scholarly journals Human–Animal Interactions in Zoos: What Can Compassionate Conservation, Conservation Welfare and Duty of Care Tell Us about the Ethics of Interacting, and Avoiding Unintended Consequences?

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2037
Author(s):  
Mark James Learmonth
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Duty Of Care ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
World Association ◽  
Ethical Acceptability ◽  
False Sense ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Human Participants

Human–animal interactions (HAIs) in zoos can be rewarding for both humans and animals, but can also be fraught with ethical and welfare perils. Contact with animals can be beneficial for all parties involved, and can indeed lead to pro-conservation and respect for nature behaviours being adopted by humans after so-called “profound experiences” of connecting or interacting with animals. Yet, human–animal interactions may also increase certain individuals’ desires for inappropriate wild-animal ‘pet’ ownership, and can convey a false sense of acceptability of exploiting animals for “cheap titillation”. Indeed, this has been reflected in a recent research review conducted on animal–visitor interactions in zoos from a number of different countries and global regions. These are unintended consequences that ”modern, ethical zoos” would try to minimise, or avoid completely where possible, though most zoos still offer close-contact experiences with their animals. Three ethical frameworks that may be beneficial for ethically run zoos to incorporate when considering human–animal interactions are: Compassionate Conservation, Conservation Welfare and Duty of Care. These three ethical frameworks are concerned with the welfare state and outcomes for individual animals, not just the population or species. Human–animal interactions in zoos may be acceptable in many circumstances and may be beneficial to both animal and human participants; however, they must be closely monitored through welfare tracking tools. The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) has published guidelines for human–animal interactions that are mandatory for member institutions to adhere to, although whether these guidelines are taken as mandatory or suggestions at individual institutions is unknown. Some suggestions for relevant extensions to the guidelines are suggested herein. Melding Duty of Care and the two Conservation ethical frameworks would be ideal for assessing the ethical acceptability of such interactions as they currently occur, and for considering how they should be modified to occur (or not) into the future in zoological settings.

scholarly journals Evaluating underpinning, complexity and implications of ethical situations in humanitarian operations: qualitative study through the lens of career humanitarian workers

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e039463
Author(s):  
Ramin Asgary ◽  
Katharine Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Moral Distress ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Aid Effectiveness ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Humanitarian Operations

IntroductionData regarding underpinning and implications of ethical challenges faced by humanitarian workers and their organisations in humanitarian operations are limited.MethodsWe conducted comprehensive, semistructured interviews with 44 experienced humanitarian aid workers, from the field to headquarters, to evaluate and describe ethical conditions in humanitarian situations.Results61% were female; average age was 41.8 years; 500 collective years of humanitarian experience (11.8 average) working with diverse major international non-governmental organisations. Important themes included; allocation schemes and integrity of the humanitarian industry, including resource allocation and fair access to and use of services; staff or organisational competencies and aid quality; humanitarian process and unintended consequences; corruption, diversion, complicity and competing interests, and intentions versus outcomes; professionalism and interpersonal and institutional responses; and exposure to extreme inequities and emotional and moral distress. Related concepts included broader industry context and allocations; decision-making, values, roles and sustainability; resource misuse at programme, government and international agency levels; aid effectiveness and utility versus futility, and negative consequences. Multiple contributing, confounding and contradictory factors were identified, including context complexity and multiple decision-making levels; limited input from beneficiaries of aid; different or competing social constructs, values or sociocultural differences; and shortcomings, impracticality, or competing philosophical theories or ethical frameworks.ConclusionsEthical situations are overarching and often present themselves outside the exclusive scope of moral reasoning, philosophical views, professional codes, ethical or legal frameworks, humanitarian principles or social constructivism. This study helped identify a common instinct to uphold fairness and justice as an underlying drive to maintain humanity through proximity, solidarity, transparency and accountability.

scholarly journals Ethics, Law, and Pain Management as a Patient Right

2009 ◽  
Vol 3;12 (3;5) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Duty Of Care ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Key Words Ethics ◽  
Ethical And Legal Considerations ◽  
Physician Relationship ◽  
The Government ◽  
Specific Duty ◽  
Ethics Law

