Effects of Diet and Phytogenic Inclusion on the Antioxidant Capacity of the Broiler Chicken Gut

The reduction in energy and protein dietary levels, whilst preserving the gut health of broilers, is warranted in modern poultry production. Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) are purported to enhance performance and antioxidant capacity in broilers. However, few studies have assessed PFA effects on a molecular level related to antioxidant response. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of administering two dietary types differing in energy and protein levels (L: 95% and H: 100% of hybrid optimal recommendations) supplemented with or without PFA (−, +) on gene expressions relevant for antioxidant response along the broiler gut. Interactions of diet type with PFA (i.e., treatments L−, L+, H−, H+) were determined for critical antioxidant and cyto-protective genes (i.e., nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway) and for the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the proximal gut. In particular, the overall antioxidant response along the broiler gut was increased upon reduced dietary energy and protein intake (diet type L) and consistently up-regulated by PFA addition. The study results provide a new mechanistic insight of diet and PFA functions with respect to the overall broiler gut antioxidant capacity.

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Hepatoprotective Effects of Saponins from Rhizoma panacis majoris on Hepatic Fibrosis Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1915 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 568-570 ◽

pp. 1915-1920

Author(s):

Ji Hong Zhang ◽

Meng Qiong Shi ◽

Hai Bo He ◽

Cai Hong Bai ◽

Jun Zhi Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Tetrachloride ◽

Liver Function ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Hepatic Fibrosis ◽

Separation And Purification ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Hepatoprotective Effects ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Saponins from Rhizoma Panacis Majoris (SRPM), the bioactive component in Rhizoma Panacis Majoris, have been used extensively as a remedy for liver injury diseases and achieved good clinical efficacy, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The goal of our present study was to further confirm SRPM hepatoprotective effect, and evaluate that whether SRPM attenuate oxidative stress and fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic injury, based on these results, investigate the probable mechanisms involved. At first, the separation and purification of SRPM were studied. And then, in the animal experiment, the male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, model, l-SRPM and h-SRPM group. Hepatic fibrosis model were made according to our previous studies reported. At the same time, the experimental rats were treated respectively with relative drugs, once a day for 8 weeks. Hepatoprotective effects of SRPM were evaluated by liver function, total antioxidant capacity and total-superoxide dismutase, histopathological observations and the hepatic fibrosis relative gene expressions. In the study, we found that SRPM significantly improved liver function, serum antioxidation level, reversed the upregulated α-SMA and TIMP1 mRNA expressions, and further increased the MMP1 mRNA expression. Our studies indicated that SRPM exerted beneficially hepatoprotective effects on the CCl4 induced hepatic fibrosis, mainly enhancing liver tissue antioxidant capacity, reducing the lipid peroxidation of hepatocyte membranes, and then alleviating hepatic fibrosis and hepatic cell death.

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Placental Adaptive Changes to Protect Function and Decrease Oxidative Damage in Metabolically Healthy Maternal Obesity

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9090794 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 794 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Celeste Santos-Rosendo ◽

Fernando Bugatto ◽

Alvaro González-Domínguez ◽

Alfonso M. Lechuga-Sancho ◽

Rosa Maria Mateos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Nitrosative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

Placental Function ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Metabolically Healthy ◽

