scholarly journals Weather During Key Growth Stages Explains Grain Quality and Yield of Maize

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie J. Butts-Wilmsmeyer ◽  
Juliann R. Seebauer ◽  
Lee Singleton ◽  
Frederick E. Below
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Compositional Quality ◽  
Large Geographical Region

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield and compositional quality are interrelated and are highly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, total precipitation, and soil water storage. Our aim was to develop a regression model to account for this relationship among grain yield and compositional quality traits across a large geographical region. Three key growth periods were used to develop algorithms based on the week of emergence, the week of 50% silking, and the week of maturity that enabled collection and modeling of the effect of weather and climatic variables across the major maize growing region of the United States. Principal component analysis (PCA), stepwise linear regression models, and hierarchical clustering analyses were used to evaluate the multivariate relationship between weather, grain quality, and yield. Two PCAs were found that could identify superior grain compositional quality as a result of ideal environmental factors as opposed to low-yielding conditions. Above-average grain protein and oil levels were favored by less nitrogen leaching during early vegetative growth and higher temperatures at flowering, while greater oil than protein concentrations resulted from lower temperatures during flowering and grain fill. Water availability during flowering and grain fill was highly explanatory of grain yield and compositional quality.

Management of fertiliser nitrogen in dry-seeded, delayed-flood rice

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Bollich ◽  
CW Lindau ◽  
RJ Norman
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Ratoon Crop ◽  
Plant Accumulation ◽  
15N Urea

Approaches taken in management of fertiliser nitrogen (N) in dry-seeded, delayed-flood rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the United States of America vary considerably. A 2-year study was conducted in Louisiana to evaluate N fertiliser efficiency and accumulation when applied in single or multiple applications. The cultivars Lemont and Tebonnet, representing semi-dwarf and conventional tall plant types, respectively, were grown on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs soil). Urea N was applied using 1 of 3 strategies: in a single (1-way) preflood (PF) application of 134 kg Nlha; in a 2-way split consisting of 100 kg N/ha PF and 34 kg N/ha at panicle initiation (PI); or in a 3-way split consisting of 66 kg N/ha PF, 34 kg N/ha at PI, and 34 kg N/ha at panicle differentiation. Microplots were established within each whole plot and fertilised with 2 atom% 15N urea. Fertiliser N application time had no influence on plant accumulation of 15N urea or biomass production. Plant accumulation of 15N urea was significant across year and cultivar. Tebonnet accumulated more 15N urea than Lemont. Accumulation was also significantly higher in 1992. Method of application of fertiliser N significantly affected grain yields. The highest average grain yield of 7905 kg/ha occurred with a single PF application. Yields were reduced by 378 kg/ha with a 2-way split application and by 1074 kg/ha with a 3-way split application. Method of application of main crop fertiliser N had no effect on ratoon crop yields. Total grain yield (main + ratoon) was significantly reduced with the 3-way split. This study demonstrates the importance of supplying adequate N to the rice plant before permanent flood establishment. It also suggests that midseason N applied at specific growth stages is less efficiently utilised, especially when insufficient N is applied at PF.

scholarly journals Effect of Various Sources of Zinc and Iron on Grain Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Quality Parameters of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
E. Ajay Kumar ◽  
K. Surekha ◽  
K. Bhanu Rekha ◽  
S. Harish Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Growth Stages

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2018 at College Farm, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU to evaluate the effect of various sources of zinc and iron on grain yield, nutrient uptake and grain quality parameters of finger millet. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 14 treatments and replicated thrice.The results revealed that application of different Zinc and iron sources at different rates significantly influenced the grain yield, nutrient (N, P and K) uptake and grain quality parameters (protein and calcium content) of finger millet. Highest grain yield (3653 kg ha-1), protein (11.25%) and calcium content (2.33%) in grain were obtained in the treatment receiving RDF + foliar application of FeSO4 @ 0.5% twice at 30 and 60 DAS which was on par with treatment receiving RDF + foliar application of Fe-humate twice at 30 and 60 DAS (3612 kg ha-1, 10.90% and 2.0%) and the lowest grain yield (1995 kg ha-1), (6.25%) and calcium content (1.10%) were recorded with application of RDF alone. The nutrient uptake (N, P, K and Fe) at all the crop growth stages was significantly higher with the treatment receiving RDF (60:40:30 kg N,P2O5 and K2O kg ha-1) + foliar application of FeSO4 @ 0.5% twice at 30 and 60 DAS which was on par with treatment receiving RDF+ foliar application of Fe-humate twice at 30 and 60 DAS. Highest iron uptake was recorded in treatment receiving RDF+foliar application of FeSO4 @ 0.5% twice at 30 and 60 DAS which was on par with T8, T14 treatments.The highest nutrient uptake of Zinc was obtained in treatment receiving RDF + Zn Humate foliar spray @ 0.25% twice at 30 and 60 days after sowing which was on par with treatment receiving RDF + Zn Humate soil  application. Contrary to the grain yield, nutrient uptake, protein and calcium content there were no significant differences between treatments with respect to Zn, Fe and carbohydrate content in grain.