Ethical and legal considerations in pain management typically relate to 2 issues. The first refers to pain management as a human right. The second involves the nature of the patient-physician relationship as it relates to pain management. Although pain physicians often like to think of pain management as a human right, it remains difficult to support this position as a point of law or as a matter of ethics. Medical organizations generally do not define pain management as a specific duty of the physician, apart from the provision of competent medical care. To date, neither law nor ethics creates a duty of care outside of the traditional patient-physician relationship. Absent a universal duty, no universal right exists. Pursuing pain management as a fundamental human right, although laudable, may place the power of the government in the middle of the patient-physician relationship. Despite apparent altruistic motives, attempts to define pain management as a basic human right could have unintended consequences, such as nationalization of medicine to ensure provision of pain management for all patients. Key words: Ethics, law, patient-physician relationship, human right, pain management

Research Ethics Consultation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Danis
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Ethics Consultation ◽  
Research Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research Ethics Consultation

This chapter provides a history of the development of research ethics consultation (REC) and an evaluation of its role in the conduct of research with human participants. It provides a brief overview of how and where REC is currently practiced. It also reviews and engages current debates on the appropriate methods and purpose of REC. Controversies are addressed, including the relationship of REC to research review committees, competency requirements for REC, the appropriate level of confidentiality of REC recommendations, who should have access to RECs, and handling of divergence between ethics guidance and the law. Finally, it explores the question of appropriate breadth of REC.

Human-animal interactions in early life in female pigs and the effects on subsequent behaviour, physiology and reproductive performance

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 195-195
Author(s):  
M A Varley ◽  
R C Stedman
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Basal Cortisol ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
And Performance

Fear inducing stimuli are common in modern intensive husbandry systems. It is probable that a principal source of fear is the humans who work with the animals and who, by necessity, have close contact with the animals when carrying out routine husbandry practices.Signals generated by the stockman, either intentionally or unintentionally, may be perceived by the pig as threatening. There is growing evidence that the complex behavioural relationships between stockmen and their charges can profoundly influence productivity. Seabrook, (1985) found that the personality of the stockman influenced the behaviour and performance of dairy cows. Similarly, Hemsworth et al., (1981) found that on those farms where sows displayed increased avoidance behaviour to the experimenter, the number of piglets born per sow was depressed. In a subsequent study it was found that those pigs which were highly fearful of humans as a result of being aversively handled, exhibited impaired reproductive performance and elevated basal Cortisol levels.

Aid and complicity: the case of war-displaced Southerners in the Northern Sudan

2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Duffield
Keyword(s):  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Duty Of Care ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Person Identity ◽  
Collateral Effect ◽  
Internally Displaced Person

The paper is concerned with the unintended consequences of aid as a relation of governance: in this case, the failure of aid agencies to improve the lot of displaced Southerners living in North Sudan after more than a decade of engagement. It is argued that aid, as a governance relation, is complicit with wider forms of oppression to which Southerners are subject. The aid-based IDP (Internally Displaced Person) identity, for example, resonates with state forms of deculturation. At the same time, developmental ideas of self-sufficiency articulate with the commercial need for cheap agricultural labour. Developmental strategies have tended to reinforce the subordination of displaced Southerners rather than enhancing their autonomy. Examples of this collateral effect are examined in relation to share-cropping, food aid, debt and asset stripping. The paper ends by calling into question the appropriateness of aid as a vehicle for a shared duty of care.

