scholarly journals Improving Modeling of Quinoa Growth Under Saline Conditions Using the Enhanced Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender Model

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goehring ◽  
Verburg ◽  
Saito ◽  
Jeong ◽  
Meki
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water System ◽  
Salt Uptake ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Stress Functions ◽  
Annual Biomass ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Apex Model

Cultivation of highly salt-tolerant plants (i.e., halophytes), may provide a viable alternative to increase productivity compared to conventional salt-sensitive crops, increasing the economic potential of salt-affected lands that comprise ~20% of irrigated lands worldwide. In this study the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was adapted to simulate growth of the halophyte quinoa, along with salt dynamics in the plant-soil-water system. Model modifications included salt uptake and salt stress functions formulated using greenhouse data. Data from a field site were used to further parameterize and calibrate the model. Initial simulation results were promising, but differences between simulated and observed soil salinity and plant salt values during the growing season in the calibration suggest that additional improvements to salt uptake and soil salinity algorithms are needed. To demonstrate utility of the modified APEX model, six scenarios were run to estimate quinoa biomass production and soil salinity with different irrigation managements and salinities. Simulated annual biomass was sensitive to soil moisture, and root zone salinity increased in all scenarios. Further experiments are needed to improve understanding of crop salt uptake dynamics and stress sensitivities so that future model updates and simulations better represent salt dynamics in plants and soils in agricultural settings.

A framework for automated and spatially-distributed modeling with the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model

2021 ◽  
pp. 105147
Author(s):  
Feng Pan ◽  
Qingyu Feng ◽  
Ryan McGehee ◽  
Bernard A. Engel ◽  
Dennis C. Flanagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Distributed Modeling ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Apex Model

Development and application of long-term root zone salt balance model for predicting soil salinity in arid shallow water table area

2019 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. 486-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanfang Sun ◽  
Yan Zhu ◽  
Ming Ye ◽  
Jinzhong Yang ◽  
Zhongyi Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Salt Balance ◽  
Shallow Water Table

Changes in root zone storage capacity and their effects on river discharge and gross primary production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Nóbrega ◽  
David Sandoval ◽  
Colin Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Ecosystem Models ◽  
Stress Functions

<p>Root zone storage capacity (R<sub>z</sub>) is a parameter widely used in terrestrial ecosystem models that estimate the amount of soil moisture available for transpiration. However, R<sub>z</sub> is subject to large uncertainty, due to the lack of data on the distribution of soil properties and the depth of plant roots that actively take up water. Our study makes use of a mass-balance approach to investigate R<sub>z</sub> in different ecosystems, and changes in water fluxes caused by land-cover change. The method needs no land-cover or soil information, and uses precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (ET) time series to estimate the seasonal water deficit. To account for some of the uncertainty in ET, we use different methods for ET estimation, including methods based on satellite estimates, and modelling approaches that back-calculate ET from other ecosystem fluxes. We show that reduced ET due to land-cover change reduces R<sub>z</sub>, which in turn increases baseflow in regions with a strong rainfall seasonality. This finding allows us to analyse the trade-off between gross primary production and hydrological fluxes at river basin scales. We also consider some ideas on how to use mass-balance R<sub>z</sub> in water-stress functions as incorporated in existing terrestrial ecosystem models.</p>

scholarly journals VAZÃO E TRATAMENTO SECUNDÁRIO DE ESGOTO DOMÉSTICO EM ESTAÇÃO DE PEQUENO PORTE COM SISTEMA DE ZONA DE RAÍZES

Irriga ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Ana Cláudia Oliveira Sérvulo ◽  
Jeane Da Silva Tavares ◽  
Rodrigo Moura Pereira ◽  
Delvio Sandri
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water System ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Treatment Wetland ◽  
Cyperus Giganteus ◽  
E Mail

