Phytogenic Compounds for Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function in Poultry–A Review

AbstractAfter the European Union ban of antibiotic growth promoters, works on different methods of improving gut health have intensified. The poultry industry is struggling with problems that were previously controlled by antibiotic growth promoters, therefore the search for optimal solutions continues. Simultaneously, there is also increasing social pressure to minimize the use of antibiotics and replace them with alternative feed additives. A variety of available alternatives is considered safe by consumers, among which phytogenics play a significant role. However, there are still some limitations that need to be considered. The most questionable are the issues related to bioavailability, metabolism of plant derivatives in birds, and the difficulty of standardizing commercial products. There is still a need for more evidence-based recommendations for the use of phytogenics in livestock. On the other hand, a positive influence of phytogenic compounds on the health of poultry has been previously described by many researchers and practical application of these compounds has auspicious perspectives in poultry production. Supplementation with phytogenic feed additives has been shown to protect birds from various environmental threats leading to impaired intestinal barrier function. Phytogenic feed additives have the potential to improve the overall structure of intestinal mucosa as well as gut barrier function on a molecular level. Recognition of the phytogenicsʼ effect on the components of the intestinal barrier may enable the selection of the most suitable ones to alleviate negative effects of different agents. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the influence of various phytogenic constituents on the intestinal barrier and health of poultry.

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Influence of Plant Bioactive Compounds on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in Poultry

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1389557520666191226111405 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 566-577 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amlan Kumar Patra

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Poultry Feeding

Natural plant bioactive compounds (PBC) have recently been explored as feed additives to improve productivity, health and welfare of poultry following ban or restriction of in-feed antibiotic use. Depending upon the types of PBC, they possess antimicrobial, digestive enzyme secretion stimulation, antioxidant and many pharmacological properties, which are responsible for beneficial effects in poultry production. Moreover, they may also improve the intestinal barrier function and nutrient transport. In this review, the effects of different PBC on the barrier function, permeability of intestinal epithelia and their mechanism of actions are discussed, focusing on poultry feeding. Dietary PBC may regulate intestinal barrier function through several molecular mechanisms by interacting with different metabolic cascades and cellular transcription signals, which may then modulate expressions of genes and their proteins in the tight junction (e.g., claudins, occludin and junctional adhesion molecules), adherens junction (e.g., E-cadherin), other intercellular junctional proteins (e.g., zonula occludens and catenins), and regulatory proteins (e.g., kinases). Interactive effects of PBC on immunomodulation via expressions of several cytokines, chemokines, complement components, pattern recognition receptors and their transcription factors and cellular immune system, and alteration of mucin gene expressions and goblet cell abundances in the intestine may change barrier functions. The effects of PBC are not consistent among the studies depending upon the type and dose of PBC, physiological conditions and parts of the intestine in chickens. An effective concentration in diets and specific molecular mechanisms of PBC need to be elucidated to understand intestinal barrier functionality in a better way in poultry feeding.

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Pretreatment with probiotics ameliorate gut health and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, a substitute to antibiotics

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-020-01153-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Danish Sharafat Rajput ◽

Dong Zeng ◽

Abdul Khalique ◽

Samia Sharafat Rajput ◽

Hesong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Production Systems ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gut Health ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Microbial Strains

AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE) is being considered as one of the most important intestinal diseases in the recent poultry production systems, which causes huge economic losses globally. NE is caused by Clostridium perfringens, a pathogenic bacterium, and normal resident of the intestinal microflora of healthy broiler chickens. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chicken is considered as the most integral part of pathogen’s entrance, their production and disease prevention. Interaction between C. perfringens and other pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella present in the small intestine may contribute to the development of NE in broiler chickens. The antibiotic therapy was used to treat the NE; however European Union has imposed a strict ban due to the negative implications of drug resistance. Moreover, antibiotic growth promoters cause adverse effects on human health as results of withdrawal of antibiotic residues in the chicken meat. After restriction on use of antibiotics, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the alternatives to antibiotics for controlling NE. Thus, possible alternatives to prevent NE are bio-therapeutic agents (Probiotics), prebiotics, organic acids and essential oils which help in nutrients digestion, immunity enhancement and overall broiler performance. Recently, probiotics are extensively used alternatives to antibiotics for improving host health status and making them efficient in production. The aim of review is to describe a replacement to antibiotics by using different microbial strains as probiotics such as bacteria and yeasts etc. having bacteriostatic properties which inhibit growth of pathogens and neutralize the toxins by different modes of action.