Humans and Hybrids

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-374
Author(s):  
Angela Ballantyne ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Embryo Experimentation ◽  
Species Membership ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Restrictive Legislation

This paper uses the advent of human-animal hybrids, created though somatic cell nuclear transfer experiments in America and Australia, as a tool to deconstruct and challenge the dualistic belief that humans are morally distinct and superior to animals. The view that moral value corresponds to species membership creates a scientific and cultural environment that prohibits or restricts human embryo experimentation whilst permitting the extensive use of animals for research. The dualistic premise therefore motivates the creation of human-animal hybrids for research as a way for scientists to side-step restrictive legislation. Furthermore, ethical frameworks that incorporate the dualistic assumption have been incapable of objectively assessing the moral value of hybrid embryos. This failure indicates the arbitrariness of the moral dichotomy between animals and humans. Moral dualism, based on species membership, should be replaced with a liberal ethical framework based on a consistent standard such as interests.

scholarly journals KAZAKH DIASPORA AND KAZAKH CULTURAL CENTERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.K Issabek ◽  
◽  
G.B. Kozgambayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Centers ◽  
World Association ◽  
The World ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Different Parts

The article contains the culture and life of the Kazakh diaspora living in the countries of near and far abroad, that is, in various countries of the political and economic structure. Due to the different policies pursued under the white and red empires, our compatriots. who were forced to leave their homeland today live in different parts of the world. Among them there are those who have moved due to social crises, by the will of fate, and there are also people who have made a choice on the issues of conscious learning, work, etc. The laws of moving representatives of the Kazakh diaspora to their homeland, providing them with social support, and acquiring citizenship of the Republic have been resolved Kazakhstan and others. Today there are Kazakh cultural centers abroad that unite the Kazakh diaspora on various issues. Kazakh cultural centers work in close contact with the World Association of Kazakhs and the Otandastar Foundation. Some of the works carried out in the unity of the Kazakh cultural society and association and the "Otandastar Foundation" in solving urgent problems of the Kazakh diaspora are presented in the article.

scholarly journals Human-Animal Co-Sleeping: An Actigraphy-Based Assessment of Dogs’ Impacts on Women’s Nighttime Movements

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy L. Hoffman ◽  
Matthew Browne ◽  
Bradley P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Sleep Diary ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Sleep ◽  
Diary Data ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Sleeping Arrangements

Humans regularly enter into co-sleeping arrangements with human and non-human partners. Studies of adults who co-sleep report that co-sleeping can impact sleep quality, particularly for women. Although dog owners often choose to bedshare with their dogs, we know relatively little about the nature of these relationships, nor the extent to which co-sleeping might interfere with sleep quality or quantity. In an effort to rectify this, we selected a sample of 12 adult female human (M = 50.8 years) and dog dyads, and monitored their activity using actigraphy. We collected movement data in one-minute epochs for each sleep period for an average of 10 nights per participant. This resulted in 124 nights of data, covering 54,533 observations (M = 7.3 hours per night). In addition, we collected subjective sleep diary data from human participants. We found a significant positive relationship between human and dog movement over sleep periods, with dogs influencing human movement more than humans influenced dog movement. Dog movement accompanied approximately 50% of human movement observations, and dog movement tripled the likelihood of the human transitioning from a non-moving state to a moving state. Nevertheless, humans rarely reported that their dog disrupted their sleep. We encourage the continued exploration of human-animal co-sleeping in all its facets and provide recommendations for future research in this area.

Human-animal interactions in early life in female pigs and the effects on subsequent behaviour, physiology and reproductive performance

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 195-195
Author(s):  
M A Varley ◽  
R C Stedman
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Basal Cortisol ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
And Performance

Fear inducing stimuli are common in modern intensive husbandry systems. It is probable that a principal source of fear is the humans who work with the animals and who, by necessity, have close contact with the animals when carrying out routine husbandry practices.Signals generated by the stockman, either intentionally or unintentionally, may be perceived by the pig as threatening. There is growing evidence that the complex behavioural relationships between stockmen and their charges can profoundly influence productivity. Seabrook, (1985) found that the personality of the stockman influenced the behaviour and performance of dairy cows. Similarly, Hemsworth et al., (1981) found that on those farms where sows displayed increased avoidance behaviour to the experimenter, the number of piglets born per sow was depressed. In a subsequent study it was found that those pigs which were highly fearful of humans as a result of being aversively handled, exhibited impaired reproductive performance and elevated basal Cortisol levels.

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