VAZÃO E TRATAMENTO SECUNDÁRIO DE ESGOTO DOMÉSTICO EM ESTAÇÃO DE PEQUENO PORTE COM SISTEMA DE ZONA DE RAÍZES     ANA CLÁUDIA OLIVEIRA SÉRVULO1; JEANE DA SILVA TAVARES2RODRIGO MOURA PEREIRA3E DELVIO SANDRI4   1Doutoranda, Programa de Pós Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB),Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAV), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, ICC Centro,Asa Norte CEP 70.910-900 – Brasília, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]. 2Aluna de graduação, Universidade de Brasília (UnB),Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAV), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, ICC Centro,Asa Norte CEP 70.910-900 – Brasília, Brasil, e-mail:[email protected]. 3Doutorando, Universidade de Brasília (UnB),Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAV), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, ICC Centro,Asa Norte CEP 70.910-900 – Brasília, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]. 4Prof. Associado 1, Universidade de Brasília (UnB),Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAV), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, ICC Centro,Asa Norte CEP 70.910-900 – Brasília, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected].     1 RESUMO   O sistema de zona de raízes (SZR) é uma alternativa para tratamento de esgotos, cuja eficiência depende do material de suporte, composição do esgoto, espécie de macrófita e tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH). Objetivou-se avaliar a medição de vazões de afluente e efluente de esgoto dos SZR com o uso de hidrômetro e método direto volumétrico(MDV) e a eficiência de diferentes espécies de macrófitas na remoção de atributos físicos e químicos do efluente. O esgoto bruto é gerado nos sanitários e restaurante universitário da Fazenda Água Limpa -UnB. Quatro leitos de tratamento foram utilizados: não cultivado, SZR com C. giganteus, Typha sppe H. rostrata. As avaliações ocorreram em quatro dias distintos. A evapotranspiração potencial (ETP) dos leitos foi obtida pela razão entre a diferença de volumes de afluente e efluente e a área superficial dos leitos. O hidrômetro não foi adequado na medida do volume de afluente, recomendando-se o MDV. A maior ETP ocorreu no SZR com Typha spp (9,98 mm dia-1)seguido do C. giganteus(9,37 mm dia-1).O maior valor de TDH foi de 9,49 dias e o menor de 4,68 dias. O oxigênio dissolvido, pH, turbidez e sólidos totais atendem aos limites para lançamento em corpos hídricos de classe 2.   Palavras-chaves: macrófita, água residuária, leito cultivado.     SÉRVULO, A.C.O.; TAVARES, J.S.; PEREIRA, R.M.; SANDRI, D. FLOW RATES AND SECONDARY TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER IN SMALL-SCALE TREATMENT PLANT WITH ROOT ZONE SYSTEM     2 ABSTRACT   The root treatment wetland (RTW) is a low cost option to wastewater treatment, which efficiency depends on support material, wastewater composition, macrophyte specie and hydraulic detention time (HDT). This paper aimed to test the performance of the hydrometer and the volumetric method (VM)on measurement of effluentflow, and the removal efficiency of different macrophyte species over physical and chemical effluent attributes. The wastewater was from the bathrooms and restaurant in the experimental farm of the University of Brasília. Four constructed wetlands were used: free water system (FWS), RTW with Cyperus giganteus, with Typha spp and with Heliconia rostrata. The evaluation occurred in four days isolated. The systems’ potential evapotranspiration (PET) was determinate by the quocient of affluent-effluent volumes balance and the wetland surface area. The hydrometer didn’t measure affluent flow properly, recommending the VM. The highest PET was on RTW-Typha spp (9.98 mm day-1), followed by C. giganteus (9.37 mm day-1). The highest HDT was 9,49 days and the lowest was 4.68 days. The dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity and total solids content are fit the Brazilian legal requirements for release into class 2 receiving bodies.   Keywords: macrophytes, sewage, wetland.

scholarly journals Sustainable Management of Calcareous Saline-Sodic Soil in Arid Environments: The Leaching Process in the Jordan Valley

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mufeed Batarseh
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Agricultural Drainage ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Jordan Valley ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Agricultural Drainage Water

A leaching experiment of calcareous saline-sodic soil was conducted in Jordan Valley and aimed to reduce the soil salinity ≤ 4.0 dS m−1. The quantification of salt removal from the effective root zone was done using three treatment scenarios. Treatment A contained soil amended with gypsum leaching with fresh water (EC = 1.1 dS m−1). Treatments B and C contained nonamended soil, but B was leached with fresh water only while treatment C’s soil was washed with saline agricultural drainage water (EC = 8 dS m−1) at the start of the experiment and continued with fresh water to reach the desired soil salinity. All treatments were able to reduce the soil salinity to the desired level at the end of the experiment; however, there were clear differences in the salt removal efficiencies among the treatments which were attributed to the presence of direct source of calcium ion. The soil amended with gypsum caused a substantial decline in soil salinity and drainage water’s electrical conductivity and drained the water twice as fast as the nonamended soil. It was found that utilizing agricultural drainage water and gypsum as a soil amendment for calcareous saline-sodic soil reclamation can beneficially contribute to sustainable agricultural management in the Jordan Valley.

scholarly journals Effects of Uneven Vertical Distribution of Soil Salinity on Blossom-end Rot of Tomato Fruit

