing insoluble dietary fiber via replacement with soluble and fermentable BP and RS reduced clinical SD and improved pig performance during a 28-day Bhyo challenge. These data suggest such dietary manipulation may reduce usage of antibiotics in SD treatment and control.

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Susceptibility of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and Its Parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to Entomopathogenic Fungi under Laboratory Conditions

Neotropical Entomology ◽

10.1007/s13744-017-0539-6 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 131-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

K. H. Ibarra-Cortés ◽

A W Guzmán-Franco ◽

H. González-Hernández ◽

L. D. Ortega-Arenas ◽

J. A. Villanueva-Jiménez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽

Diaphorina Citri ◽

Laboratory Conditions

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Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet: Distribution in Serbia and Montenegro, significance and control

Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta ◽

10.2298/gsf0898107k ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 107-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dragan Karadzic ◽

Slobodan Milanovic

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Infection Process ◽

Serbia And Montenegro ◽

Copper Fungicides ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Conifer Plantations ◽

And Control

Fungus G. abietina is one of the most dangerous pathogenic fungi occurring in conifer plantations and Pinus species are especially at risk. Among pines, the most susceptible species is Austrian pine, and particularly endangered plantations are between 8 and 25 years of age. This fungus was found in Serbia and Montenegro on Austrian pine, Scots pine and spruce, but it was only in mountainous regions (Kopaonik, Vlasina, Goc, Durmitor). G. abietina forms both stages (anamorph and teleomorph) in its development. The imperfect form is far more significant for the infection process, i.e. the pycnidial stage and generally all infections are caused by conidia (pycnospores). Apothecia will be formed on the bark only two years after tree dying. In the severely infected plantations, all dead trees should be felled and removed, and the remaining trees should be treated with copper fungicides.

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Effect of Mineral Oil on Host Selection and Control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psillidae) on Citrus

Journal of Citrus Pathology ◽

10.5070/c411025084 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. P. Miranda ◽

M. L. Micelli ◽

M. R. Felippe ◽

R. E. Caldeira ◽

P. T. Yamamoto

Keyword(s):

Host Selection ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Diaphorina Citri ◽

And Control

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Entomopathogenic fungi on the control of Sphenophorus levis in sugarcane crop

Scientia Agraria Paranaensis ◽

10.18188/sap.v19i3.24426 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 280-288

Author(s):

Fernando Belezini Vinha ◽

Luis Arnaldo de Assis Delfanti ◽

Victor Dias Pagliarani ◽

Vitor Sartori Ferreira ◽

Alexandre De Sene Pinto

Keyword(s):

Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽

Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽

Pest Population ◽

Sugarcane Crop ◽

The World ◽

Wettable Powder ◽

Sphenophorus Levis ◽

Application Methods ◽

And Control ◽

Plot Design

Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane crop in the world,but its production can be highly affected by the pest Sphenophorus levis. The entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana can be used for the control of this pest, but are not always effective in the field, lacking information on application methods, doses and formulations. We evaluate the efficacy of M. anisopliae IBCB 425 and B.bassiana IBCB 66 in controlling S. levis and other soil pests at sugarcane crop. The bioassay was conducted in a split plot design, where each of the 4 treatments were repeated 5 times and distributed over an area of 5.000 m2. The treatments for both fungi consisted of: Wettable powder (WP) formulation 225 g conidia ha-1, WP formulation 450 g conidia ha-1, granule (GR) formulation 10 Kg ha-1 and Control (no fungal application). WP fungi formulations were applied to the ratoon with a tractor using a ratoon cutter and an pesticide applicator. The GR fungi formulation was manually applied on the ratoons. The evaluations were performed after 21, 60 and 100 days of fungi application. B. Bassiana fungus reduced the pest population but did not differ from the control, however for M. Anisopliae fungus there were significant differences between treatments on damaged stems. The fungus M. anisopliae was effective in controlling S. levis larvae and adults in the field and WP formulation had faster action than the GR, the dose of 225 g conidia ha-1 was enought to reduce S. levis population.

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Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Defense Response of Wheat against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep34261 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yuheng Yang ◽

Yang Yu ◽

Chaowei Bi ◽

Zhensheng Kang

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Proteomics ◽

Rna Binding ◽

Rna Binding Proteins ◽

Puccinia Striiformis ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Control Groups ◽

Stimulus Response ◽

Wheat Gene ◽

Related Proteins ◽

And Control

Abstract Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is considered one of the most aggressive diseases to wheat production. In this study, we used an iTRAQ-based approach for the quantitative proteomic comparison of the incompatible Pst race CYR23 in infected and non-infected leaves of the wheat cultivar Suwon11. A total of 3,475 unique proteins were identified from three key stages of interaction (12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation) and control groups. Quantitative analysis showed that 530 proteins were differentially accumulated by Pst infection (fold changes >1.5, p < 0.05). Among these proteins, 10.54% was classified as involved in the immune system process and stimulus response. Intriguingly, bioinformatics analysis revealed that a set of reactive oxygen species metabolism-related proteins, peptidyl–prolyl cis–trans isomerases (PPIases), RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), and chaperonins was involved in the response to Pst infection. Our results were the first to show that PPIases, RBPs, and chaperonins participated in the regulation of the immune response in wheat and even in plants. This study aimed to provide novel routes to reveal wheat gene functionality and better understand the early events in wheat–Pst incompatible interactions.