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Role for diet in normal gut barrier function: developing guidance within the framework of food-labeling regulations

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00063.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 317 (1) ◽

pp. G17-G39 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Michael Camilleri ◽

Barbara J. Lyle ◽

Karen L. Madsen ◽

Justin Sonnenburg ◽

Kristin Verbeke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Barrier Function ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Normal Function ◽

Model Systems ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Labeling Regulations ◽

Gut Barrier Function ◽

And Function

A reduction in intestinal barrier function is currently believed to play an important role in pathogenesis of many diseases, as it facilitates passage of injurious factors such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, whole bacteria, and other toxins to traverse the barrier to damage the intestine or enter the portal circulation. Currently available evidence in animal models and in vitro systems has shown that certain dietary interventions can be used to reinforce the intestinal barrier to prevent the development of disease. The relevance of these studies to human health is unknown. Herein, we define the components of the intestinal barrier, review available modalities to assess its structure and function in humans, and review the available evidence in model systems or perturbations in humans that diet can be used to fortify intestinal barrier function. Acknowledging the technical challenges and the present gaps in knowledge, we provide a conceptual framework by which evidence could be developed to support the notion that diet can reinforce human intestinal barrier function to restore normal function and potentially reduce the risk for disease. Such evidence would provide information on the development of healthier diets and serve to provide a framework by which federal agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration can evaluate evidence linking diet with normal human structure/function claims focused on reducing risk of disease in the general public.

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Health-Promoting Properties of Proanthocyanidins for Intestinal Dysfunction

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010130 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 130 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Carlos González-Quilen ◽

Esther Rodríguez-Gallego ◽

Raúl Beltrán-Debón ◽

Montserrat Pinent ◽

Anna Ardévol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Barrier Function ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Grape Seeds ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Bacterial Endotoxins ◽

Health Promoting

The intestinal barrier is constantly exposed to potentially harmful environmental factors, including food components and bacterial endotoxins. When intestinal barrier function and immune homeostasis are compromised (intestinal dysfunction), inflammatory conditions may develop and impact overall health. Evidence from experimental animal and cell culture studies suggests that exposure of intestinal mucosa to proanthocyanidin (PAC)-rich plant products, such as grape seeds, may contribute to maintaining the barrier function and to ameliorating the pathological inflammation present in diet-induced obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we aim to update the current knowledge on the bioactivity of PACs in experimental models of intestinal dysfunction and in humans, and to provide insights into the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms.

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2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) Supplementation Improves Gut Barrier Function and Lipid Metabolism in HF-fed Mice

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa045_058 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 425-425

Author(s):

Sunhye Lee ◽

Michael Goodson ◽

Wendie Vang ◽

Karen Kalanetra ◽

Daniela Barile ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Intestinal Permeability ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Gut Barrier ◽

Low Fat ◽

Barrier Integrity ◽

Gut Barrier Function

Abstract Objectives 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL), the most predominant oligosaccharide found in human milk, acts as a prebiotic with beneficial effects on the host. The aim of this study was to determine the beneficial effect of 2’-FL on intestinal barrier integrity and metabolic functions in low-fat (LF)- and high-fat (HF)-fed mice. Methods Male C57/BL6 mice (n = 32, 8/group; 6 weeks old, JAX, CA) were counter-balanced into four weight-matched groups and fed either a low-fat (LF; 10% kcal fat with 7% kcal sucrose) or HF (45% kcal fat with 17% kcal sucrose) with or without supplementation of 2’-FL in the diet [10% (w/w), 8 weeks; LF/2’-FL or HF/2’-FL; BASF, Germany]. General phenotypes (body weight, energy intake, fat and lean mass), intestinal permeability (ex vivo in Ussing chambers), lipid profiles, and microbial metabolites were assessed. Results 2’-FL significantly attenuated the HF-induced increase in body fat mass with a trend to decrease body weight gain. 2’-FL significantly decreased intestinal permeability in LF-fed mice with a trend for a decrease in HF-fed mice. This was associated with a significant increase in interleukin-22, a cytokine known to have a protective role in intestinal barrier function. Visceral adipocyte size was significantly decreased by 2’-FL in both LF- and HF-fed mice. 2’-FL suppressed HF-induced upregulation of adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c in the liver. Lastly, 2’-FL supplementation led to a significant elevation of lactic acid concentration in the cecum of HF-fed mice, which is known to be a product from beneficial microbes. Conclusions 2’-FL supplementation improved gut barrier integrity and lipid metabolism in mice with and without the metabolic challenge of HF feeding. These findings support the use of 2’-FL in the control of gut barrier function and metabolic homeostasis under normal and abnormal physiological conditions. Funding Sources BASF (Germany).