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 958-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Chen ◽  
Zhenchang Wang ◽  
Zhanyu Zhang ◽  
Xiangping Guo ◽  
Mengyang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Selective Absorption ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Salt Distribution ◽  
Stem Leaf

Soil salinity influences plant growth and crop yield significantly. Former studies indicated that uneven salt distribution in the root zone could relieve salt stress. But, how uneven salt distribution influences Na+ and Ca2+ concentration in the stem, leaf, and fruit and whether this influence would bring effects on fruit blossom-end rot (BER) still needs to be further studied. Under consideration of this, pot experiment with four treatments, T1:1, T1:5, T2:4, and T3:3, was conducted by setting the upper soil layer salinity at 1‰, 1‰, 2‰, and 3‰ and the lower soil layer at salinities of 1‰, 5‰, 4‰, and 3‰, respectively. Compared with the uniform salt concentration in the root zone (T3:3 treatment), the incidence of BER in the T1:5 and T2:4 treatments decreased by 60% and 35%, respectively. The fruit Na+ concentration and Na+/Ca2+ ratio were positively correlated with the incidence of BER. The value of the upper-root selective absorption Ca2+ over Na+ (SCa/Na(upper root)) for T1:5 was 0.8 times more than that of T1:1. The results showed that the incidence of BER was positively correlated with root dry matter and SCa/Na(root) weighted mean salinity. The overall results suggested that uneven salt distribution in the root zone could promote the Ca2+ absorption, Ca2+/Na+ ratio, and selective absorption Ca2+ over Na+ and consequently decrease the incidence of BER in tomato fruit.

scholarly journals Soil Salinity and Its Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muthuraman Yuvaraj ◽  
Kasiviswanathan Subash Chandra Bose ◽  
Prabakaran Elavarasi ◽  
Eman Tawfik
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Negative Effect

Soil salinity is a growing threat all over the world due to its toxic effect to reduce soil fertility and water uptake in the crops. An average of 418 million ha soil is saline in nature. Various climatic, geomorphic and rainfall pattern causes which involved in saline soil formation. To reduce the toxic effect proper management of saline soil is required. Irrigation water also a major concern regarding soil salinity management. Saline irrigation water enhances and maintains the severity soil salinity. Crop production aspects root zone salinity provides a strong negative impact on soil fertility. Salinity causes the reduction in nutrient ion, and water uptake has a significant negative effect on crop yields. Soil and water salinity interactions and their influence on crop growth and management of salinity are deliberated in this chapter.

scholarly journals Smart Irrigation System Based on the Internet of Things and the Cloud

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (09) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Malik Mustafa, Abdallah Abbas, Qusay Bsoul and Aumir Shabbir
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water System ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
System Control ◽  
Hand Off ◽  
Proper Volume ◽  
System Information ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
The Ideal

A water system is a technique for giving water to plants to grow and create. Water in plants or water systems is not a cutting-edge idea; it has been followed and applied from one century to another or decade to decade. Advances have developed in lockstep with time. At the point when we compare the 1980s and 2021, we see a sensational distinction in advances just as in the water system strategy. During the 1980s, the water system was accomplished utilizing furrows and wrinkles. A water system is a technique for providing water to the root zone at the ideal opportunity. Plants draw water from wet soil, and by the component of evapotranspiration (ET), plants come to pass water into the air while drawing supplements accessible in soil with water for root zone improvement. At the point when the stockpile of water in the root zone falls under a specific edge, plants can't draw supplements and water for sustenance. Thus, supply great water to the root zone before as far as possible is reached. This cutoff is controlled by the types of plants, soil, and environment. Since the edge cap changes relying upon the sort of plant. Logical booking requires the utilization of the proper volume of water at the fitting time frame and area inside the office. This requires consistent checking of soil dampness content at the root zone and the commencement of the water system as per a pre-modified timetable base on wear the idea of the plant, its turn of events, soil type, and environment. Accordingly, for logical water system booking, sensors should be planted close to the root zone in the dirt to get to the agent's dampness status. The signs created and recognized by soil dampness sensors should be prepared in a microcontroller for water system planning by predefined programming. The microcontroller ought to likewise be intended to hand off the sign to a far-off area where the siphoning and well framework for water system control is found. Also, the criticism of these sensors ought to be examined by the microcontroller as indicated by a foreordained program to end the water system relying upon the plant, its the degree of improvement, soil, and environment. This paper presents a cloud-based and web of things-based water system framework. This framework utilizes sensors to gather continuous water system information, stores information into the cloud, proprietor of information provides the order and suitable move is made on dependent on the outcome created.