Inducible Nitric Oxide

Pregnancy-related disorders, including preeclampsia and gestational diabetes, are characterized by the presence of an adverse intrauterine milieu that may ultimately result in oxidative and nitrosative stress. This scenario may trigger uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O●−) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as nitric oxide (NO), along with an inactivation of antioxidant systems, which are associated with the occurrence of relevant changes in placental function through recognized redox post-translational modifications in key proteins. The general objective of this study was to assess the impact of a maternal obesogenic enviroment on the regulation of the placental nitroso-redox balance at the end of pregnancy. We measured oxidative damage markers—thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) and carbonyl groups (C=O) levels; nitrosative stress markers—inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrosothiol groups, and nitrotyrosine residues levels; and the antioxidant biomarkers—catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), in full-term placental villous from both pre-pregnancy normal weight and obese women, and with absence of metabolic complications throughout gestation. The results showed a decrease in C=O and TBARS levels in obese pregnancies. Although total SOD and catalase concentrations were shown to be increased, both activities were significantly downregulated in obese pregnancies, along with total antioxidant capacity. Inducible nitric oxide sintase levels were increased in the obese group compared to the lean group, accompanied by an increase in nitrotyrosine residues levels and lower levels of nitrosothiol groups in proteins such as ERK1/2. These findings reveal a reduction in oxidative damage, accompanied by a decline in antioxidant response, and an increase via NO-mediated nitrative stress in placental tissue from metabolically healthy pregnancies with obesity. All this plausibly points to a placental adaptation of the affected antioxidant response towards a NO-induced alternative pathway, through changes in the ROS/RNS balance, in order to reduce oxidative damage and preserve placental function in pregnancy.

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Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisins on Broiler Gut Cytoprotective Capacity

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13100729 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 729

Author(s):

Vasileios Paraskeuas ◽

Eirini Griela ◽

Dimitrios Bouziotis ◽

Konstantinos Fegeros ◽

Gunther Antonissen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

Cytochrome P450 Enzyme ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gut Health ◽

Bioactive Components ◽

Site Specific ◽

Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽

Crucial Problem ◽

P450 Enzyme

Mycotoxins are a crucial problem for poultry production worldwide. Two of the most frequently found mycotoxins in feedstuffs are deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FUM) which adversely affect gut health and poultry performance. The current knowledge on DON and FUM effects on broiler responses relevant for gut detoxification, antioxidant capacity, and health is still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess a range of selected molecular intestinal biomarkers for their responsiveness to the maximum allowable European Union dietary levels for DON (5 mg/kg) and FUM (20 mg/kg) in broilers. For the experimental purpose, a challenge diet was formulated, and biomarkers relevant for detoxification, antioxidant response, stress, inflammation, and integrity were profiled across the broiler intestine. The results reveal that DON significantly (p < 0.05) induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) expression mainly at the duodenum. Moreover, DON and FUM had specific significant (p < 0.05) effects on the antioxidant response, stress, inflammation, and integrity depending on the intestinal segment. Consequently, broiler molecular responses to DON and FUM assessed via a powerful palette of biomarkers were shown to be mycotoxin and intestinal site specific. The study findings could be highly relevant for assessing various dietary bioactive components for protection against mycotoxins.

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Acute Phase Proteins and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Free-Roaming Cats Infected by Pathogenic Leptospires

10.21203/rs.3.rs-44167/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Murillo Picco ◽

Rafaela Cuenca ◽

Emmanuel Serrano ◽

Asta Tvarijonaviciute ◽

José Cerón ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Antibody Titre ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Acute Phase Proteins ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

Pon1 Activity ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Leptospira Spp ◽