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The efficacy of anti-mycotoxin feed additives in preventing the adverse effects of wheat naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on performance, intestinal barrier function and nutrient digestibility and retention in weanling pigs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas-2014-126 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 95 (2) ◽

pp. 197-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bich Van Le Thanh ◽

Martin Lessard ◽

Younès Chorfi ◽

Frédéric Guay

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Control Diet ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽

Weanling Pigs

Thanh, B. V. L., Lessard, M., Chorfi, Y. and Guay, F. 2015. The efficacy of anti-mycotoxin feed additives in preventing the adverse effects of wheat naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on performance, intestinal barrier function and nutrient digestibility and retention in weanling pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 197–209. This study was designed to determine the effect of feeding deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated wheat to growing pigs on growth performance, digestibility and retention of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca). Secondly, we wished to evaluate the potential of four commercial anti-mycotoxin additives in preventing the adverse effects of DON. Sixty piglets (6.0 kg body weight) were assigned to six different corn-soybean meal-wheat diets (control diet: <0.5 mg kg−1 DON; contaminated diet (DON-contaminated): 4 mg kg−1; and four contaminated diets supplemented with a different anti-mycotoxin additive: DON+GLUC (glucomannan), DON+YBP (yeast, live bacteria, enzymes, plant extracts), DON+ALU (aluminosilicate) and DON+PC (preservation components). Piglets were housed individually in pens for 7 d and then transferred to metabolic crates for urine and feces collection for 7 d. At the end of these 2 wk, mannitol and lactulose doses were given by oral administration. Urine was collected for 24 h for an evaluation of barrier integrity of intestinal mucosa. The piglets were then euthanatized and intestinal samples collected for morphology studies. Feeding DON-contaminated wheat reduced average daily feed intake, average daily gain and G:F ratio compared with the control diet (P<0.05). Only DON+PC diet restored the growth performance of piglets fed DON-contaminated diet. Daily retention of N and P was not affected by DON contamination or anti-mycotoxin additives, but retention of Ca was higher in piglets fed the DON-contaminated diets than the control diet. DON-contaminated diet reduced digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and fat, villi height in jejunum, and recovery of mannitol and lactulose compared with the control diet (P<0.05). Finally, DON concentrations in serum from piglets fed the DON-contaminated diets were higher than in the control diet (P<0.05). Piglets fed DON-contaminated wheat had reduced growth possibly caused by impaired jejunal morphology and decreased digestibility of energy and fat.

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Gut barrier function in malnourished patients

Gut ◽

10.1136/gut.42.3.396 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 396-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

F K S Welsh ◽

S M Farmery ◽

K MacLennan ◽

M B Sheridan ◽

G R Barclay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Phase ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Molecular Evidence ◽

Gut Barrier ◽

Gut Barrier Function ◽

Hospitalised Patients ◽

Increased Risk

Background—The integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa is a key element in preventing systemic absorption of enteric toxins and bacteria. In the critically ill, breakdown of gut barrier function may fuel sepsis. Malnourished patients have an increased risk of postoperative sepsis; however, the effects of malnutrition on intestinal barrier function in man are unknown.Aims—To quantify intestinal barrier function, endotoxin exposure, and the acute phase cytokine response in malnourished patients.Patients—Malnourished and well nourished hospitalised patients.Methods—Gastrointestinal permeability was measured in malnourished patients and well nourished controls using the lactulose:mannitol test. Endoscopic biopsy specimens were stained and morphological and immunohistochemical features graded. The polymerase chain reaction was used to determine mucosal cytokine expression. The immunoglobulin G antibody response to endotoxin and serum interleukin 6 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results—There was a significant increase in intestinal permeability in the malnourished patients in association with phenotypic and molecular evidence of activation of lamina propria mononuclear cells and enterocytes, and a heightened acute phase response.Conclusions—Intestinal barrier function is significantly compromised in malnourished patients, but the clinical significance is unclear.