scholarly journals Performance of Sorghum Recombinant Inbred Lines (RIL) developed for rain-fed areas of Sudan

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-406
Author(s):  
El Hassan ◽  
Yasir Gamar ◽  
Ibrahim Elzein ◽  
Asma Ali ◽  
Tareg Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Wide Range

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) is the most widely produced and consumed cereal crop in Sudan. However, productivity is low since the crop is produced in favorable and unfavorable environments where the crop suffers from drought stresses at different growth stages. In the present study, six sorghum inbred lines developed by local breeding program and two commercial checks were evaluated for grain yield potential, yield stability, some important agronomic characters and grain quality properties. Series variety trials were conducted at Elobeid and Suki, Damazin areas of Sudan, during three consecutive rainy seasons. The selected locations represent low, medium and high rainfall areas of Sudan. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design. The results revealed that mean squares of genotypes, seasons, locations, location x season, location x genotypes, season x genotypes and season x location x genotype interactions were highly significant (P=0.01) for grain yield. The sorghum genotypes Edo 34-23-4, Edo 26-18 and Edo 16-dwarf produced substantially higher grain yields than commercial checks and the trial mean. Their percentage yield increase ranged from 5% to 75% over commercial checks. The stability analysis revealed that the above mentioned Edo-genotypes had high yield potentials and were stable across a wide range of agricultural conditions. Moreover, the same Edo-lines showed early maturing compared to selected commercial checks and also the Edo-lines possessed good food grains and were market preferred and acceptable for making quality kisra (fermented sorghum pancake-like flatbread). The Edo developed lines also possess the acceptable grain quality in addition to moderate physical grain characteristics such as protein content, fat acidity and moisture content.

scholarly journals Effects of Heat Stress on Growth, Physiology of Plants, Yield and Grain Quality of Different Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2972
Author(s):  
Muhammad Waheed Riaz ◽  
Liu Yang ◽  
Muhammad Irfan Yousaf ◽  
Abdul Sami ◽  
Xu Dong Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Specific Combining Ability ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Parental Lines

Heat stress is one of the major threats to wheat production in many wheat-growing areas of the world as it causes severe yield loss at the reproductive stage. In the current study, 28 crosses were developed using 11 parental lines, including 7 female lines and 4 male testers following line × tester matting design in 2018–2019. Twenty-eight crosses along with their 11 parental lines were sown in a randomized complete block design in triplicate under optimal and heat stress conditions. Fifteen different morpho-physiological and grain quality parameters were recorded at different growth stages. Analysis of variance illustrated the presence of highly significant differences among wheat genotypes for all traits under both optimal and heat stress conditions. The results of combining ability unveiled the predominant role of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of almost all the studied traits under both conditions. Among parents, 3 parental lines WL-27, WT-39, and WL-57 showed good combining ability under both normal and heat stress conditions. Among crosses, WL-8 × WT-17, WL-37 × WT-17, WL-7 × WT-39, and WL-37 × WT-39 portrayed the highest specific combining ability effects for grain yield and its related traits under optimal as well as heat stress conditions. Biplot and cluster analysis confirmed the results of general and specific combining ability by showing that these wheat crosses belonged to a highly productive and heat tolerant cluster. Correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive correlation of grain yield with net photosynthetic rate, thousand-grain rate, and the number of grains per spike. The designated parental lines and their crosses were selected for future breeding programs in the development of heat resilient, climate-smart wheat genotypes.

scholarly journals Characterization of Gamma-Rays-Induced Spring Wheat Mutants for Morphological and Quality Traits through Multivariate and GT Bi-Plot Analysis