Total Antioxidant

Abstract Background: Leptospirosis is a neglected but widespread zoonotic disease throughout the world. The vast majority of mammals are hosts of Leptospira spp., including domestic cats. Though clinical signs of active leptospirosis are generally mild in cats, chronic infections might result in renal injury. However, there is no consensus either on the clinical presentation nor on the disease diagnosis in cats. The study of acute-phase proteins (APPs) and biomarkers of oxidative status would contribute to knowledge about the development ofthe disease in cats. In this report, we evaluated four APPs: Serum amyloid A-SAA, Haptoglobin–Hp, albumin and Paraoxonase 1-PON1 and the antioxidant response through Total Antioxidant Capacity-TAC, in 13 free-roaming cats naturally infected by pathogenic leptospires and 19 leptospires-free cats, through a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: DNA positive cats showed higher serum SAA and Hp concentrations than seropositive cats and their leptospires-free counterparts. DNA positive individuals, however, had lower serum PON1 activity and albumin concentrations than seropositive and leptospires-free cats. On the other hand, the increase in TAC serum concentrations was positively associated with anti-leptospiral antibodies titre. The PCA retained two principal components (PC1 and PC2), explaining 60.1% of the observed variability of the inflammatory proteins and the antioxidant TAC. PC1 was mainly associated with an inflammatory process, whereas PC2 correlated with the antioxidant status. The most contributing variables in PC1 where albumin (27.46%), SAA (24.71%), Hp (21.56%) and PON1 (20.69%). Variables with significant contribution to the PC2 were the antibody titre against Leptospira spp. (48.41%) and TAC (35.04%). Overall the PCA revealed differences in inflammatory and antioxidant biomarkers in cats naturally infected with leptospires compared to leptospires-free cats.Conclusions: Increases in Serum SAA, Hp, and decreases in serum albumin concentrations and PON1 activity indicate an acute phase response in infected, DNA positive cats. Moreover, we found an increase in TAC serum concentrations indicating an antioxidant response in this infection, which is proportional to the antibody titre and not to the presence of bacterial DNA.

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129 Maternal Nutrition and in Ovo Feeding Affect Gut Health and Performance of Poultry

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 68-69

Author(s):

Rajesh Jha ◽

Razib Das ◽

Pravin Mishra

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Maternal Nutrition ◽

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Limited Information ◽

Gut Health ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

In Ovo ◽

In Ovo Feeding

Abstract Maintaining a healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is critical for better nutrient utilization, optimum performance, and overall health of poultry. Thus, several nutritional strategies have been tried to improve poultry’s gut health. More recently, different nutrients and feed additives are being used in poultry diets with some success when antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) are not an acceptable option anymore. However, effective modulation of gut health depends on the methods and timing of the compound being available to host animals. Routinely, the alternatives to AGP like prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic, enzymes, and other nutrients are provided in feed or water to poultry. However, the GIT of the newly hatched poultry is functionally immature, despite going through significant morphological, cellular, and molecular changes toward the end of incubation. Thus, the early growth and development of GIT are of critical importance to enhance nutrients utilization and optimize the growth performance of poultry. Maternal nutrition and in ovo feeding have been used and found to be effective in improving gut health but with inconsistent results. The effects of maternal nutrition on the development and viability of embryo and post-hatch growth performance of birds are documented. However, there is limited information on how maternal nutrition affects the gut health of chicks. In contrast, information on the same from in ovo feeding of nutrients and feed additives has increased in recent years. The results show that in ovo feeding can be a good tool to modulate gut health of post-hatch birds positively. However, more information is needed on the proper route and time of inoculation, optimum doses, and effective combination of different compounds to maximize the benefits of in ovo feeding technique in poultry production.

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Overview of Prebiotics and Probiotics: Focus on Performance, Gut Health and Immunity – A Review

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.1515/aoas-2016-0092 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 949-966 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Pratima Acharya Adhikari ◽

Woo Kyun Kim

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gut Health ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

In Ovo ◽

Poor Growth

AbstractDue to the threat and emergence of bacterial resistance against antibiotics, the use of in-feed antibiotics at therapeutic and subtherapeutic levels has been limited. Complete withdrawal of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGP) has led to poor gut health signs in chickens that include conditions like wet litter, intestinal bacteria overgrowth, poor growth performance, malabsorption and various diseases. Two of the most common alternatives to AGP are prebiotics and probiotics. Both prebiotics and probiotics have become the potential feed additives that improve the gut health, immune system and microbiota by various mechanisms of action, and enhance growth performance of chickens. The review discusses the modes of action like antibacterial, competitive exclusion (CE), and immunomodulatory properties of prebiotics and probiotics, particularly in poultry.In ovofeeding of prebiotics and probiotics with promising effect on growth performance and reduction of pathogens likeSalmonellais also discussed in this review. However, it is necessary to conduct more research with prebiotics and probiotics as well as other feed additives to understand the detailed mechanisms of action and identify better alternatives for poultry production and health.