Survival and growth of the tree species and provenances in response to salinity on a discharge site

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Marcar ◽  
D. F. Crawford ◽  
A. K. M. A. Hossain ◽  
A. T. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Discharge Site ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Root Zone Salinity

The survival and growth of 24 native tree species planted in 2 trials on a saline discharge site, which had a soil salinity gradient as well as watertable depth and salinity, near Wellington in central-west New South Wales were investigated. Several provenances of some species (including Acacia stenophylla, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. spathulata) and clones of E. camaldulensis and E. spathulata, were also evaluated. Each accession was represented by a 5-tree row plot with 8 replications. Root-zone salinity (ECe 0–60 cm) at the tree and plot level was calculated from in situ measurements of bulk soil salinity using an EM-38 device (Geonics, Canada). Growth measurements are reported at 72 (trial 1) and 61 months (trial 2) after planting. For each trial, 4 replicates were classified as either non-saline (mean ECe <2 dS/m) or saline (ECe range from about 6 to 10 dS/m). Watertable depths varied from 0 to 1.5 m (depending on season) in the saline areas to >4 m in the non-saline, upslope areas. Survival and growth differed significantly between species, provenances and clones in both trials and under both saline and non-saline conditions. For most accessions, trees survived and grew better under non-saline conditions. Under non-saline conditions A. mearnsii, E. camaldulensis and E. occidentalis performed best; for example, A.�mearnsii (16268) attained a mean height of 7 m and mean DBH of 11 cm at 61 months in trial 2. Under saline conditions, A. stenophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. occidentalis and E. spathulata performed best; for example, E.�occidentalis attained a height of 6.9 m height and 12.3 cm DBH after 61 months in trial 2. Responses of selected species to root-zone salinity are provided; significant differences were found between species with E. occidentalis and A. stenophylla showing no growth decline up to ECe of 10 dS/m, while most other species showed varying rates of decline with increasing salinity. Three years after thinning each trial, good coppice regrowth was observed from cut stumps of all species except A. mearnsii and Melaleuca halmaturorum.

Resizing irrigation management for TWW quality with a physically-based model to preserve soil quality: A case study in Beit Dajan-Palestine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Dragonetti ◽  
Nabeeh Isleem ◽  
Roula Khadra
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Physically Based

&lt;p&gt;Irrigation with Treated Wastewater (TWW) is a well-known and long-established agricultural practice in Palestine. Being a source of water and nutrients, long term use of TWW can lead to imbalances that affect plant development, soil, and groundwater quality. Consequently, irrigation frequency and interval should be properly scheduled, especially when Salts and Fertilizers (FS-TWW) cannot be separated from water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Physically based models may be relevant tools to support an adequate irrigation management with TWW for a simultaneous supply of water and fertilizers assessed pursuant to the effects of TWW on soil properties and water fluxes into and out of the root zone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The present research was conducted in the framework of Non Conventional WAter Re-use in Agriculture in MEditerranean countries (MENAWARA) ENI CBC Med project, with the aim to propose an alternative TWW irrigation management based on both water requirements and allowable thresholds of soil solution electrical conductivity (ECe), to prevent soil salinity using physically-based Hydrus-1D model.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To this purpose, a case study in Beit Dajan cultivated with citrus and irrigated with TWW was selected to determine the long term effects of TWW on the soil and on root uptake, considering a two-year (2018-2019) simulations and generating two FS-TWW irrigation scenarios: 1) non-optimized salt supply (NONOPT-FS-TWW) where irrigation volumes fully satisfied crop evapotranspiration demand: 2) optimized salt supply (OPT-FS-TWW) accounting for crop evapotranspiration and respecting allowable thresholds of soil solution electrical conductivity (ECe) by assuming an average soil salinity tolerance in the root zone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soil water movement, ECe, nitrate and ammonium concentrations were simulated, inputting averaged ten-yearly climate data and soil and water quality data measured at the end of each of the two considered years. The results in terms of soil salinity and root uptake impact are considered to define a proper TWW irrigation management for citrus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The outputs of the scenario OPT-FS-TWW clearly demonstrate the reduction of soil salinity in the root zone, and of water and nutrient fluxes below 60cm, and thus an improvement of water and nutrient uptake, as compared to NON-OPT-FS-TWW scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results suggest that aligning the classical irrigation practices to TWW reuse by considering ECe as an additional variable is appropriate, allows to curb soil salinity, and ensures root water uptake of citrus, although TWW has high salinity levels that may jeopardize plant response after a sequence of irrigation events.&lt;/p&gt;

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