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Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, LPS Translocation, and Disease Development

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvz039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Siddhartha S Ghosh ◽

Jing Wang ◽

Paul J Yannie ◽

Shobha Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Barrier Function ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Systemic Circulation ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Disease Development ◽

Barrier Dysfunction ◽

Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Associated Diseases

Abstract The intestinal barrier is complex and consists of multiple layers, and it provides a physical and functional barrier to the transport of luminal contents to systemic circulation. While the epithelial cell layer and the outer/inner mucin layer constitute the physical barrier and are often referred to as the intestinal barrier, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) produced by epithelial cells and antibacterial proteins secreted by Panneth cells represent the functional barrier. While antibacterial proteins play an important role in the host defense against gut microbes, IAP detoxifies bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by catalyzing the dephosphorylation of the active/toxic Lipid A moiety, preventing local inflammation as well as the translocation of active LPS into systemic circulation. The causal relationship between circulating LPS levels and the development of multiple diseases underscores the importance of detailed examination of changes in the “layers” of the intestinal barrier associated with disease development and how this dysfunction can be attenuated by targeted interventions. To develop targeted therapies for improving intestinal barrier function, it is imperative to have a deeper understanding of the intestinal barrier itself, the mechanisms underlying the development of diseases due to barrier dysfunction (eg, high circulating LPS levels), the assessment of intestinal barrier function under diseased conditions, and of how individual layers of the intestinal barrier can be beneficially modulated to potentially attenuate the development of associated diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the composition of the intestinal barrier and its assessment and modulation for the development of potential therapies for barrier dysfunction-associated diseases.

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Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Oil as a Potential Alternative to Antibiotics in Poultry

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9050210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 210 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack ◽

Mahmoud Alagawany ◽

Abdel-Moneim E. Abdel-Moneim ◽

Noureldeen G. Mohammed ◽

Asmaa F. Khafaga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Volatile Components ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum ◽

Cinnamon Oil ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters

The removal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as feed additives in poultry nutrition from the market in many countries has compelled researchers to find unconventional and safe alternatives to AGPs. Probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, organic acids, herbs, immune-stimulants and essential oils (EO) have been investigated as feed additives in poultry production. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), one of the oldest medicinal plants and widely used around the world, can be used in poultry rations in the form of powder or essential oil. Essential oils produced from aromatic plants have become more interesting owing to their potential effects as hypocholesterolaemic agents, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals and stimulants of digestive enzymes. The potential insecticidal and antimicrobial activities of EO against pathogens that cause spoilage in agriculture crops and human diseases might be attributed mainly to the high content of volatile components (mainly cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and carvacrol) in cinnamon oil. The present review focuses on the effects of cinnamon oil as a feed additive on poultry performance, carcass traits, meat quality, hypocholesterolaemic impact, antioxidant activity, immunity and microbiological aspects.

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Biological Evaluation of Some Plant Bioactives as Feed Additives to Replace Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Broiler Feeds

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner ◽

10.14334/jitv.v25i2.2501 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Arnold Parlindungan Sinurat ◽

Tiurma Pasaribu ◽

Tresnawati Purwadaria ◽

Tuti Haryati ◽

Elizabeth Wina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Positive Control ◽

Biological Evaluation ◽

Negative Control ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Better Than ◽

Broiler Feed

Antibiotics (AGP) have been used as feed additives to promote growth and feed efficiency in poultry production. However, many countries include Indonesia now ban the use of AGP and attempts are made to replace the antibiotic to maintain good performances of broilers. Plant bioactives is one of the alternatives that could replace the AGP. An experiment was conducted in an attempt to replace the AGP in broiler feed with a mixture of some plant bioactives<strong> </strong>(liquid smoke of cashew nutshell, <em>Phyllanthus niruri,</em> and clove leaves). Eight (8) dietary treatments were formulated to have similar nutrients consist of negative control (NC), positive control (NC+AGP), diets supplemented with liquid plant bioactives in 3 levels and diets supplemented with powder plant bioactives in 3 levels. Each diet was fed to 6 replications of 10 birds each from 1 to 35 days old. The performances and the immune response of the broilers due to the treatments were observed. Results showed that the powder plant bioactives could not improve the performance of broilers. None of the feed additives (AGP or plant bioactives) affect the immune systems of the broilers. However, liquid plant bioactives in low dose improved the performance of broilers better than the AGP and therefore is suitable to replace the antibiotic as feed additives in broiler diet.

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