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Epidemiological characteristics of uropatogenic isolates of Escherichia coli in hospitals

Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics ◽

10.51620/0869-2084-2021-66-4-248-256 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 248-256

Author(s):

M. V. Kuznetsova ◽

J. S. Gizatullina

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care ◽

Infection Process ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Medical Facilities ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

N 93 ◽

Tract Infections ◽

And Control ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

The aim of the study was to evaluate the genetic affinity of uropathogenic E. coli cultures (UPEC) and to identify the major types of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) found among nosocomial isolates. A molecular typing of UPEC (n=93) isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) who were hospitalised in nine medical facilities (MO) in Perm was performed. It was found that 69.89% of the cultures had individual RAPD/ERIC profiles, the remaining 30.10% were distributed among 13 genome groups. Most frequently blaCTX-M-1 was detected individually or in combination with other beta-lactamase genes (n=23, 79.31% of ESBL phenotype-positive isolates), genes were detected in seventeen cases (58.62%) blaTEM and/or blaOXA, the blaCMY fragment was found in only three isolates (10.34%), blaSHV was missing in this isolates. It was shown that in two thirds of the cases the pathogens of the infection process are representatives of the endogenous intestinal microbiota of the patients, in other cases an exogenous infection occurs. The proportion of “circulating” (possibly hospital) isolates in the spectrum of UTI increased in the series: therapy departments - surgery departments - intensive care units. In addition, in multidisciplinary hospitals there are conditions for cross-infections of patients, but the epidemiological chains of episodes of UTI are short and concise. It has been shown that the probability of infection with E. coli producing CTX-M or OXA enzymes is significantly higher in the intensive care unit than in surgery or therapy departments. The data obtained complement the understanding of the epidemiology of UTI caused by E. coli and can be used as an aid in the planning and implementation of methods for the prevention and control of nosocomial UTI.

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DARC Regulates Angiogenesis by Mediating Vascular Endothelial Cell Migration

10.21203/rs.3.rs-115340/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaolin Wang ◽

Yongqian Bian ◽

Yuejun Li ◽

Jing Li ◽

Congying Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Migration ◽

Endothelial Cell ◽

Vascular Endothelial Cell ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Endothelial Cell Migration ◽

Immunofluorescent Staining ◽

Control Group ◽

Rhoa Activation ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: DARC (The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines) is a kind of glycosylated membrane protein that binds to members of the CXC chemokine family associated with angiogenesis and has recently been reported to be implicated in diverse normal physiologic processes. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of DARC in angiogenesis, which is known to generate new capillary blood vessels from preexisting ones. Methods: HDMECs (Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells) were divided into two groups (DARC overexpression group, and control group). We used Brdu staining to detect cell proliferation, and wound healing assay to detect cell migration. Then tube formation assay were observed. Also, western blot and immunofluorescent staining were used to estimate the relationship between DARC and RhoA (Ras homolog gene family, member A). Results: HDMECs proliferation, migration, and tube formation were inhibited significantly when DARC was overexpressed intracellular. DARC impaired microfilament dynamics and intercellular connection in migrating cells, and RhoA activation underlay the effect of DARC on endothelial cell. Furthermore, DARC inhibited the formation of new capillaries in vitro. Conclusion: Our ﬁndings revealed the role of DARC in the angiogenic process and provided a novel mechanism for RhoA activation during endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis.

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Is the Insect Cuticle the only Entry Gate for Fungal Infection? Insights into Alternative Modes of Action of Entomopathogenic Fungi

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof5020033 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M. Constanza Mannino ◽

Carla Huarte-Bonnet ◽

Belén Davyt-Colo ◽

Nicolás Pedrini

Keyword(s):

Fungal Infection ◽

Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Infection Process ◽

Integral Approach ◽

Full Potential ◽

Sequencing Technologies ◽

Information Gap ◽

Infection Processes ◽

Fungal Genes

Entomopathogenic fungi are the only insect pathogens able to infect their host by adhesion to the surface and penetration through the cuticle. Although the possibility of fungal infection per os was described almost a century ago, there is an information gap of several decades regarding this topic, which was poorly explored due to the continuous elucidation of cuticular infection processes that lead to insect death by mycosis. Recently, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the genomes of the main entomopathogenic fungi became available, and many fungal genes potentially useful for oral infection were described. Among the entomopathogenic Hypocreales that have been sequenced, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Cordycipitaceae) is the main candidate to explore this pathway since it has a major number of shared genes with other non-fungal pathogens that infect orally, such as Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae). This finding gives B. bassiana a potential advantage over other entomopathogenic fungi: the possibility to infect through both routes, oral and cuticular. In this review, we explore all known entry gates for entomopathogenic fungi, with emphasis on the infection per os. We also set out the fungal infection process in a more integral approach, as a need to exploit its full potential for insect control, considering all of its virulence factors and the conditions needed to improve its virulence against insect that might offer some resistance to the common infection through the cuticle.

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