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2288
Author(s):  
Sana Zulfiqar ◽  
Shumila Ishfaq ◽  
Muhammad Ikram ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Nawaz ◽  
Mehboob-ur- Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Mutant Lines

Exploiting new genetic resources is an effective way to achieve sustainable wheat production. To this end, we exposed wheat seeds of the “Punjab-11” cultivar to gamma rays. A total of 32 stable mutants (M7) were developed, followed by characterization by conducting multilocation trials over two seasons. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first six components accounted for 90.28% of the total variation among the plant height, tillers per plant, 1000-kernel weight, grain yield, and quality traits. All mutants were grouped into three clusters based on high yield index values. The genotype by trait (GT) bi-plot revealed significant associations between yield and its components among the mutants. Positive correlations were estimated for tillers per plant, plant height, 1000-kernel weight, and grain yield; however, yield components showed negative associations with protein, moisture, and gluten contents. The mutant lines Pb-M-59 waxy, Pb-M-1272 waxy, Pb-M-2260, Pb-M-1027 waxy, Pb-M-1323 waxy, and Pb-M-1854 exhibited maximum grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and tillers per plant values. Likewise, Pb-M-2725, Pb-M-2550, and Pb-M-2728 were found to be the best mutant lines in terms of grain quality; thus, the use of gamma radiation is effective in improving the desirable traits, including yield and grain quality. It is suggested that these traits can be improved beyond the performance of corresponding traits in their parent genotypes. The newly produced mutants can also be used to explore the genetic mechanisms of complex traits in the future.

scholarly journals Yield and grain quality of spring barley as affected by biomass formation at early growth stages

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Křen ◽  
K. Klem ◽  
I. Svobodová ◽  
P. Míša ◽  
L. Neudert
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass

Timely and reliable prediction of grain yield and quality of spring barley represents a key prerequisite for effective crop management. Within this study we evaluated the relationships between yield components, grain quality, biomass production and the number of tillers in different growth stages. For this purpose, in three years (2011–2013) multifactorial field trials focused on the combined effects of cultivar, sowing density and nitrogen nutrition were conducted. Based on ANOVA it was found that the formation of grain yield was affected by individual factors in the following order of importance: year, nitrogen, cultivar and sowing rate. The final grain yield significantly correlated both with the number of tillers and dry weight of above-ground biomass per unit area. The best estimation of yield provided both parameters at early growth stage (R = 0.83** and 0.81** for number of tillers and the above-ground biomass at BBCH 25). The grain protein content was inversely related to early growth parameters (R = –0.64** and –0.41** for number of tillers and above-ground biomass at BBCH 25). Based on the comparison of relationships between the years, it can be concluded that the early growth of barley and tiller differentiation is a key parameter for the formation of yield and grain quality.

scholarly journals Evapotranspiration and grain yield of upland rice as affected by water deficit

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleber M. Guimarães ◽  
Luís F. Stone ◽  
Ana C. de L. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Water Treatments

ABSTRACT To achieve an accurate phenotyping for drought tolerance, it is important to control water stress levels and timing. This study aimed to determine water use by upland rice plants during periods of irrigation withholding and its relationship with grain yield in order to increase the efficiency of this phenotyping. Two experiments were carried out in a randomized block design in which six water treatments (irrigation withholding for periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days) were compared, with four replicates. In the first experiment, treatments were applied at the R3 stage (panicle exsertion) and, in the second, at the R5 stage (beginning of grain filling). The amount of water evapotranspired was determined by the difference between the soil water storage at the beginning and at the end of irrigation withholding periods, from the surface to 80-cm depth. Evapotranspiration of upland rice from R3 stage was higher compared to that observed from R5 stage, when subjected to similar irrigation withholding periods in both growth stages. Rice grain yield is more sensitive to irrigation withholding imposed from R5 stage than from R3 stage.

scholarly journals Diabetes control is associated with environmental quality in the USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotsna S. Jagai ◽  
Alison K Krajewski ◽  
Kyla N Price ◽  
Danelle T Lobdell ◽  
Robert M. Sargis
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diabetes Control ◽  
Diabetes Diagnosis ◽  
County Level ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
The Impact