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Phytogenic Compounds for Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function in Poultry–A Review

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/a-1524-0358 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Urszula Latek ◽

Magdalena Chłopecka ◽

Wojciech Karlik ◽

Marta Mendel

Keyword(s):

Barrier Function ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gut Health ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Gut Barrier Function ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters

AbstractAfter the European Union ban of antibiotic growth promoters, works on different methods of improving gut health have intensified. The poultry industry is struggling with problems that were previously controlled by antibiotic growth promoters, therefore the search for optimal solutions continues. Simultaneously, there is also increasing social pressure to minimize the use of antibiotics and replace them with alternative feed additives. A variety of available alternatives is considered safe by consumers, among which phytogenics play a significant role. However, there are still some limitations that need to be considered. The most questionable are the issues related to bioavailability, metabolism of plant derivatives in birds, and the difficulty of standardizing commercial products. There is still a need for more evidence-based recommendations for the use of phytogenics in livestock. On the other hand, a positive influence of phytogenic compounds on the health of poultry has been previously described by many researchers and practical application of these compounds has auspicious perspectives in poultry production. Supplementation with phytogenic feed additives has been shown to protect birds from various environmental threats leading to impaired intestinal barrier function. Phytogenic feed additives have the potential to improve the overall structure of intestinal mucosa as well as gut barrier function on a molecular level. Recognition of the phytogenicsʼ effect on the components of the intestinal barrier may enable the selection of the most suitable ones to alleviate negative effects of different agents. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the influence of various phytogenic constituents on the intestinal barrier and health of poultry.

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Short Communication: Antioxidant capacity in the intestinal mucosa of weanling piglets fed diets containing Fusarium mycotoxins and the efficacy of commercial supplements sold as detoxifiers

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas-2015-037 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 95 (4) ◽

pp. 569-575 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bich Van Le Thanh ◽

Martin Lessard ◽

Younès Chorfi ◽

Frédéric Guay

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme ◽

Intestinal Mucosa ◽

Short Communication ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Live Bacteria ◽

Weanling Piglets

Le Thanh, B. V., Lessard, M., Chorfi, Y. and Guay, F. 2015. Short Communication: Antioxidant capacity in the intestinal mucosa of weanling piglets fed diets containing Fusarium mycotoxins and the efficacy of commercial supplements sold as detoxifiers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 569–575. The ability of commercial feed additives to prevent oxidative damage due to deoxynivalenol (DON) in piglets was studied. Sixty piglets (6.0±0.5 kg) were assigned randomly to six wheat–corn–soybean diets: control (<0.5 mg kg−1 DON), DON-rich diet (4 mg kg−1 DON), and four DON-rich diets supplemented with either glucomannan (DON+GLUC), yeast, live bacteria, enzymes and plant extract (DON+YBP), aluminosilicate (DON+ALS), or a mixture of preservatives (DON+PV). Malondialdehyde concentration (MDA), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), catalase activity (CAT) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in the small intestine were measured after 14 d. The DON-rich diet increased MDA in the jejunum while decreasing CAT in the jejunum and SOD in the ileum and increasing GPx in the ileum (P<0.05). The DON+GLUC diet decreased GPx and SOD (P<0.05) and tended to decrease MDA in the jejunum (P<0.10). The DON+YBP, DON+PV and DON+ALS diets all decreased CAT in the jejunum, while DON+YBP and DON+PV also did so in the ileum (P<0.05). DON+GLUC decreased SOD in the jejunum, while DON+YBP increased it (P<0.05). In the ileum, DON+PV decreased SOD, while DON+ALS increased GPx (P<0.05). No significant differences in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in intestinal tissues were found. This study demonstrates that the mycotoxin DON and anti-mycotoxin additives modify oxidative status, including the antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD or GPx) in the intestinal mucosa of piglets. However, it was not possible to identify a specific antioxidant enzyme involved in counteracting the effect of DON.

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Acute phase proteins and total antioxidant capacity in free-roaming cats infected by pathogenic leptospires

10.21203/rs.3.rs-44167/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Murillo Picco ◽

Rafaela Cuenca ◽

Emmanuel Serrano ◽

Asta Tvarijonaviciute ◽

José Cerón ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Antibody Titre ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Acute Phase Proteins ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

Paraoxonase 1 ◽

Amyloid A ◽

Leptospira Spp ◽

Total Antioxidant

Abstract Background: Leptospirosis is a neglected but widespread zoonotic disease throughout the world. The vast majority of mammals are hosts of Leptospira spp., including domestic cats, species in which no consensus has been reached on the clinical presentation or diagnosis of the disease. The study of acute-phase proteins (APPs) and biomarkers of oxidative status would contribute to knowledge about the course of the disease in cats. In this report, we evaluated four APPs: Serum amyloid A-SAA, Haptoglobin–Hp, albumin and Paraoxonase 1-PON1 and the antioxidant response through Total Antioxidant Capacity-TAC, in 13 free-roaming cats naturally infected by pathogenic leptospires and 19 leptospires-free cats, through a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: The PCA retained two principal components (PC1 and PC2), explaining 60.1% of the observed variability of the inflammatory proteins and the antioxidant TAC. PC1 was mainly associated with an inflammatory process, whereas PC2 correlated with the antioxidant status. The most contributing variables in PC1 where albumin (27.46%), SAA (24.71%), Hp (21.56%) and PON1 (20.69%). Variables with significant contribution to the PC2 were the antibody titre against Leptospira spp. (48.41%) and TAC (35.04%). Overall, the PCA revealed differences in inflammatory and antioxidant biomarkers in cats naturally infected with leptospires compared to leptospires-free cats.Conclusions: Increases in Serum SAA, Hp, and decreases in serum albumin concentrations and PON1 activity indicate an acute phase response in infected, DNA positive cats. Moreover, we found an increase in TAC serum concentrations indicating an antioxidant response in this infection, which was proportional to the antibody titre and not to the presence of bacterial DNA.

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Pre- and Post-partum Berberine Supplementation in Dairy Goats as a Novel Strategy to Mitigate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.743455 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Navid Ghavipanje ◽

Mohammad Hasan Fathi Nasri ◽

Seyyed Homayoun Farhangfar ◽

Seyyed Ehsan Ghiasi ◽

Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Transition Period ◽

Post Partum ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Novel Strategy

As in dairy cattle, goats during the transition period face risk factors, in particular negative energy balance (NEB), inflammation, and impairment of the antioxidant response. The current study determined the effects of pre- and post-partum berberine (BBR) supplementation on antioxidant status and inflammation response during the transition period in dairy goats. Twenty-four primiparous Saanen goats were randomly divided into four groups: control (CON, without BBR) and supplemented with 1 g/day BBR (BBR1), 2 g/day BBR (BBR2), or 4 g/day BBR (BBR4). The blood samples were collected weekly from 21 days pre-partum to 21 days post-partum. Compared with CON, supplementation with either BBR2 or BBR4 decreased (P ≤ 0.05) the levels of plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) at kidding and thereafter an increased (P ≤ 0.05) the plasma levels of glucose and insulin. Following BBR ingestion, blood antioxidant status elevated throughout the transition period, so that total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activity were increased (P ≤ 0.05) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased (P ≤ 0.05). Likewise, paraoxonase (PON) was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in goats fed BBR2 and BBR4. The levels of haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and bilirubin were reduced (P ≤ 0.05) by BBR2 and BBR4 immediately before kidding and thereafter. The results demonstrated that supplementation of either 2 or 4 g/day BBR enhanced antioxidant capacity and immune function of transition goats and improved post-partum performance showing its beneficial effect to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation during the transition period in dairy goats.

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