Environmental parameters, including built and sociodemographic environments, can impact diabetes control (DC). Epidemiological studies have associated specific environmental factors with DC; however, the impact of multidimensional environmental status has not been assessed. The environmental quality index (EQI), a comprehensive quantitative metric capturing five environmental domains, was considered as an exposure. Age-adjusted rates of DC prevalence for each county in the United States were used as an outcome. DC was defined as the proportion of adults aged 20+ years with a previous diabetes diagnosis who currently do not have high fasting blood glucose (≥126 mg/dL) or elevated HbA1c (≥6.5%). We conducted county-level analyses of DC prevalence rates for 2004-2012 in association with EQI for 2006-2010 and domain-specific indices using random intercept multilevel linear regression models clustered by state and controlled for county-level rates of obesity and physical inactivity. Analyses were stratified by rural-urban strata, and results are reported as prevalence rate differences (PRD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing highest quintile/worst environmental quality to lowest quintile/best environmental quality. The association of DC with cumulative environmental quality was negative after control for all counties (PRD -0.32,95% CI:-0.38, -0.27); suggesting that rates of DC worsen as environmental quality declines. While overall environmental quality exerts effects on DC that vary across the rural-urban spectrum, poor sociodemographic and built environmental factors are associated with decreased DC nationally. These data suggest improvements in environmental quality mediated by larger scale policy and practice interventions may improve glycemic control and reduce the morbidity and mortality arising from hyperglycemia.

Genotype × environment interactions and underlying environmental factors for winter wheat in Ontario

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Haji ◽  
L. A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Ge Interaction

Many studies have dealt with the problem of varying genotype performance in different environments (GE interaction). Little is known, however, of the underlying causes of GE interaction. This study was undertaken to identify some of the environmental factors that are associated with GE interactions in winter wheat in Ontario, Canada.Grain yields were obtained from the 1992/1993 and 1993/1994 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) recommendation trials in Ontario. In each year, trials were grown at nine sites. Variance components for the second-order interaction between genotypes × sites × years were considerably larger (22% of the phenotypic variance) than the first-order interactions between genotypes × years and genotypes × sites, which, respectively, accounted for only 5% of the total variation, suggesting that the genotypes were responding differentially to environmental factors at the various sites. Both linear and non-linear components of the regression of genotype grain yields on site mean grain yield were significant. Grain yield of many genotypes was associated with both the lowest and the mean minimum temperature in January and with precipitation during the vegetative stage (May) in 1992/1993 and during the grain-filling period (July) in 1993/1994. Interaction principal component analysis scores for the environment were associated with January minimum temperature in both years although winter survival differences were only apparent in 1992/1993.The results indicate that January temperatures, together with moisture supply before anthesis, are associated with some of the GE interaction noted with winter wheat in Ontario. Both of these aspects, but in particular January temperatures, should thus be taken into account when evaluating cultivar performance trials. Cultivars should be exposed to low January temperatures at some sites during the evaluation process, and weather records from evaluation sites should be examined to ensure that this has occurred. Key words: Genotype × environment interaction, wheat (winter), temperature, grain yield, stress, moisture

scholarly journals Climate Change, Crop Yields, and Grain Quality of C3 Cereals: A Meta-Analysis of [CO2], Temperature, and Drought Effects

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1052
Author(s):  
Sinda Ben Mariem ◽  
David Soba ◽  
Bangwei Zhou ◽  
Irakli Loladze ◽  
Fermín Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
The Impact

Cereal yield and grain quality may be impaired by environmental factors associated with climate change. Major factors, including elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]), elevated temperature, and drought stress, have been identified as affecting C3 crop production and quality. A meta-analysis of existing literature was performed to study the impact of these three environmental factors on the yield and nutritional traits of C3 cereals. Elevated [CO2] stimulates grain production (through larger grain numbers) and starch accumulation but negatively affects nutritional traits such as protein and mineral content. In contrast to [CO2], increased temperature and drought cause significant grain yield loss, with stronger effects observed from the latter. Elevated temperature decreases grain yield by decreasing the thousand grain weight (TGW). Nutritional quality is also negatively influenced by the changing climate, which will impact human health. Similar to drought, heat stress decreases starch content but increases grain protein and mineral concentrations. Despite the positive effect of elevated [CO2], increases to grain yield seem to be counterbalanced by heat and drought stress. Regarding grain nutritional value and within the three environmental factors, the increase in [CO2] is possibly the more detrimental to face because it will affect cereal quality independently of the region.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document